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Figure 4 in A Puzzle No More: The Identity of Spirobranchus tetraceros (Schmarda, 1861) (Annelida, Serpulidae) is Revealed

Figure 4. Scanning electron microscopic micrographs of S. tetraceros sensu stricto W.35308. (A) lateral view of the anterior part of the paratype; (B) collar chaetae bundle with special Spirobranchus-type chaetae; (C) thoracic chaetae; (D) thoracic uncini; (E) anterior abdominal uncini; (F) anterior abdominal chaetae.

Figure 5 in A Puzzle No More: The Identity of Spirobranchus tetraceros (Schmarda, 1861) (Annelida, Serpulidae) is Revealed

Figure 5. Photographs of S. schmardai sp. nov. holotype and paratype. (A) anterior part of the holotype W.42393, ventral view (left), lateral view (right); (B) paratype W.51857 in tube.

Figure 3 in A Puzzle No More: The Identity of Spirobranchus tetraceros (Schmarda, 1861) (Annelida, Serpulidae) is Revealed

Figure 3. Photographs of the neotype and additional specimens of Spirobranchus tetraceros sensu stricto. (A) original drawings of Pomatoceros tetraceros by Schmarda (1861); (B) original drawing of Pomatoceros elaphus by Haswell (1885); (C) neotype of S. tetraceros W.51859; (D) specimen W.49841 in tube; and (E) specimen W.49844, operculum (left), a tube fragment (right).

Figure 6 in A Puzzle No More: The Identity of Spirobranchus tetraceros (Schmarda, 1861) (Annelida, Serpulidae) is Revealed

Figure 6. Scanning electron microscopic micrographs of S. schmardai sp. nov. paratype W.42393. (A) lateral view of the anterior part; (B) collar chaetae bundle with special Spirobranchus-type chaetae; (C) thoracic chaetae; (D) thoracic uncini; (E) anterior abdominal uncini; (F) anterior abdominal chaetae.

Figure 2 in A Puzzle No More: The Identity of Spirobranchus tetraceros (Schmarda, 1861) (Annelida, Serpulidae) is Revealed

Figure 2. Bayesian majority rule consensus phylogram of the concatenated (18S + cyt b) sequence data set with congruent nodes indicated for maximum likelihood analysis. Numbers above branches are posterior probabilities obtained from the Bayesian analysis; numbers below branches are bootstrap values from ML analysis. Posterior probabilities>0.76 and bootstrap values>69 are shown.

Figure 40. A–C in Descriptions of New Serpulid Polychaetes from the Kimberleys of Australia and Discussion of Australian and Indo-West Pacific Species of Spirobranchus and Superficially Similar Taxa

Figure 40. A–C, Spirobranchus corniculatus (Grube, 1862). (A,B) from AM W202960, two views of operculum; (C) operculum of specimen BMNH 1938.7.25.2, labelled type specimen of Spirobranchus giganteus var turbinatus nov., locality, Hulule, Male Atoll, Maldives, collected by J.S. Gardiner. D–F, Spirobranchus sp. 1, cf. polytremus (Philippi, 1844), from AM W21404: (D) whole worm, including operculum; (E,F) two more views of operculum showing fringed peduncular wings.

Figure 27. A–K, Serpula amplilobata n in Descriptions of New Serpulid Polychaetes from the Kimberleys of Australia and Discussion of Australian and Indo-West Pacific Species of Spirobranchus and Superficially Similar Taxa

Figure 27. A–K, Serpula amplilobata n.sp., from holotype AM W21410: (A) coiled tube showing bonded coils and granular overlay; (B,C) two views of the bell- shaped operculum, showing the conspicuously thickened, translucent cuticle along iterradii and tips of radiolar lobes, and the sharp constriction between operculum and peduncle; B also shows the rudimentary operculum; (D) a branchial radiole; (E–I) bayonet-shaped special collar chaetae; note the short unserrated notch; (J) thoracic uncini; (K) anterior abdominal uncini.

Figure 38. A–D in Descriptions of New Serpulid Polychaetes from the Kimberleys of Australia and Discussion of Australian and Indo-West Pacific Species of Spirobranchus and Superficially Similar Taxa

Figure 38. A–D, Spirobranchus corniculatus (Grube, 1862) from AM W202960: (A) complete specimen showing its single median longitudinal ridge, fine transverse ridges alternating with fine fine grooves on either side of it, and the worm showing its unfringed inter-radiolar membranes; (B–D) different views of the operculum showing the unfringed peduncular wings, oval opercular plate with a broader anterior end, and the opercular horns located posteriorly on it.

