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4 results for “Spilostethus”
A simple artificial diet for feeding and sequestration assays for the milkweed bugs Oncopeltus fasciatus and Spilostethus saxatilis (Heteroptera: Lygaeinae)
<p><span>Insect artificial diets are not only an important tool for mass rearing, nutritional research, and maintaining laboratory colonies but also for studying insect-plant interactions. For herbivorous insects able to sequester plant toxins, feeding and sequestration assays based on artificial diet allow for the investigation of physiological, ecological, and evolutionary questions which may be difficult to study using real plants representing complex chemical environments. We developed a simple artificial diet, consisting of sunflower meal pressed into pills, for the milkweed bugs <em>Oncopeltus fasciatus</em> and <em>Spilostethus saxatilis</em> (Heteroptera: Lygaeinae), which are capable of sequestering cardenolides and colchicum alkaloids, respectively. We assessed insect performance, suitability of the diet for sequestration assays, and its shelf life. Compared to sunflower seeds which are widely used as a laboratory maintenance diet for milkweed bugs, no differences were found in terms of weight development, presence of deformities, speed of development, or mortality. Importantly, after feeding <em>O. fasciatus</em> and <em>S. saxatilis</em> sunflower pills enriched with crystalline ouabain (cardenolide) or colchicine (colchicum alkaloid), respectively, sequestration was observed in both species. Moreover, as a prerequisite to test ecological hypotheses, our method allows for adequate concentration control and homogenous distribution of toxins across the diet. </span><span>Under relatively warm conditions </span><span>(27°C and 60% r.h.), the new diet was stable for up to 10 days when used for feeding assays with adult bugs. Therefore, studies focusing on the role of plant toxins in predator-prey interactions and plant defense, but also insecticide research could benefit from using this approach. </span></p>
Data for: No physiological costs of dual sequestration of chemically different plant toxins in the milkweed bug Spilostethus saxatilis (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae)
<p><span>Many herbivorous insects not only cope with plant toxins but also sequester them as a defense against predators and parasitoids. Sequestration is a product of the evolutionary arms race between plants and herbivorous insects and has been hypothesized to incur physiological costs due to specific adaptations required. Contradictory evidence about these costs exists for insects sequestering only one class of toxin, but very little is known about the physiological implications for species sequestering structurally different classes of compounds. <em>Spilostethus saxatilis</em> is a milkweed bug belonging to the cardenolide-sequestering heteropteran subfamily Lygaeinae (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) that has shifted to the colchicine-containing plant <em>Colchicum autumnale</em>, a resource of chemically unrelated alkaloids. Using feeding-assays on artificial diet and chemical analysis, we assessed whether <em>S. saxatilis</em> is still able to sequester cardenolides apart from colchicine and related metabolites (colchicoids), and tested the effect of (1) either a natural cardenolide concentration (using ouabain as a model compound) or a natural colchicine concentration, (2) an increased concentration of both toxins, and (3) seeds of either <em>Asclepias syriaca</em> (cardenolides) or <em>C. autumnale</em> (colchicoids) on a set of life-history traits. For comparison, we assessed the same life-history traits in the milkweed bug <em>Oncopeltus fasciatus</em> exposed to cardenolides only. Although cardenolides and colchicoids have different physiological targets (Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase vs tubulin) and thus require different resistance traits, chronic exposure and sequestration of both isolated toxins caused no physiological costs such as reduced growth, increased mortality, lower fertility, or shorter adult life span in <em>S. saxatilis</em>. Indeed, an increased performance was observed in <em>O. fasciatus</em> and an according trend was found in <em>S. saxatilis</em> when feeding on isolated ouabain and isolated colchicine, respectively. Positive effects were even more pronounced when insects were provided with natural toxic seeds (i.e. <em>C. autumnale</em> for <em>S. saxatilis</em> and <em>A. syriaca</em> for <em>O. fasciatus</em>), especially in <em>O. fasciatus</em>. Our findings suggest, that S. saxatilis can sequester two chemically unrelated classes of plant compounds at a cost-free level, and that colchicoids may even play a beneficial role in terms of fertility.</span></p>
A simple artificial diet for feeding and sequestration assays for the milkweed bugs Oncopeltus fasciatus and Spilostethus saxatilis (Heteroptera: Lygaeinae)
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Data for: No physiological costs of dual sequestration of chemically different plant toxins in the milkweed bug Spilostethus saxatilis (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae)
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
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