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Fig. 6 in Addition of cinnamon oil improves toxicity of rotenone to Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae

Fig. 6. The concentration of rotenone in brain tissue afer treatment.* indicates significant difference between the 2 treatments at the same point in time (P <0.05, Tukey honest significant difference tests).

Fig. 4 in Addition of cinnamon oil improves toxicity of rotenone to Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae

Fig. 4. The concentration of rotenone in hemolymph afer treatment.* indicates significant difference between the 2 treatments at the same point in time (P <0.05, Tukey honest significant difference tests).

Fig. 3 in Addition of cinnamon oil improves toxicity of rotenone to Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae

Fig. 3. The concentration of rotenone in midgut tissue afer treatment.* indicates significant difference between the 2 treatments at the same point in time (P <0.05, Tukey honest significant difference tests).

Fig. 1 in Addition of cinnamon oil improves toxicity of rotenone to Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae

Fig. 1. Liquid chromatogram (A: rotenone standard, B: excreta, C: hemolymph, D: brain, E: ventral nerve cord, F: midgut).

Fig. 2 in Addition of cinnamon oil improves toxicity of rotenone to Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae

Fig. 2. The concentration of rotenone in excreta afer treatment.* indicates significant difference between the 2 treatments at the same point in time (P <0.05, Tukey honest significant difference tests).

Fig. 7 in Addition of cinnamon oil improves toxicity of rotenone to Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae

Fig. 7. Cells of Spodoptera litura midgut peritrophic membrane (A: control, B: rotenone, C: rotenone + cinnamon oil). The arrows show the change in cell structure in response to treatment. Note that in A the cells are single, packed, and clearly visible, whereas in B the cell spacing is wider, and in C there is slightly wider cell spacing, and abnormality of the membrane.

Fig. 5 in Addition of cinnamon oil improves toxicity of rotenone to Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae

Fig. 5. The concentration of rotenone in ventral nerve cord tissue afer treatment.* indicates significant difference between the 2 treatments at the same point in time (P <0.05, Tukey honest significant difference tests).

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Fig. 1 in Mortality and food consumption in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae treated with spinosad alone or in mixtures with a nucleopolyhedrovirus

Fig. 1. Percentage (mean ± SE) of leaf area consumed per surviving Spodoptera frugiperda 3rd instar feeding either on untreated maize-leaf pieces or on maizeleaf pieces treated with spinosad (mg/L). Mortality was recorded at 72 h afer treatment. Different letters above the error bars indicate statistically significant differences based on the Kruskall-Wallis test (P <0.05).

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Fig 1 in Development of Microplitis similis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on two candidate host species, Spodoptera litura and Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Fig 1. Age–stage specific survival rates (Sx) of Micropletis similis that developed in Spodoptera exigua (A) and in S. litura (B).

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Fig 2 in Development of Microplitis similis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on two candidate host species, Spodoptera litura and Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Fig 2. Daily body weight of parasitized and non-parasitized Spodoptera exigua (A) and S. litura (B). Each datum is shown as a mean ± SE.

Fig. 3 in Appraisal of sperm dynamics as a crucial trait of radio- sterilized Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its F progeny for evaluation of the 'inherited sterility technique' for pest suppression

Fig. 3. Effect of gamma irradiation on (a) the percentage of active apyrene sperm, and (b) the intensity of active sperm (no. of undulations/s) in virgin irradiated parental (P) male Spodoptera litura.

Fig. 2b in Appraisal of sperm dynamics as a crucial trait of radio- sterilized Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its F progeny for evaluation of the 'inherited sterility technique' for pest suppression

Fig. 2b. Eupyrene sperm bundles descent from the testes to the reproductive tract (upper vasa deferentia (UVD), seminal vesicles (SV) and the duplex) of irradiated male Spodoptera litura and their F1 progeny during the photophase (white bars)and the scotophase (black bars). Means ± SE followed by the same capital letter within white bars, or within black bars within each treatment regimen of sperm descent in the UVD, SV and duplex are not significantly different at P ≤ 0.05 (ANOVA followed by LSD post-test). Means ± SE followed by a different small letter between white bar and black bar, within each age group within a regimen are significantly different at P ≤ 0.05 (ANOVA followed by LSD posttest).

Fig. 2a in Appraisal of sperm dynamics as a crucial trait of radio- sterilized Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its F progeny for evaluation of the 'inherited sterility technique' for pest suppression

Fig. 2a. Loose apyrene sperm descent from the testes to the reproductive tract [upper vasa deferentia (UVD), seminal vesicles (SV) and the duplex] of irradiated male Spodoptera litura and their F1 progeny during the photophase (white bars) and the scotophase (black bars). Means ± SE followed by the same capital letter within white bars, or within black bars for each treatment regimen of sperm descent in the UVD, SV and duplex are not significantly different at P ≤ 0.05 (ANOVA followed by LSD post-test). Means ± SE followed by different small letter between the white bars and black bars, within each age group within a regimen are significantly different at P ≤ 0.05 (ANOVA followed by LSD posttest).

Fig. 1 in Appraisal of sperm dynamics as a crucial trait of radio- sterilized Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its F progeny for evaluation of the 'inherited sterility technique' for pest suppression

Fig. 1. Reproductive system of male moth, Spodoptera litura. The ductus ejaculatorius simplex is also known as the prostatic part. Sperm pass through the prostatic part at the onset of mating and acquire motility for the first time.

Fig. 4 in Appraisal of sperm dynamics as a crucial trait of radio- sterilized Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its F progeny for evaluation of the 'inherited sterility technique' for pest suppression

Fig. 4. Effect of gamma irradiation on (a) the percentage of active apyrene sperm and (b) the intensity of active sperm (no. of undulations /s) in virgin irradiated parental (P) male Spodoptera litura and their F1progeny.

Fig. 5 in Appraisal of sperm dynamics as a crucial trait of radio- sterilized Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its F progeny for evaluation of the 'inherited sterility technique' for pest suppression

Fig. 5. Effect of gamma irradiation on (a) the percentage of active apyrene sperm, and (b) the intensity of active sperm (no. of undulations /s) in mated irradiated parental (P) male Spodoptera litura.

Fig. 6 in Appraisal of sperm dynamics as a crucial trait of radio- sterilized Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its F progeny for evaluation of the 'inherited sterility technique' for pest suppression

Fig. 6. Effect of gamma irradiation on (a) the percentage of active apyrene sperm, and (b) the intensity of sperm activity (no. of undulations /s) in mated irradiated parental (P) male Spodoptera litura and their F1progeny.

Fig. 1 in Incidence of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its feeding potential on various citrus (Sapindales: Rutaceae) cultivars in the Sargodha Region of Pakistan

Fig. 1. Food consumption and performance of Spodoptera litura 3rd instars on 4 citrus cultivars: (A) leaf area consumption (cm2); (B) relative growth rate (RGR); (C) relative consumption rate (RCR); (D) leaf weight consumed (mg); (E) larval weight (mg); (F) weight of feces produced (mg); (G) efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI).

Fig. 1 in Population variability of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in maize (Poales: Poaceae) associated with the use of chemical insecticides

Fig. 1. Spodoptera frugiperda populations in cultivated maize in various parts of Mexico from which larvae were collected to study molecular genetic variation.