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Figure 7 in Taxonomic status of the Western Hemispingus Sphenopsis ochracea (Thraupidae) and a review of species limits in the genus Sphenopsis P. L. Sclater, 1861
Figure 7. Lateral view of Western Hemispingus Sphenopsis ochracea (von Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884). From left to right, (1) DMNH 85570, adult female prepared by Fred C. Sibley on 12 June 1976 at 'Chiriboga, km. 45, Quito-Santo Domingo (Old Rd.) 2000 m, Pichincha, Ecuador'. YPM field series = C 184. (2) DMNH 59270 (YPM N-604), adult male, prepared by Keith B. Aubry on 15 August 1976 at 'Chiraborga [= Chiriboga], 2000 m, Old Quito-Santo Domingo Rd., Pichincha, Ecuador'. At the time it was prepared, the bird weighed 21.5 g and had enlarged testes ('5 mm'). (3) DMNH 85569, adult male, prepared by Fred C. Sibley on 12 June 1976 at 'Chiriboza [= Chiriboga], km. 45, Quito-Santo Domingo (Old Road) 2000 m, Pichincha, Ecuador'. YPM field series = C 202. When prepared, the bird weighed 16 g and testes were not enlarged ('1 mm'). (4) ANSP 149722, adult male, prepared by Kjell von Sneidern on 3 April 1941 at 'Mayasquer, Nariño, Colombia, Pac[ific] side / 7800 ft.' [=2,377 m] (Matthew R. Halley)
Figure 5 in Taxonomic status of the Western Hemispingus Sphenopsis ochracea (Thraupidae) and a review of species limits in the genus Sphenopsis P. L. Sclater, 1861
Figure 5 (left). Lateral view of Oleaginous Hemispingus Sphenopsis frontalis (Chapman, 1923). From left to right, (1) ANSP 141983, adult female S. f. frontalis prepared by Kjell von Sneidern on 20 March 1939 at 'La Costa, Huila, Colombia'. (2) ANSP 185826, adult male S. f. frontalis, prepared by Tristan J. Davis on 22 July 1992 at 'Panguri; ca. 12 km NE San Francisco del Vergel', Zamora Chinchipe, Ecuador. (3) ANSP 83780, adult male S. f. frontalis, collected on 15 September 1922 at 'Baeza, Ecuador'. (4) ANSP 67191, adult male S. f. hanieli, collected on 3 March 1914 at 'Galeparo; Curro Del Avito, Venezuela' (Matthew R. Halley) Figure 6 (right). Lateral view of Piura Hemispingus Sphenopsis piurae (Chapman, 1923). From left to right, (1) ANSP 116357, adult female prepared by M. A. Carriker, Jr., on 21 June 1933 at 'Palambla, D. Piura', Peru. (2) ANSP 116352, adult male, prepared by M. A. Carriker, Jr., on 22 June 1933 at 'Palambla, D. Piura', Peru. (3) ANSP 116358, adult male, prepared by M. A. Carriker, Jr., on 24 August 1933 at 'Chira, D. Cajamarca', Peru (Matthew R. Halley)
Figure 2 in Taxonomic status of the Western Hemispingus Sphenopsis ochracea (Thraupidae) and a review of species limits in the genus Sphenopsis P. L. Sclater, 1861
Figure 2. Four published illustrations of Western Hemispingus Sphenopsis ochracea: (A) lithograph by 'J. Smit', imprint by 'Hanhart', in von Berlepsch & Taczanowski (1884); (B) Ridgley & Greenfield (2001a); (C) Isler & Isler (1987); and (D) Hilty (2011).
