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336 results for “Sparrow”
Supplementary data to Dating the timbers from the 'Sparrow-Hawk', a shipwreck from Cape Cod, USA. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 103374
<p>This record gives access to all supplementary data that forms the background to the paper: Daly, A., Hocker, F. & Mires, C., 2022. Dating the timbers from the ‘Sparrow-Hawk’, a shipwreck from Cape Cod, USA. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103374</p> <p>In 1626, a vessel making its way to Virginia was forced off course and damaged in a storm, which drove the ship onto the eastern shore of the Cape Cod peninsula, Massachusetts. Onboard were two English merchants and some servants and farmers, many of whom were Irish. In 1863, a storm exposed the weathered remains of a vessel at Old Ship Harbor. At the time, it was hailed as the same ship that had brought the Virginia-bound passengers to Plymouth in 1626. Recent wiggle-match C14 dating and dendrochronology suggests that this is indeed a ship from the early seventeenth century.</p>
CBS01 Capture records of (mainly) Grasshopper Sparrows on Konza Prairie
This dataset includes captures of mainly Grasshopper Sparrows (GRSP) prior to 2017, and after that, additionally many Dickcissels, Eastern Meadowlarks, Brown-headed Cowbirds and other songbirds. Each row pertains to an individual captured on a certain day. Individuals can repeat. Most captures include data on age, sex, head-bill, tarsus, wind chord, molt score, fat score, and mass. In many cases, a single feather was collected from each bird for isotopic analyses. Some individuals were measured for body composition (fat mass, lean mass, and body water) using a mobile Quantitative Magnetic Resonance (QMR) machine. Most individuals were bled in the field within 5 min of capture. The blood was chilled, centrifuged the same day, and plasma stored frozen for analyses of metabolite concentrations. Red blood cells were stored in lysis buffer for genotyping. All birds were banded with a USFWS band and many of the adults were individually marked using a unique combination of 3 plastic colored leg bands. Birds captured as independent young or nestlings banded prior to fledge were only marked with the USFWS bands. All birds were released at the location of capture. Missing values in character fields denoted by NA, and in numeric fields -999.
CBS02 Nests of Grasshopper Sparrows on Konza Prairie
This data set contains data describing Grasshopper Sparrow nests prior to 2017, and after that, additionally many Dickcissels, Eastern Meadowlarks, and other songbirds.. These nests were primarily found by rope dragging but also on surveys (see RI Survey Data Set), flushing birds during other activities, and via behavioral observations. We described nest contents and monitored nest fate via visits every 2-3 day and by placing an iButton placed in the center of the nest flush with the bottom of the nest cup and comparing temperature traces to a second iButton placed outside of the nest to determine the timing of nest failure and other metrics of incubation/brooding behavior. We compiled counts of partial egg loss, partial brood loss, and estimated causes of nest failure, comparing the timing of these events with KNZ-collected meteorological data to determine the temporal association between rainstorms and nest abandonment. Missing values in character fields denoted by NA, and in numeric fields -999.
CBS03 Grasshopper sparrow surveys: densities, reproductive index, and locations of marked individuals on Konza Prairie
Data on the location, identity, and reproductive index (Vickery et al. 1992) of Grasshopper Sparrows prior to 2017, and after that, additionally many Dickcissels, Eastern Meadowlarks, Brown-headed Cowbirds and other songbirds within 10-ha plots on multiple watersheds units on Konza and on two adjoining units on the Rannells Preserve. Each plot was surveyed every ~7-10 days. These surveys documented individual sparrow, Dickcissel, and Eastern Meadowlark locations, and are used to calculate dispersal distances and territory densities and movements. Missing values in character fields denoted by NA, and in numeric fields, either -999 or -9.
CBS04 Sweep sample data: prey estimates for Grasshopper Sparrows on Konza Prairie
This data set includes data on the contents of sweep samples. We collected sweeps in select years during May, June, and/or July in 3 locations on each of the focal watersheds. Sweeps were 80m long and centered at veg points. Data consist of information about the sampling events, and sample wet mass, edible mass (combined mass of selected orders listed below). Additionally, the dataset includes the number of individuals in each of a series of size categories, total N, and mass (in grams) of the following groups: Tettigoniidae, Acrididae, other Orthoptera, Gryllidae, Odonata, Ephemeroptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Arachnida, Hemiptera, Neuroptera, Diptera, Phasmatidae, Mantidae, and “other”.
