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16 results for “Sphenodon”
Fig. 10 in An exceptionally preserved Sphenodon-like sphenodontian reveals deep time conservation of the tuatara skeleton and ontogeny
Fig. 10 Evolutionary changes on the temporal region of sphenodontians. Many early-evolving lepidosaurs retain a single temporal fenestration as the jugal (cyan) does not contact the quadrate/quadratojugal (green) posteriorly. Afull development of the lower temporal bar and double temporal fenestration evolved independently at least twice in sphenodontians, once among clevosaurids and once in sphenodontines—an adaptation for stabilizing the quadrate and reducing overall stress in the skull during hard biting58. The latter is unique among lepidosaurs by including contributions from both the jugal and quadratojugal—a morphology convergent with many non-lepidosaurian early diapsid reptiles. Red circle, complete lower temporal bar; blue circle: incomplete lower temporal bar; blue-red gradient circle, lower temporal bar incomplete in juveniles but complete in adults. Skull drawings from top to bottom: Gephyrosaurus (drawn by TRS based on ref. 20), Megachirella (re-drawn by TRS from ref. 33), Diphydontosaurus (drawn by TRS based on ref. 20), Clevosaurus (drawn by TRS based on ref. 20), Palaeopleurosaurus (drawn by TRS based on ref. 20), Navajosphenodon (drawn by A. Brum), and Sphenodon (drawn by TRS based on MCZ R4702).
Fig. 9 in An exceptionally preserved Sphenodon-like sphenodontian reveals deep time conservation of the tuatara skeleton and ontogeny
Fig. 9 Phylomorphospace of early lepidosaurs and sphenodontians using discrete morphological characters. Clade "A" refers to the clade recovered by the final analysis (relaxed morphological clock Bayesian inference) both here and in Simões, et al.19, including Homeosaurus, pleurosaurids, and saphaeosaurids. For figures with individual taxon names, see Supplementary Fig. 4. Cyno Cynosphenodon, Kaw Kawasphenodon, Nav Navajosphenodon, Sphe. Sphenodon, Sphf. Sphenofontis.
Fig. 8 in An exceptionally preserved Sphenodon-like sphenodontian reveals deep time conservation of the tuatara skeleton and ontogeny
Fig. 8 Majority rule consensus tree from the relaxed morphological clock Bayesian inference analysis with tip dating. Results indicate the phylogenetic relationships among sphenodontians highlighting the placement of N. sani (in bold), clade posterior probabilities (top node values in bold), and median divergence times (bottom node values). Purple node error bars represent the 95% highest posterior density estimates for divergence times. Skull illustrations (all photos taken by TRS) for each major clade are, from top to bottom, Megachirella wachtleri (Squamata), Clevosaurus brasiliensis (Clevosauridae), Homeosaurus maximiliani (Homeosaurinae), Pleurosaurus gingsburi (Pleurosauridae), Kallimodon pulchellus, Priosphenodon avelasi (Eilenodontinae), and Sphenodon punctatus (Sphenodontinae).
Fig. 7 in An exceptionally preserved Sphenodon-like sphenodontian reveals deep time conservation of the tuatara skeleton and ontogeny
Fig. 7 Postcranial skeleton of the holotype of N. sani (MNA.V.12442). a Atlas, axis, and cervical vertebrae 3 and 4 in ventral view. b Part of Atlas–axis complex in dorsal view. c Dorsal vertebrae in ventral view. d Caudal vertebrae in lateral view. e Pelvic girdle and pygals in ventrolateral view. f Right pes in partial articulation. g Left pes with only distal phalanges preserved. h Left scapula and coracoid in lateral view. i Right(?) pubis and ilium. j Left forearm in posterior view. k Left forearm in anterior view. l Right forearm in anterior view (slightly displaced radius and ulna). m Right forearm in posterior view. Ace acetabulum, As astragulus, Ax axis, Ax.Ce. axis pleurocentrum, Ax.NS. axis neural spine, At.NA. atlas neural arches, Ca.V. caudal vertebra, Co coracoid, Ce.V. cervical vertebra, Dp.Cr. deltopectoral crest, Ent.Fr. entepicondylar foramen, H humerus, H.H. humeral head, Il ilium, Il.Bl. iliac blade (partially preserved), Is isquium, N.S. neural spine, Obt.Fr. obturator foramen, Od. odontoid (atlas centrum), Ol.Pr. olecranon process, Pn.Ph. penultimate phalanx, Po.No. posterior notch on acetabulum, Pu pubis, Pu.Pr. anterior pubic process, Py pygals, Ra radius, Ra.Cd. radial condyle, Sca scapula, Ul ulna, V.Cr. midventral crest, I–V digit number. Scale bars = 1 mm.