Figure 3 in Taxonomic status of the Western Hemispingus Sphenopsis ochracea (Thraupidae) and a review of species limits in the genus Sphenopsis P. L. Sclater, 1861
Figure 3 (left). Lateral view of (Northern) Black-eared Hemispingus Sphenopsis melanotis melanotis (P. L. Sclater, 1855). From left to right, (1) ANSP 154444, adult female prepared by Kjell von Sneidern on 25 April 1942 at 'Toche, Tolima, Colombia'. (2) ANSP 154443, adult male, prepared by Kjell von Sneidern on 28 April 1942 at 'Toche, Tolima, Colombia'. (3) ANSP 165629, adult male, collected on 30 November 1950 on the 'Rio Rumiyaco, [Nariño] Colombia' (Matthew R. Halley) Figure 4 (right). Lateral view of (Southern) Black-eared Hemispingus Sphenopsis melanotis castaneicollis (P. L. Sclater, 1858). From left to right, (1) ANSP 102295, adult female collected on 30 May 1931 at 'Oconeque, [Puno] Peru'. (2) ANSP 102285, adult male collected on 30 May 1931 at 'Oconeque, [Puno] Peru'. (3) ANSP 119323, adult male collected on 15 September 1922 at 'Sandillani, Yungas', La Paz, Bolivia. (4) ANSP 119336, adult incubating female collected on 9 December 1934 at 'Sandillani, Yungas', La Paz, Bolivia (Matthew R. Halley)
Figure 1 in Taxonomic status of the Western Hemispingus Sphenopsis ochracea (Thraupidae) and a review of species limits in the genus Sphenopsis P. L. Sclater, 1861
Figure 1. Lateral view of SMF 58282, the only surviving syntype of Sphenopsis ochracea (von Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884), collected by Siemiradzki at Chaguarpata, Chimborazo, Ecuador, on 5 March 1883. The original field label reads: 'Hemispingus? / ♀? / Chaguarpata (5700') [= 1,737 m] / 5/III 83 / Siemiradzki'. The identification on the secondary (Berlepsch) label reads: 'Chlorospingus [in black ink] ochraceus, Berl. & Tacz. [in pencil]', with 'Chloro' crossed out and replaced by 'Hemi' in pencil, and 'melanotis' in pencil (© Gerald Mayr)
TABLE 1 in Taxonomic status of the Western Hemispingus Sphenopsis ochracea (Thraupidae) and a review of species limits in the genus Sphenopsis P. L. Sclater, 1861
<p>TABLE 1 Five alternative taxonomies of the genus <i>Sphenopsis</i> as presented in (from left to right) the present study; eBird/Clements checklist v.2021 (Clements <i>et al</i>. 2021); IOC world bird list v.12.1 (Gill <i>et al</i>. 2021); Howard & Moore v.4 (Dickinson & Christidis 2014); HBW/Birdlife International digital checklist v.6 (HBW & BirdLife International 2021). The South American Checklist Committee (SACC) of the American Ornithological Society (AOS) currently recognises two species (<i>S. melanotis</i>, <i>S. frontalis</i>) in line with eBird/ Clements and Howard & Moore. The ‘linearised’ taxonomic sequence used in this study (see Appendix) was based on Price-Waldman (2019), wherein <i>S. melanotis</i> (<i>sensu lato</i>, as treated by eBird/Clements and Howard & Moore) was reconstructed as paraphyletic. Taxa recognised at species rank within each taxonomy are shown in boldface. Taxa for which study skins were not personally examined in the present study are denoted thus (—).