Figure 13. A–L in Descriptions of New Serpulid Polychaetes from the Kimberleys of Australia and Discussion of Australian and Indo-West Pacific Species of Spirobranchus and Superficially Similar Taxa

Figure 13. A–L, Hydroides exaltatus (Marenzeller, 1885), from AM W21496. (A,B) two views of an operculum; (C–I) bayonet collar chaetae C, an older chaeta with worn out teeth. Remaining bayonet chaetae have 3 to 5 teeth at base of blade. Note that teeth do not extend way down the boss as in H. pseudexaltatus (Fig. 17E,F,G–I), and their un-serrated notch is moderately long compared to that in H. pseudexaltatus in which it is very long.]; (J) thoracic uncini; (K) anterior abdominal uncini; (L) a juvenile specimen; it has two opercula; the main spine in the better-developed operculum is directed inwards, while it is directed outwards in the other; its anterior abdominal uncinal tori are lateral, separated by a wide gap dorsally, compared to older specimens (Fig. 12C) in which they almost meet mid-dorsally.

Figure 16. A–F in Descriptions of New Serpulid Polychaetes from the Kimberleys of Australia and Discussion of Australian and Indo-West Pacific Species of Spirobranchus and Superficially Similar Taxa

Figure 16. A–F, Hydroides minax (Grube, 1878), from AM W202951. A,B from specimen in Fig. 15I,J: (A) thoracic uncini; (B) anterior abdominal uncini; (C) anterior end of another worm from the same collection having two opercula; (D–F) bayonet-shaped special collar chaetae.

Figure 23. A–J, Hydroides spiratubus n in Descriptions of New Serpulid Polychaetes from the Kimberleys of Australia and Discussion of Australian and Indo-West Pacific Species of Spirobranchus and Superficially Similar Taxa

Figure 23. A–J, Hydroides spiratubus n.sp. (A) tube of paratype AM W202955. B–J, from holotype AM W21392: (B–G) bayonet-shaped

Figure 8. A and B in Descriptions of New Serpulid Polychaetes from the Kimberleys of Australia and Discussion of Australian and Indo-West Pacific Species of Spirobranchus and Superficially Similar Taxa

Figure 8. A and B, tubes of V. infundibulum. (A) after Fauvel (1927: fig. 124c), magnified about 4 times that of Fauvel's figure which represented its natural size. It also shows ontogenetic changes in which the earliest formed part abruptly increases in diameter and develops the vase-shaped peristomes, already bearing 11 of them in the tube of approximately 48.0 mm in length; (B) after Bianchi (1981: fig. 25a), same size as original figure; evidently an older tube compared to A; note the well-formed terminal peristome and thickened edges. (C) After Monro (1930: fig. 88c), same size as original figure; tube fragment figured by Monro as belonging to Vermiliopsis glandigera Gravier, 1908. Note that none of three types of tubes A–C occur in V. glandigera described from the Kimberleys.

Figure 7. A–N in Descriptions of New Serpulid Polychaetes from the Kimberleys of Australia and Discussion of Australian and Indo-West Pacific Species of Spirobranchus and Superficially Similar Taxa

Figure 7. A–N, Vermiliopsis glandigera Gravier, 1908. (A) operculum of a specimen from AM W21470 with 16 partitions, including the terminal cap, and showing the characteristic enlarged terminal annulus of the peduncle; (B) part of a tube found with latter specimen, questionably, an anterior unattached part. C,D, Two juveniles from AM W21472; (C) worm showing distal part of its operculum contracted into a concavity with a central peak, partitions not yet developed, annulus below its basal bulb-like part is already enlarged, and thoracic membranes extend to the 4th chaetiger; (D) anterior end of a juvenile worm from AM W21472: operculum has 2+ partitions, its distal cap-like annulus is contracted into a concavity, and bears a central peak; thoracic membranes extend to end of fourth chaetiger; (E) a specimen from AM W21472 having 3+ opercular partitions, its distal cap contracted into a concavity with a peak, and enlarged annulus at the distal end of its peduncle is discernible; (F–H) a juvenile specimen from AM W21472: operculum has an uncontracted dome-shaped cap with a peak, and three partitions; annulus at the distal end of its peduncle is enlarged. What appears to be a pygidial gland is faintly developed. I–J, a specimen from AM W21470: (I) tube, more regularly formed than in other specimens; smooth and shiny, not strongly pitted, has 3 smooth longitudinal ridges, besides the laterally extended one on each side, and well-formed transverse ridges (peristomes) at intervals. Worm (J) is indistinguishable from other specimens, including the swelling at the distal end of the peduncle. K–N, an early juvenile from AM W21470: (K) worm within part of its tube; (L) tube shows fine transverse ridges and a single irregularly serrated median dorsal ridge; (M) anterior end of worm; (N) whole worm; M,N, opercular cap contracted into a concavity and bears a rounded peak; the swollen distal annulus of the peduncle being developed.