Fig. 6 in An exceptionally preserved Sphenodon-like sphenodontian reveals deep time conservation of the tuatara skeleton and ontogeny
Fig. 6 Conservation of ontogenetic stages from Navajosphenodon to Sphenodon. Ontogenetic series on the maxilla (a–c) and dentary (d–f) of Sphenodon punctatus (rescaled to the same length). Ontogenetic series on the maxilla (g–i) and dentary (j–l) of Navajosphenodon sani. Specimen numbers: FMNH 207433 (b, e); FMNH 11113 (c, f); MCZ VP VP 9094 (g); MCZ VP VP 9100 (h); MCZ VP VP 9093 (i); MCZ VP VP 101564 (top left), MCZ VP VP 9094 (top right), MCZ VP VP 9099 (bottom left), MCZ VP VP 101569 (bottom right) (j); MNA.V.12442 (k); MCZ VP 9093 (l). a, d Re-drawn from ref. 43. Add.T. additional teeth, Alt.T. alternating teeth, Ang angular, D.C.Pr. dentary coronoid process, D.Po.Pr. dentary posterior process, Ed. edentulous region, Hat.T. Hatchling teeth, M.Pr. mentonian process, Me.C. Meckelian canal, Suc.T. Successional teeth, Worn worn out teeth. Scale bars = 1 mm.
Fig. 5 in An exceptionally preserved Sphenodon-like sphenodontian reveals deep time conservation of the tuatara skeleton and ontogeny
Fig. 5 Mandibles of the holotype of N. sani (MNA.V.12442). Left mandible in lateral view (a) and medial view (b). Right dentary in medial view (c). Left post-dentary bones in dorsal view (d). Ce.Rd. central ridge, Gl. glenoid articulation, Me.C. Mekelian canal, RAP retroarticular process, San.C.Pr. surangular coronoid process, Sym. symphysis, V.Cr. ventral crest. Scale bars = 10 mm (a, b) and 1 mm (c, d).
Fig. 4 in An exceptionally preserved Sphenodon-like sphenodontian reveals deep time conservation of the tuatara skeleton and ontogeny
Fig. 4 Palatal region and braincase of the holotype of N. sani (MNA.V.12442). Palatal region in dorsal (a) and ventral (b) views. Basisphenoid in ventral (c), dorsal (d), anterior (e), and right lateral (f) views. Arc.Fl. Arcuate flanges, Bpt.Pr. basipterygoid process, Ca.Op. openings for internal carotid arteries, Cl. Pr. clinoid process, Cu.Pr. cultriform process, Do.Se. dorsal sella, L.Pr. lateral process, Pal.Asc.Pr. palatine ascending process, Pal.T. palatine teeth, Ptg.T. pterygoid teeth, Q.Pr. quadrate process, Sel.Tu. sella turcica, Tr.Cr. trabeculae cranii, VI passage for cranial nerve VI (abducens canal). Scale bars = 1 mm.
Fig. 2 in An exceptionally preserved Sphenodon-like sphenodontian reveals deep time conservation of the tuatara skeleton and ontogeny
Fig. 2 Micro CT-scanned and fully segmented skull and mandibles of the holotype of N. sani (MNA.V.12442). a Right ventrolateral view. b Left dorsolateral view. Art articular, Boc basioccipital, Bsp basisphenoid, C coronoid, CbI first ceratobranchial, D dentary, Ect ectopterygoid, Epi epipterygoid, F frontal, J jugal, M maxilla, N nasal, P parietal, Pal palatine, PFr postfrontal, PM premaxilla, Po postorbital, Pra prearticular, PrF prefrontal, Ptg pterygoid, Q-Qj quadrate-quadratojugal, San surangular, Spm septomaxilla, Sq squamosal, (l) left side and (r) right side. Scale bar = 1 mm.