Lapland longspur and Gambel's white crowned sparrow egg and nestling survival near Toolik Field Station, Alaska, summers 2012-2016
This data set contains information about the daily status (alive/ dead) of Lapland longspur and Gambel's white-crowned sparrow eggs and nestlings studied near Toolik Field Station from 2012 to 2016 under National Science Foundation (NSF) Office of Polar Programs ARC 0908444 (to Laura Gough), ARC 0908602 (to Natalie Boelman), and ARC 0909133 (to John Wingfield). It is associated with publication DOI: 10.1111/jav.01712.
Autumn departure from breeding site (date and time) in Gambel's white crowned sparrows near Toolik Field Station, Alaska, summers 2014-2016
This data set contains information about an automated radio-telemetry study conducted near Toolik Field Station examining the date that adult male and female Gambel's white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelli) depart the breeding site relative to the timing of breeding and sunrise/ sunset. It was funded, in part, through ARC 0909133 (to John Wingfield) and ARC 1147289 (to Marilyn Ramenofsky). It is associated with publication: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-020-01754-z.
Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow (Ammospiza maritima mirabilis) breast feather total mercury concentrations from the Florida Everglades, Florida, USA: breeding seasons 2016 - 2018
This dataset was used to determine hydrologic parameters influencing Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow (CSSS) mercury exposure and potential mercury effects on their reproductive success in the Florida Everglades. We collected breast feathers for total mercury determination from juvenile and adult CSSS during (or shortly after) three breeding seasons (March 1 to July 31) and monitored the same individuals' breeding performance (mate status, number of nest attempts, number of successful nest attempts, total productivity of nests, clutch size, total count of eggs, and hatch success). Hydrologic parameters (average water depths, drought length, water recession rate, and hydroperiod) were estimated using the Everglades Depth Estimation Network and in situ depth measurements. Data collection is complete.
Eurasian tree sparrows are more food neophobic and habituate to novel objects more slowly than house sparrows
<p>Introductions of non-native species throughout the world have had severe ecological consequences. However, most research has focused on environmental and ecological factors that allow for introduced species to succeed and become invasive, with fewer studies assessing the roles of behavioural and cognitive traits. To help fill this knowledge gap, we studied neophobia, an aversion towards novelty, in the non-native Eurasian tree sparrow (<em>Passer montanus</em>), and compared results to previous work in a more successful invasive congener, the house sparrow (<em>Passer domesticus</em>). We assessed the neophobia of wild-caught Eurasian tree sparrows by measuring their responses to novel objects and novel foods and their ability to habituate to initially novel objects. We predicted that Eurasian tree sparrows, as less successful invaders, would overall be more neophobic than house sparrows. Although we did not observe differences in neophobia towards novel objects in the two species, Eurasian tree sparrows were significantly less willing to try novel foods than house sparrows. Eurasian tree sparrows were also slower to habituate to repeated presentations of the same initially novel object compared to house sparrows. Multiple factors certainly influence invasion success, but our results suggest that neophobia might limit the success of an introduced species in novel environments.</p>
Pronounced differentiation on the Z chromosome and parts of the autosomes in crowned sparrows contrasts with mitochondrial paraphyly: implications for speciation
<p>When a single species evolves into multiple descendent species, some parts of the genome can play a key role in the evolution of reproductive isolation while other parts flow between the evolving species via interbreeding. Genomic evolution during the speciation process is particularly interesting when major components of the genome—for instance, sex chromosomes vs. autosomes vs. mitochondrial DNA—show widely differing patterns of relationships between three diverging populations. The golden-crowned sparrow (<em>Zonotrichia atricapilla</em>) and the white-crowned sparrow (<em>Zonotrichia leucophrys</em>) are phenotypically differentiated sister species that are largely reproductively isolated despite possessing similar mitochondrial genomes, likely due to recent introgression. We assessed variation in more than 45,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to determine the structure of nuclear genomic differentiation between these species and between two hybridizing subspecies of <em>Z. leucophrys</em>. The two <em>Z. leucophrys</em> subspecies showed moderate levels of relative differentiation and patterns consistent with a history of recurrent selection in both ancestral and daughter populations, with much of the sex chromosome Z and a large region on the autosome 1A showing increased differentiation compared to the rest of the genome. The two species <em>Z. leucophrys</em> and <em>Z. atricapilla</em> show