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Fig. 5. Medusozoan cnidarian Sphenothallus sica Salter, 1856 in Clonal colony in the Early Devonian cnidarian Sphenothallus from Brazil

Fig. 5. Medusozoan cnidarian Sphenothallus sica Salter, 1856 (DNPM 329) from the Early Devonian Ponta Grossa Formation, Paraná State, southern Brazil. A1, marginal daughter tubes 5 and 6 (black arrows) and the isolated guyot-like feature (white arrow) between them; A2, side view of the guyotlike basal portion of marginal daughter tube 4 (arrow); A3, detail of daughter tubes 6 and 8, arrows indicate places where compaction has caused the intact marginal thickenings to appear as narrow, levee-like berms. Scale bars: A1, A2, 500 μm; A3, 1 mm.

Fig. 4. Medusozoan cnidarian Sphenothallus sica Salter, 1856 in Clonal colony in the Early Devonian cnidarian Sphenothallus from Brazil

Fig. 4. Medusozoan cnidarian Sphenothallus sica Salter, 1856 (DNPM 329) from the Early Devonian Ponta Grossa Formation, Paraná State, southern Brazil. The numbers 1–16 indicate the evident, marginal daughter tubes, while the letter P indicates the parent tube. A. Reproduction of Clarke's (1913) drawing. B. Light photographs. B1, general view; 17?, the possible basal portion of a seventeenth daughter tube; B2, detail, the arrow indicates a short longitudinal cross section through one of the marginal thickenings. Also present, near this site, is apparent spalling of fine lamellae. Scale bars: A, B1, 16 mm; C, 4 mm.

Fig. 6 in Clonal colony in the Early Devonian cnidarian Sphenothallus from Brazil

Fig. 6. Medusozoan cnidarian Sphenothallus sp. on a possible orthoconic cephalopod; from the Upper Ordovician (Katian 1–2) Utica Shale, Cap Santé, Québec, Canada. Light photographs of epibiontic tubes. A. MPEP1144.1, A2 detail of A1. B. MPEP1144.2. Scale bars A1, 5 mm; A2, B, 3 mm.

Fig. 3 in Clonal colony in the Early Devonian cnidarian Sphenothallus from Brazil

Fig. 3. Measured stratigraphical column of the Ponta Grossa Formation, Jaguariaíva section (from Simões et al. 2009). Abbreviations: M, mudstone, S, siltstone, FS, fine sandstone, MS, medium sandstone, CS, coarse sandstone.

Fig. 2 in Clonal colony in the Early Devonian cnidarian Sphenothallus from Brazil

Fig. 2. Stratigraphic chart of the Silurian–Devonian interval in the Paraná Basin (modified from Assine et al. 1994; Sedorko et al. 2017). The exact level in the Jaguariaíva Member at which Clarke's (1913) specimens of Sphenothallus were found is not known.

Fig. 6 in Alleged cnidarian Sphenothallus in the Late Ordovician of Baltica, its mineral composition and microstructure

Fig. 6. EDS spectra of the phosphatic Sphenothallus tube with diagenetic calcite interlayer. Scale bar 100 μm.

Fig. 3 in Alleged cnidarian Sphenothallus in the Late Ordovician of Baltica, its mineral composition and microstructure

Fig. 3. Tube microstructure of Sphenothallus aff. longissimus (TUG 1648-2), Viivikonna Formation, lowermost Sandbian, Kohtla-Nõmme. A. Laminar microstructure, arrows point to the boundaries of laminae; z, possible thin primary lamination. B. Secondary calcitic layer in the tube wall, arrows point to the boundaries between laminae. C. Detail view of the boundary between laminae. D. Homogeneous microstructure.

Fig. 4. Representative X in Alleged cnidarian Sphenothallus in the Late Ordovician of Baltica, its mineral composition and microstructure

Fig. 4. Representative X-ray diffraction pattern of Sphenothallus aff. longissimus, Viivikonna Formation, lowermost Sandbian, Kohtla, NE Estonia. Dark gray line indicates modelled apatite pattern fitted to measured pattern. Position of reflections 410 and 004 were used to estimate carbonate ion content in carbonate-fluor apatite structure.

Fig. 7 in Alleged cnidarian Sphenothallus in the Late Ordovician of Baltica, its mineral composition and microstructure

Fig. 7. Representitave ATR-FTIR spectrum of Sphenothallus aff. longissimus from Viivikonna Formation, Kivõli, NE Estonia.

Fig. 2 in Alleged cnidarian Sphenothallus in the Late Ordovician of Baltica, its mineral composition and microstructure

Fig. 2. Tubes of Sphenothallus aff. longissimus (A–C) and Sphenothallus kukersianus (Öpik, 1927) (D) Viivikonna Formation, lowermost Sandbian, NE Estonia. A. TUG 73-37 from Kohtla-Järve. B. TUG 1087-14 from Kohtla. C. TUG 2-551 from North East Estonia, oil shale basin. D. TUG 1087-12 from Kohtla-Järve.

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Fig. 1 in Alleged cnidarian Sphenothallus in the Late Ordovician of Baltica, its mineral composition and microstructure

Fig. 1. Location of study area (A) and studied sections (B).