Fig. 3 in An exceptionally preserved Sphenodon-like sphenodontian reveals deep time conservation of the tuatara skeleton and ontogeny
Fig. 3 Individual elements of the skull of the holotype of N. sani (MNA.V.12442). a Premaxilla in lateral (left) and posterior (right) views. b Left maxilla in lateral (left) and medial (right) views. c Left maxilla in occlusal view. d Nasals in dorsal view. e Left prefrontal in lateral (left) and medial (right) views. f Right septomaxilla in ventral view. g Right postfrontal in lateral (left) and medial (right) views. h Right jugal and associated quadratojugal in lateral view. i Fused left quadrate–qudratojugal complex in posterior view. j Left jugal in lateral view. k Right postorbital in medial view. l Left postorbital and squamosal in lateral view. m Frontals and parietals in dorsal view. n Frontals in ventral view. o Right frontal in lateral view. Relative bone positions in h, l, m are as preserved in the specimen. Ant.Pr. anterior process, Av.Pr. anteroventral process, Acr.T. acrodont teeth, Ant.Pr. anterior process, AnL.Pr. anterolateral process, br. broken edge, D.Pr. dorsal process, Di.Pr. distal process, E.N. external nares, J.Ft. facet for jugal, N.Pr. nasal process, P.Pr. posterior process, Pal.Ft. facet for maxillary process of palatine, PFr.Ft. facet for postfrontal, Pm.Cr. posteromedial crest, Pm.Pr. premaxillary process, Po.Ft. facet for postorbital, Po.Pr. postorbital process, PoL.Pr. posterolateral process, PrF.Ft. facet for prefrontal, Pv.Pr. posteroventral process, Q quadrate, Qj quadratojugal, Qj.Fr. quadratojugal foramen, Sof.Pr. subolfactory process, St.Pr. supratemporal process, T.Ap. tooth apex, V.Pr. ventral process, Vl.Pr. ventrolateral process, Vo.Ft. facet for vomeronasal organ. Scale bars = 1 mm.
Data from: Macroevolutionary patterns in Rhynchocephalia: is the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) a living fossil?
The tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus, known from 32 small islands around New Zealand, has often been noted as a classic 'living fossil' because of its apparently close resemblance to its Mesozoic forebears and because of a long, low-diversity history. This designation has been disputed because of the wide diversity of Mesozoic forms and because of derived adaptations in living Sphenodon. We provide a testable definition for 'living fossils' based on a slow rate of lineage evolution and a morphology close to the centroid of clade morphospace. We show that through their history since the Triassic, rhynchocephalians had heterogeneous rates of morphological evolution and occupied wide morphospaces during the Triassic and Jurassic, and these then declined in the Cretaceous. In particular, we demonstrate that the extant tuatara underwent unusually slow lineage evolution, and is morphologically conservative, being located near the centre of the morphospace for all Rhynchocephalia.
Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) ab initio interspersed repeat consensus sequences from the Tuatara genome assembly.
<p>These repeat consensus sequences are part of the genome analysis of the Tuatara genome. </p>
FIG. 3 in No Evidence for Across-Population Scent Discrimination of Cloacal Gland Secretions in Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus)
FIG. 3. Probability that the tested Tuatara that had yet to approach the (A) 60-cm circle and (B) 30-cm circle across time. Probability of 1 denotes no Tuatara entered the circles, and probability of 0 denotes all experimental Tuatara have entered the circles. 1,400 min was appended to the end of experimental trial.
FIG. 2 in No Evidence for Across-Population Scent Discrimination of Cloacal Gland Secretions in Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus)
FIG. 2. (A) Bird's-eye view of relative locations of all 12 Tuatara burrows and an expanded view of the test arena for each burrow. (B) Detail of mesh cage staked to the ground with odor sample in a sterile petri dish.
FIG. 1 in No Evidence for Across-Population Scent Discrimination of Cloacal Gland Secretions in Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus)
FIG. 1. Medial view of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity of Sphenodon punctatus showing the location of the vomeronasal organ within the internal nares. Arrows denote direction of chemosensory odorants into the olfactory organ and vomeronasal organ. Diagram modified from Hoppe (1934). Anterior concha (AC), choanal fold (CF), choanal tube (CT), dorsal pocket of the choanal tube (DPC), external nares (EN), nasal cavity (NC), ventral conchal space (VCS), vomeronasal organ (VNO).
Data from: Macroevolutionary patterns in Rhynchocephalia: is the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) a living fossil?
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Fig. 1 in An exceptionally preserved Sphenodon-like sphenodontian reveals deep time conservation of the tuatara skeleton and ontogeny
Fig. 1 Holotype of Navajosphenodon sani (MNA.V.12442). a As preserved in the sedimentary matrix in ventral view. b Micro CT-scanned and segmented whole skeleton in ventral view; c Micro CT-scanned and segmented whole skeleton in dorsal view (embedded within the sedimentary matrix). Ca.V. caudal vertebrae, Ce.V. cervical vertebrae, Do.V. dorsal vertebrae, Do.R. dorsal ribs, Fe femur, Fi fibula, H humerus, Ma manus, Pe.G. pectoral girdle, Pel.G. pelvic girdle, Ra radius, Ti tibia, Ul ulna. (l) left side and (r) right side. Note: this specimen was previously cataloged as MCZ VP 9016. Scale bar = 10 mm.
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