high relative differentiation and strong heterogeneity in the level of differentiation among various chromosomal regions, with a large portion of the sex chromosome (Z) showing highly divergent haplotypes between these species. Studies of speciation often emphasize mitochondrial DNA differentiation, but speciation between <em>Z. atricapilla</em> and <em>Z. leucophrys</em> appears primarily associated with Z chromosome divergence and more moderately associated with autosomal differentiation, whereas mitochondria appear highly similar due apparently to recent introgression. These results add to the growing body of evidence for highly heterogeneous patterns of genomic differentiation during speciation, with some genomic regions showing lack of gene flow between populations many hundreds of thousands of years before other genomic regions.</p>
Data from: Only rare classical MHC-I alleles are highly expressed in the European house sparrow
<p>The exceptional polymorphism observed within genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), a core component of the vertebrate immune system, has long fascinated biologists. The highly polymorphic <em>classical</em> MHC class-I (MHC-I) genes are maintained by pathogen-mediated balancing selection (PMBS), as shown by many sites subject to positive selection, while the more monomorphic MHC-I genes show signatures of purifying selection. In line with PMBS, at any point in time, rare classical MHC alleles are more likely than common classical MHC alleles to confer a selective advantage in host-pathogen interactions. Combining genomic and expression data from the blood of wild house sparrows <em>Passer domesticus</em>, we found that only rare classical MHC-I alleles were highly expressed, while common classical MHC-I alleles were lowly expressed or not expressed. Moreover, highly expressed rare classical MHC-I alleles had more positively selected sites, indicating exposure to stronger PMBS, compared with lowly expressed classical alleles. As predicted, the level of expression was unrelated to allele frequency in the monomorphic non-classical MHC-I alleles. Going beyond previous studies, we offer a fine-scale view of selection on classical MHC-I genes in a wild population by revealing differences in the strength of PMBS according to allele frequency and expression level.</p>
Data and code for: No evidence of metabolic costs following adaptive immune activation or reactivation in house sparrows
<p>We examined the energetic costs of immune activation by measuring both basal (BMR) and exercise-induced maximal metabolic rates (MMR) in house sparrows before and after being injected with either saline (sham) or two novel antigens (keyhole limpet haemocyanin and sheep red blood cells; KLH and SRBC, respectively) after the primary and two subsequent vaccinations. We also examined the effect of experimentally-induced breeding levels of testosterone (T) on immune responses and their metabolic costs in both males and females. </p>
Congruence among multiple indices of habitat preference for species facing human-induced rapid environmental change: A case study using the Brewer's sparrow
<p>Accurate evaluations of habitat preference are key to understanding optimal conditions for wildlife survival and reproduction. Habitat selection, however, usually is evaluated using a single index of preference, and congruence among multiple, relevant indices of preference is examined rarely.</p> <p>We assessed the concordance between patterns of habitat preference using three different indices of breeding site preference in a migratory songbird. Specifically, we compared the chronology of territorial establishment, pair formation, and reproductive initiation of the Brewer's sparrow (<em>Spizella breweri</em>) along a gradient of surface disturbance associated with natural gas development in Wyoming, USA during 2019.</p> <p>We expected all three indices to demonstrate a preference for breeding sites with less surface disturbance, where reproductive success typically is higher. By contrast, all indices suggested suboptimal preference with respect to surface disturbance, with some discrepancy among them. The chronology of settlement and pairing did not vary across the disturbance gradient, whereas nest initiation tended to occur earlier at sites with more disturbance.</p> <p>If the pattern of suboptimal selection of breeding sites that we identified is generalizable across other populations of migratory birds affected by energy development, the resultant lower fitness in those areas may exacerbate population declines.</p> <p>Our results suggest that traditional, single-index approaches to the study of habitat selection, if chosen carefully, may provide adequate inference on habitat preferences. Different metrics, however, can lead to at least subtle differences in patterns of habitat selection. The simultaneous examination of multiple indices of preference across a diversity of systems would help clarify the contexts under which preference metrics can become decoupled.</p>
Data from: Effects of age, breeding strategy, population density, and number of neighbors on territory size and shape in Savannah Sparrows
