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Fig. 5 in Isolated theropod teeth from the Middle Jurassic of Niger and the early dental evolution of Spinosauridae

Fig. 5. Time-calibrated phylogeny of spinosaurids and related theropods. Time-calibrated cladogram elaborated after Carrano et al. (2012) and Allain (2014). The asterisks mark the place of the three basal spinosaurid forms represented only by teeth (Buffetaut et al. 2011; this article). The proposed transition from a plesiomorphic theropod tooth (node 1 and earlier) to a highly derived spinosaurid tooth (node 4) would include a transitional state (represented by MUPE HB-87). 1, Averostra; 2, Tetanurae; 3, Megalosauroidea; 4, Spinosauridae.

Fig. 4 in Isolated theropod teeth from the Middle Jurassic of Niger and the early dental evolution of Spinosauridae

Fig. 4. Dendrogram obtained from the cluster analysis of the theropod teeth. A. Database from Hendrickx and Mateus (2014) and the HB site. The characters used were those proposed by Hendrickx and Mateus (2014) for lateral teeth. HB samples are clustered with Afrovenator and Dubreuillosaurus (black dot). B. Database from Hendrickx and Mateus (2014), the specimens from the HB site, and two basal spinosaurid teeth from the Middle Jurassic TP4 site in Niger (Serrano-Martínez et al. 2015). MUPE HB-118, MUPE HB-125, and MUPE HB-142 remain clustered with Afrovenator and Dubreuillosaurus (black dot), but MUPE HB-87, MUPE TP4-2, and MUPE TP4-3 are clustered with the spinosaurids (white dot).

Fig. 1 in Isolated theropod teeth from the Middle Jurassic of Niger and the early dental evolution of Spinosauridae

Fig. 1. Theropod teeth from the Middle Jurassic Tegama Group, Agadez, Niger. A. MUPE HB-142 in labial (A1), lingual (A2), distal (A3), and basal (A5) views, close-up (A4). B. MUPE HB-118 in lateral (B1, B2), distal (B3), and basal (B5) views, close-up (B4). C. MUPE HB-125 in lateral (C1, C2) and distal (C3) views. D. Spinosaurid tooth, MUPE HB-87 in distal (D1), lingual (D2), mesial (D3), and labial (D4) views; close-up view of the labial side (D5); note the deeply veined enamel surface texture and the shape and size of the distal denticles.

Fig. 3 in Isolated theropod teeth from the Middle Jurassic of Niger and the early dental evolution of Spinosauridae

Fig. 3. Morphospace occupied by theropod teeth of the database used in this paper and those of the HB site using the results of the discriminant function analyses (A). Teeth that delimit the morphospace of each taxon (B). The colour convex hulls correspond to the morphospaces delineated by different theropod clades.

Fig. 2 in Isolated theropod teeth from the Middle Jurassic of Niger and the early dental evolution of Spinosauridae

Fig. 2. Tooth measurements and dimensions used in this study. Theropod dental anatomy and variables used, in lateral and basal views (redrawn from Smith et al. 2005). AL, apical length; CA, crown angle; CBL, crown base length; CBR, crown base ratio; CBW, crown base width; CH, crown height; CHR, crown height ratio; DA, distal denticles in the apical section. DB, distal denticles in the basal section. DC, distal denticles in the central section. DSDI, denticle size difference index. MA, mesial denticles in the apical section. MB, mesial denticles in the basal section. MC, mesial denticles in the central section.

Fig. 6 in Isolated theropod teeth from the Middle Jurassic of Niger and the early dental evolution of Spinosauridae

Fig. 6. Generalized palaeogeographic locations of spinosaurids (white) and the specimen of HB site (black), through time from Bajocian–Bathonian (A), Tithonian (B), Barremian−Aptian (C), and Albian−Cenomanian (D). Courtesy of Ron Blakey (http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/mollglobe.html), modified and actualized after Bertin (2010).

FIGURE 3 in On the first Baryonychinae (Theropoda, Spinosauridae) teeth from South America

FIGURE 3. Denticulated carinae in spinosaurids. A, LPUFS 5860 specimen; B, LPUFS 5870 specimen; C, LPUFS 5871 specimen; D, Baryonyx NHMUK PV R.9951 R.278 specimen; E, Suchomimus MNN G73-3 specimen. Scale bar equals 1 mm. Images D and E extracted and modified from Hendrickx et al. (2019; Fig. 15, p. 59).

FIGURE 5 in On the first Baryonychinae (Theropoda, Spinosauridae) teeth from South America

FIGURE 5. Results of multivariate analysis (LDA). Graphical result of discriminant analysis (bivariate plot of the first two axes [linear discriminant, LD], which account for 59.6% of the total variance); LPUFS specimens (red stars) are plotted within/ next to the Spinosauridae morphospace (delimited by green convex hulls). For the variables plotted on the graphs, see Table 2. Theropod silhouettes from phylopic.org, see acknowledgements.

FIGURE 2 in On the first Baryonychinae (Theropoda, Spinosauridae) teeth from South America

FIGURE 2. Photograph of Baryonychinae teeth from the Feliz Deserto Formation. LPUFS 5860: A, mesial view; B, distal view; C, labial view; D, lingual view; E, apical view; F, highlight of flutes (out of scale); G, highlight of enamel texture (out of scale); H, serrated carina. LPUFS 5870: I, mesial view; J, distal view; K, labial view; L, lingual view; M, apical view; N, highlight of flutes (out of scale); O, highlight of enamel texture (out of scale); P, serrated carina. LPUFS 5871: Q, mesial view; R, distal view; S, labial view; T, lingual view; U, apical view; V, highlight of flutes (out of scale); W, highlight of enamel texture (out of scale); X, serrated carina. Scale bars equals 10 mm, but in H, P, and X scale bars equals 1 mm. Anatomical abbreviations: dca-distal carina; de-denticles; ent-enamel surface texture; flu-flutes; mca-mesial carina.

FIGURE 4. Seven topologically parsimonious constrained trees retrieved from cladistic analysis using a in On the first Baryonychinae (Theropoda, Spinosauridae) teeth from South America

FIGURE 4. Seven topologically parsimonious constrained trees retrieved from cladistic analysis using a dentition-based data matrix (tree length = 1318; CI = 0.198; RI = 0.466), Bremer support is displayed below each node; LPUFS specimens (bold) are recovered within the Spinosauridae clade. Theropod silhouette from phylopic.org, see acknowledgements.

FIGURE 6 in On the first Baryonychinae (Theropoda, Spinosauridae) teeth from South America

FIGURE 6. Highlight for the denticulated carina in the specimen LPUFS 5871. Note that the individual denticles are composed of dentin, below the dental enamel. Scale bar equals 0.5 mm. Anatomical abbreviation: de-denticles.

FIGURE 1 in On the first Baryonychinae (Theropoda, Spinosauridae) teeth from South America

FIGURE 1. South American map with emphasis on the Canafístula 01 site (UTM DATUM WGS 84, Zone 24 L, 8 857 550 N/739 980 E), Sergipe State, Brazil. Silhouettes exemplify previous findings of this locality. Silhouettes from phylopic.org, see acknowledgements. Map modified from Lacerda et al. (2023).