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17 results for “Static allometry”
Effects of population density on static allometry between horn length and body mass in mountain ungulates
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Little is known about the effects of environmental variation on allometric relationships of condition-dependent traits, especially in wild populations. We estimated sex-specific static allometry between horn length and body mass in four populations of mountain ungulates that experienced periods of contrasting density over the course of the study. These species displayed contrasting sexual dimorphism in horn size; high dimorphism in <i>Capra ibex</i> and <i>Ovis canadensis</i> and low dimorphism in <i>Rupicapra rupicapra</i> and <i>Oreamnos americanus</i>. The effects of density on static allometric slopes were weak and inconsistent while allometric intercepts were generally lower at high density, especially in males from species with high sexual dimorphism in horn length. These results confirm that static allometric slopes are more canalized than allometric intercepts against environmental variation induced by changes in population density, particularly when traits appear more costly to produce and maintain.</p>
Evolution of static allometry and constraint on evolutionary allometry in a fossil stickleback
<p>Allometric scaling describes the relationship of trait size to body size within and among taxa. The slope of the population-level regression of trait size against body size (<em>i.e., </em>static allometry) is typically invariant among closely related populations and species. Such invariance is commonly interpreted to reflect a combination of developmental and selective constraints that delimit a phenotypic space into which evolution could proceed most easily. Thus, understanding how allometric relationships do eventually evolve is important to understanding phenotypic diversification. In a lineage of fossil Threespine Stickleback (<em>Gasterosteus doryssus</em>), we investigated the evolvability of static allometric slopes for nine traits (five armor, and four non-armor) that evolved significant trait differences across 10 samples over 8,500 years. The armor traits showed weak static allometric relationships and a mismatch between those slopes and observed evolution. This suggests that observed evolution in these traits was not constrained by relationships with body size, perhaps because prior, repeated adaptation to freshwater habitats by Threespine Stickleback had generated strong selection to break constraint. In contrast, for non-armor traits, we found stronger allometric relationships. Those allometric slopes did evolve on short time scales. However, those changes were small and fluctuating and the slopes remained strong predictors of the evolutionary trajectory of trait means over time (<em>i.e.,</em> evolutionary allometry), supporting the hypothesis of allometry as a constraint.</p>
Evolution of static allometry and constraint on evolutionary allometry in a fossil stickleback
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Effects of population density on static allometry between horn length and body mass in mountain ungulates
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Data for: Static allometries do not reflect evolutionary allometry in exaggerated weaponry of male New Zealand sheetweb spiders (Cambridgea spp.)
<p>Across the animal kingdom, exaggerated weaponry is frequently used by one sex to contest access for potential mates. Within species, if disproportionate investment in weaponry confers an advantage to larger individuals, this may result in positive static allometry. It is predicted that the same selective pressures may also lead to positive evolutionary allometry, where larger species bear disproportionately large weapons on average, compared with smaller species. However it is unclear whether the slopes of species-specific static allometries are steeper among larger species, or remain consistent. All adult males across the New Zealand sheet-web spider genus Cambridgea bear exaggerated chelicerae which are used to compete for control of females' webs. Here, we characterise the distribution of chelicera lengths within each sex of 12 Cambridgea species to show that chelicerae almost always exhibit positive static allometry in males while female chelicera lengths are consistently isometric. We use comparative phylogenetic methods to demonstrate that the slopes of static allometries steepen in males of larger species but that the ratio of average chelicera length to cephalothorax width is tightly conserved across taxa, leading to an isometric evolutionary allometry. While sexual selection may drive weapon exaggeration within species, resulting in steeper or shallower static allometries, this conservation of relative trait size suggests that chelicera length is subject to other stabilising selective pressures. Changes to species body plans might be constrained, while allowing for disproportionate investment in weapon traits at the extremes of body sizes within species.</p>
Static allometries of caste-associated traits vary with genotype but not environment in the clonal raider ant
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Data for: Static allometries do not reflect evolutionary allometry in exaggerated weaponry of male New Zealand sheetweb spiders (Cambridgea spp.)