<p>The size and shape of an animal's breeding territory are dynamic features influenced by multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors and can have important implications for survival and reproduction. Quantitative studies of variation in these territory features can generate deeper insights into animal ecology and behavior. We explored the effect of age, breeding strategy, population density, and number of neighbors on the size and shape of breeding territories in an island population of Savannah Sparrows (<em>Passerculus sandwichensis</em>). Our dataset consisted of 407 breeding territories belonging to 225 males sampled over 11 years. We compared territory sizes to the age of the male territorial holder, the male's reproductive strategy (monogamy vs. polygyny), the number of birds in the study population (population density), and the number of immediate territorial neighbors (local density). We found substantial variation in territory size, with territories ranging over two orders of magnitude from 57 to 5727 m2 (0.0057 to 0.57 ha). Older males had larger territories, polygynous males had larger territories, territories were smaller in years with higher population density, and larger territories were associated with more immediate territorial neighbors. We also found substantial variation in territory shape, from near-circular to irregularly-shaped territories. Males with more neighbors had irregularly shaped territories, but the shape did not vary with male age, breeding strategy, or population density. For males that lived two years or longer, we found strong consistent individual differences in territory size across years, but weaker individual differences in territory shape, suggesting that size has high repeatability whereas shape has low repeatability. Our work provides evidence that songbird territories are highly dynamic and that their size and shape reflect both intrinsic factors (age and number of breeding partners) and extrinsic factors (population density and number of territorial neighbors).</p>
Figure 5 in Nesting evidence, density and vocalisations in a resident population of Savannah Sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis wetmorei in Guatemala
Figure 5. Sonograms of songs of four male Savannah Sparrows Passerculus sandwichensis wetmorei in PRM Todos Santos Cuchumatán, dpto. Huehuetenango, Guatemala: (a) 5 June 2016 (Knut Eisermann, XC333471), including waveform, (b) 5 June 2016 (Knut Eisermann, XC333471), (c) 3 June 2016 (Knut Eisermann, XC333472), (d) 3 June 2016 (Knut Eisermann, XC333473). DW = descendent whistle. See Table 1 for signal measurements of marked notes.
Figure 4 in Nesting evidence, density and vocalisations in a resident population of Savannah Sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis wetmorei in Guatemala
Figure 4. (1) Approximate breeding range of Savannah Sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis in Mexico (sensu Howell & Webb 1995); (2) summer records in the Sierra Los Cuchumatanes, Guatemala, including recent nesting and other summer records (June–July 2016), and historic summer records (June 1897, van Rossem 1938); and (3) summer record from Sierra Madre range in June 2002 (J. Berry in Eisermann & Avendaño 2007). Chis. = Chiapas, Mexico, GT = Guatemala, HN = Honduras, SV = El Salvador. Inset map shows location of summer records of Savannah Sparrow in the Sierra Los Cuchumatanes (SLC) and Sierra Madre (SM) ranges in Guatemala.
Figure 3 in Nesting evidence, density and vocalisations in a resident population of Savannah Sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis wetmorei in Guatemala
Figure 3. Nesting evidence of Savannah Sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis wetmorei in PRM Todos Santos Cuchumatán, dpto. Huehuetenango, Guatemala: (a) nest with a single nestling, 2 July 2016 (a second nestling was found dead 20 cm from the nest); (b) recently fledged juvenile, barely able to fly, 3 July 2016, (c–d) two fledglings well able to fly, tail c.40% grown, 3 July 2016; (e) dependent juvenile with tail c.80% grown, 3 July 2016; and (f) immature, 27 August 2016 (Knut Eisermann)
Figure 2 in Nesting evidence, density and vocalisations in a resident population of Savannah Sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis wetmorei in Guatemala
Figure 2. Different adult Savannah Sparrows Passerculus sandwichensis wetmorei of a breeding population in PRM Todos Santos Cuchumatán, dpto. Huehuetenango, Guatemala: (a) lateral; (b) dorsal, 5 June 2016; and (c) frontal view showing the neatly marked median crown-stripe, 2 July 2016 (Knut Eisermann)
Figure 1 in Nesting evidence, density and vocalisations in a resident population of Savannah Sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis wetmorei in Guatemala
Figure 1. Habitat of a breeding population of Savannah Sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis wetmorei at 3,700 m in PRM Todos Santos Cuchumatán, dpto. Huehuetenango, Guatemala, 5 June 2016; the undulating landscape, shaped by glaciers during the late Quaternary, is currently covered with grassland dominated by Muhlenbergia quadridentata (Poaceae) (Knut Eisermann)
Fig. 1 in Dominance Hierarchy And Status Signalling In Captive Tree Sparrow (Passer Montanus) Flocks
Fig. 1. The relationship between badge size and dominance ranks in flock B (n= 9 birds, for statistics see Table 2). The most subordinate individual has rank 1
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