</p><table><thead><tr><th>Present study</th><th>eBird/Clements</th><th>IOC</th><th>Howard & Moore</th><th>HBW/Birdlife</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>S. melanotis melanotis</th><td>S. m. melanotis</td><td>S. m. melanotis</td><td>S. m. melanotis</td><td>S. m. melanotis</td></tr><tr><th>S. m. castaneicollis</th><td>S. m. castaneicollis</td><td>S. m. castaneicollis</td><td>S. m. castaneicollis</td><td>S. m. castaneicollis</td></tr><tr><th>S. frontalis frontalis</th><td>S. f. frontalis</td><td>S. f. frontalis</td><td>S. f. frontalis</td><td>S. f. frontalis</td></tr><tr><th>S. f. hanieli</th><td>S. f. hanieli</td><td>S. f. hanieli</td><td>S. f. hanieli</td><td>S. f. hanieli</td></tr><tr><th>—</th><td>S. f. ignobilis</td><td>S. f. ignobilis</td><td>S. f. ignobilis</td><td>S. f. ignobilis</td></tr><tr><th>—</th><td>S. f. flavidorsalis</td><td>S. f. flavidorsalis</td><td>S. f. flavidorsalis</td><td>S. f. flavidorsalis</td></tr><tr><th>—</th><td>S. f. iterata</td><td>S. f. iterata</td><td>S. f. iterata</td><td>S. f. iterata</td></tr><tr><th><i>S. piurae</i></th><td>S. m. piurae</td><td><i>S. p. piurae</i></td><td>S. m. piurae</td><td>S. p. piurae</td></tr><tr><th>S. ochracea</th><td>S. m. ochracea</td><td><i>S. ochracea</i></td><td>S. m. ochracea</td><td><i>S. ochracea</i></td></tr><tr><th>—</th><td>S. m. berlepschi</td><td>S. m. berlepschi</td><td>S. m. berlepschi</td><td>S. m. berlepschi</td></tr><tr><th>—</th><td>S. m. macrophrys</td><td>S. p. macrophrys</td><td>S. m. macrophrys</td><td>S. p. macrophrys</td></tr></tbody></table>
TABLE 2 in Taxonomic status of the Western Hemispingus Sphenopsis ochracea (Thraupidae) and a review of species limits in the genus Sphenopsis P. L. Sclater, 1861
<p>TABLE 2 Plumage colour of species in the genus <i>Sphenopsis</i>, scored using study skins (<i>n</i> = 43) in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia (ANSP) and Delaware Museum of Nature & Science, Greenville (DMNH) collections (see Appendix for lists of specimens examined). The codes ‘tail-D’ and ‘tail-V’ denote the dorsal and ventral surface of the tail, respectively. Numbers are taken from Smithe (1975): (18) Orange Yellow; (23) Raw Umber; (28) Olive-Brown; (49) Greenish Olive; (51) Citrine; (82) Blackish Neutral Gray; (83) Dark Neutral Gray; (89) Jet Black; (119A) Hair Brown; (121) Vandyke Brown; (121A) Prout’s Brown; (123A) Cinnamon; (123B) Clay Color; (123C) Yellow Ocher; (124) Buff; (129) Dark Brownish Olive; (136) Raw Sienna; (223D) Tawny Olive.</p><table><thead><tr><th>Species</th><th>Crown</th><th>Back</th><th>Tail-D</th><th>Tail-V</th><th>Throat</th><th>Breast</th><th>Belly</th><th>Vent</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th><i>S. melanotis melanotis</i></th><td>833</td><td>837</td><td>283</td><td>23</td><td>123A</td><td>123A</td><td>124</td><td>123A</td></tr><tr><th><i>S. m. castaneicollis</i></th><td>82</td><td>837</td><td>283</td><td>28</td><td>893</td><td>136</td><td>124</td><td>1364</td></tr><tr><th><i>S. frontalis frontalis</i></th><td>491,3,5</td><td>493</td><td>283</td><td>28</td><td>186</td><td>515</td><td>515</td><td>515</td></tr><tr><th><i>S. f. hanieli</i></th><td>493</td><td>491,3</td><td>283</td><td>28</td><td>123C 4</td><td>123B</td><td>123B</td><td>123A</td></tr><tr><th><i>S. piurae</i></th><td>893</td><td>119A</td><td>283</td><td>284</td><td>893</td><td>136</td><td>1364</td><td>1364</td></tr><tr><th><i>S. ochracea</i></th><td>831</td><td>1292</td><td>283</td><td>28</td><td>223D</td><td>123B 3</td><td>223D</td><td>123A</td></tr></tbody></table><p><sup>1</sup> slightly browner <sup>5</sup> slightly more yellow <sup>2</sup> slightly lighter and more olive <sup>6</sup> slightly duller, less bright <sup>3</sup> slightly darker <sup>7</sup> slightly more olive <sup>4</sup> slightly lighter</p>