Figure 4. A–E, Vermiliopsis cylindrica n in Descriptions of New Serpulid Polychaetes from the Kimberleys of Australia and Discussion of Australian and Indo-West Pacific Species of Spirobranchus and Superficially Similar Taxa

Figure 4. A–E, Vermiliopsis cylindrica n.sp. A,B, from a specimen in AM W21434: (A) tube of a juvenile specimen showing early formation of ridges; (B) juvenile operculum, contracted in alcohol, with concave distal end bearing a central peak; (C) another juvenile from AM W21406. D,E, a very tiny juvenile Vermiliopsis sp. from AM W21434: (D) tube with only a single median longitudinal and fine transverse ridges; (E) early juvenile worm in which an operculum is yet to be developed.

Figure 26. A–K, Hydroides trihamulatus n in Descriptions of New Serpulid Polychaetes from the Kimberleys of Australia and Discussion of Australian and Indo-West Pacific Species of Spirobranchus and Superficially Similar Taxa

Figure 26. A–K, Hydroides trihamulatus n.sp., specimen from AM W202944: (A,B) anterior parts of tube; (C) part of tube with worm in situ; (D) worm removed from its tube; (E,F) enlarged view of operculum, note swollen tips of unmodified coronal spine and infundibular spines; (G–J) bayonet-shaped special collar chaetae; (K) anterior abdominal uncini; (L) thoracic uncini.

Figure 12. A–F in Descriptions of New Serpulid Polychaetes from the Kimberleys of Australia and Discussion of Australian and Indo-West Pacific Species of Spirobranchus and Superficially Similar Taxa

Figure 12. A–F, Hydroides exaltatus (Marenzeller, 1885). A–C from a specimen separated from AM W202941: (A,B) two tube fragments; (C) anterior part of worm showing operculum, radioles and arrangement of anterior abdominal tori. D–F: from a specimen in AM W202964; (D) tube fragment; (E,F) two views of operculum; (E) also shows rudimentary operculum.

Figure 15. A–G in Descriptions of New Serpulid Polychaetes from the Kimberleys of Australia and Discussion of Australian and Indo-West Pacific Species of Spirobranchus and Superficially Similar Taxa

Figure 15. A–G, Hydroides minax (Grube, 1878), from AM W202951: (A) part of tube on substratum; (B,C) two different views of worm; A shows arrangement of anterior abdominal tori of the two sides which meet or almost meet dorsally; (D,E) two enlarged views of operculum; (F,G) two bayonet-shaped special collar chaetae.

Figure 1 in Descriptions of New Serpulid Polychaetes from the Kimberleys of Australia and Discussion of Australian and Indo-West Pacific Species of Spirobranchus and Superficially Similar Taxa

Figure 1. The islands off the Kimberley Plateau North Western Australia from where the serpulid polychaetes described in this paper were collected.

Figure 3. A–N, Vermiliopsis cylindrica n in Descriptions of New Serpulid Polychaetes from the Kimberleys of Australia and Discussion of Australian and Indo-West Pacific Species of Spirobranchus and Superficially Similar Taxa

Figure 3. A–N, Vermiliopsis cylindrica n.sp. (A) tube of holotype, AM W21406; B–G, a specimen from AM W21434: (B) whole worm, showing its short and broad chitinous operculum, its cap contracted into a concavity, with a central peak, and the extent of the thoracic membranes; (C) left ventrolateral view of thorax showing the ocellar cluster, termination of the thoracic membrane, the contracted proximal bulb-like part of the operculum, the peduncle, and numerous radioles; (D) enlarged drawing of operculum showing its transparent chitinous distal part, a single chamber with its terminal part contracted into a concavity, and peduncle contracted into several irregular folds; (E) the cushion-like swelling (pygidial gland) at the posterior end of abdomen; (F) thoracic uncini; (G) anterior abdominal uncini; (H,I) two views of the operculum of specimen from AM W21434 showing an un-contracted dome-shaped distal part, a single transparent chamber below it, its contracted proximal bulb-shaped part (partly into the transparent chamber), and contracted peduncle; (J) anterior end of a small juvenile specimen showing operculum and extent of thoracic membranes; (K) tube fragment found together with a specimen from AM W21434 (doubtfully included here); confirmation necessary as to whether such a circular unattached part can occur in this species. L,M, specimen from AM W21434: (L) anterior end of worm; (M) operculum; both show an un-contracted proximal bulb-shaped part, and a cylindrical distal part, the latter consisting of 3 partitions preceding the terminal chamber; (N) operculum of a specimen from AM W21471: it is similar to that of the preceding specimen, but has two partitions proximal to the cylindrical chamber.

Figure 10. A–E in Descriptions of New Serpulid Polychaetes from the Kimberleys of Australia and Discussion of Australian and Indo-West Pacific Species of Spirobranchus and Superficially Similar Taxa

Figure 10. A–E, Pomatostegus actinoceros, specimen from AM W21438. (A) 6-tiered operculum, with the seventh in the process of being formed at the distal end of the fleshy part of the operculum (see text); (B) bayonet chaeta from the collar fascicle; (C) thoracic uncini; (D) anterior abdominal uncini; (E) posterior abdominal uncini.