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Data from: Static allometry of unicellular green algae: scaling of cellular surface area and volume in the genus Micrasterias (Desmidiales)
The surface area-to-volume ratio of cells is one of the key factors affecting fundamental biological processes and, thus, fitness of unicellular organisms. One of the general models for allometric increase in surface-to-volume scaling involves fractal-like elaboration of cellular surfaces. However, specific data illustrating this pattern in natural populations of the unicellular organisms have not previously been available. This study shows that unicellular green algae of the genus Micrasterias (Desmidiales) have positive allometric surface-to-volume scaling caused by changes in morphology of individual species, especially in the degree of cell lobulation. This allometric pattern was also detected within most of the cultured and natural populations analysed. Values of the allometric S:V scaling within individual populations were closely correlated to the phylogenetic structure of the clade. In addition, they were related to species-specific cellular morphology. Individual populations differed in their allometric patterns, and their position in the allometric space was strongly correlated with the degree of allometric S:V scaling. This result illustrates that allometric shape patterns are an important correlate of the capacity of individual populations to compensate for increases in their cell volumes by increasing the surface area. However, variation in allometric patterns was not associated with phylogenetic structure. This indicates that the position of the populations in the allometric space was not evolutionarily conserved and might be influenced by environmental factors.
Data from: The breakdown of static and evolutionary allometries during climatic upheaval
The influence of within-species variation and covariation on evolutionary patterns is well established for generational and macroevolutionary processes, most prominently through genetic lines of least resistance. However, it is not known whether intraspecific phenotypic variation also directs microevolutionary trajectories into the long term when a species is subject to varying environmental conditions. Here we present a continuous, high-resolution bivariate record of size and shape changes among 12,633 individual planktonic foraminifera of a surviving and an extinct-going species over 500 thousand years. This time interval spans the late Pliocene to earliest Pleistocene intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation, an interval of profound climate upheaval that can be divided into three phases of increasing glacial intensity. We found that within each of these three Plio-Pleistocene climate phases the within-population allometries predict evolutionary change from one time-step to the next, and that the within-phase among-population (i.e. evolutionary) allometries match their corresponding static (within-population) allometries. However, the evolutionary allometry across the three climate phases deviates significantly from the static and phase-specific evolutionary allometries in the extinct-going species. Although intraspecific variation leaves a clear signature on mean evolutionary change from one time-step to the next, our study suggests that the link between intraspecific variation and longer-term micro- and macroevolutionary phenomena is prone to environmental perturbation that can overcome constraints induced by within-species trait covariation.
Data from: Sex-specific patterns of morphological diversification: evolution of reaction norms and static allometries in neriid flies
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Data from: The breakdown of static and evolutionary allometries during climatic upheaval
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Data from: Static allometry of unicellular green algae: scaling of cellular surface area and volume in the genus Micrasterias (Desmidiales)
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Data from: Evolution of static allometries: adaptive change in allometric slopes of eye span in stalk-eyed flies
Julian Huxley showed that within-species (static) allometric (power-law) relations can arise from proportional growth regulation with the exponent in the power law equaling the factor of proportionality. Allometric exponents may therefore be hard to change and act as constraints on the independent evolution of traits. In apparent contradiction to this, many empirical studies have concluded that static allometries are evolvable. Many of these studies have been based, however, on a broad definition of allometry that includes any monotonic shape change with size, and do not falsify the hypothesis of constrained narrow-sense allometry. Here, we present the first phylogenetic comparative study of narrow-sense allometric exponents based on a reanalysis of data on eye span and body size in stalk-eyed flies (Diopsidae). Consistent with a role in sexual selection, we found strong evidence that male slopes were tracking "optima" based on sexual dimorphism and relative male trait size. This tracking was slow, however, with estimated times of 2-3 million years for adaptation to exceed ancestral influence on the trait. Our results are therefore consistent with adaptive evolution on million-year time scales, but cannot rule out that static allometry may act as a constraint on eye-span adaptation at shorter time scales.
Data from: On the relationship between ontogenetic and static allometry
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Data from: Scaling of morphological characters across trait type, sex and environment: a meta-analysis of static allometries
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Data from: Evolution of static allometries: adaptive change in allometric slopes of eye span in stalk-eyed flies
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Data from: The static allometry of sexual and non-sexual traits in vervet monkeys
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