TABLE 3 in Taxonomic status of the Western Hemispingus Sphenopsis ochracea (Thraupidae) and a review of species limits in the genus Sphenopsis P. L. Sclater, 1861
<p>TABLE 3</p><table><thead><tr><th>Sex</th><th><b>Species</b></th><th><i>n</i></th><th>WG</th><th>TR</th><th>TL</th><th>BL</th><th><b>BW</b></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>female</th><td><i>S. melanotis melanotis</i></td><td>5</td><td>73.2 ± 1.6</td><td>19.9 ± 0.3</td><td>62.8 ± 2.4</td><td>8.2 ± 0.3</td><td>3.9 ± 0.1</td></tr><tr><th></th><td><i>S. m. castaneicollis</i></td><td>3</td><td>61.7 ± 1.5</td><td>21.3 ± 2.1</td><td>55.0 ± 2.8</td><td>7.6 ± 0.4</td><td>3.7 ± 0.3</td></tr><tr><th></th><td><i>S. frontalis frontalis</i></td><td>5</td><td>69.5 ± 2.8</td><td>19.4 ± 0.8</td><td>61.0 ± 4.0</td><td>8.3 ± 0.1</td><td>3.5 ± 0.0</td></tr><tr><th></th><td><i>S. f. hanieli</i></td><td>0</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th></th><td><i>S. piurae</i></td><td>1</td><td>68</td><td>21.7</td><td>61</td><td>8.8</td><td>3.2</td></tr><tr><th></th><td><i>S. ochracea</i></td><td>1</td><td>67</td><td>23.5</td><td>56</td><td>8.4</td><td>4.1</td></tr><tr><th>male</th><td><i>S. m. melanotis</i></td><td>2</td><td>75.0 ± 2.8</td><td>19.5 ± 0.1</td><td>63.0 ± 5.7</td><td>8.4 ± 0.4</td><td>4.1 ± 0.4</td></tr><tr><th></th><td><i>S. m. castaneicollis</i></td><td>6</td><td>69.3 ± 1.5</td><td>21.1 ± 1.4</td><td>60.0 ± 1.8</td><td>7.8 ± 0.5</td><td>3.7 ± 0.2</td></tr><tr><th></th><td><i>S. f. frontalis</i></td><td>6</td><td>73.7 ± 3.4</td><td>19.4 ± 1.4</td><td>62.7 ± 2.4</td><td>8.5 ± 0.1</td><td>3.5 ± 0.1</td></tr><tr><th></th><td><i>S. f. hanieli</i></td><td>1</td><td>70</td><td>19.9</td><td>–</td><td>8.5</td><td>3.5</td></tr><tr><th></th><td><i>S. piurae</i></td><td>3</td><td>70.0 ± 0.0</td><td>21.9 ± 1.5</td><td>63.3 ± 5.8</td><td>8.7 ± 0.0</td><td>3.4 ± 0.1</td></tr><tr><th></th><td><i>S. ochracea</i></td><td>3</td><td>72.5 ± 0.7</td><td>22.2 ± 0.1</td><td>60.5 ± 0.7</td><td>9.1 ± 0.0</td><td>4.2 ± 0.0</td></tr></tbody></table>
Morphometrics of taxa in the genus Sphenopsis, recorded from adult male (n = 21) and female (n = 15) study skins in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia (ANSP) and Delaware Museum of Nature & Science, Greenville (DMNH) collections. Sample sizes and means (± SD) are given for each taxon, within each sex class (female, male), for the following variables: (WG) wing length, (TR) tarsometatarsus length, (TL) tail length, (BL) bill length, and (BW) bill width. All measurements in mm. in Taxonomic status of the Western Hemispingus Sphenopsis ochracea (Thraupidae) and a review of species limits in the genus Sphenopsis P. L. Sclater, 1861
Morphometrics of taxa in the genus Sphenopsis, recorded from adult male (n = 21) and female (n = 15) study skins in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia (ANSP) and Delaware Museum of Nature & Science, Greenville (DMNH) collections. Sample sizes and means (± SD) are given for each taxon, within each sex class (female, male), for the following variables: (WG) wing length, (TR) tarsometatarsus length, (TL) tail length, (BL) bill length, and (BW) bill width. All measurements in mm.
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