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48 results for “Staurozoa”
Phylum Cnidaria (Staurozoa) CANTATA Transcriptomes
<p>CANTATA is a Community bAsed Non-bilaTeriAn Transcriptome Archive aiming to provide an archive of non-bilaterian transcriptomic resources assembled and annotated in a standardized manner.</p><p> </p><p>In this repository, we provide the transcriptomes assemblies corresponding to the Phylum Cnidaria (Class Staurozoa).</p><p> </p><p>Currently, the following species are available:</p><ul><li><i>Calvadosia campanulata</i></li><li><i>Calvadosia cruxmelitensis</i></li><li><i>Craterolophus convolvulus</i></li><li><i>Haliclystus auricula</i></li></ul><p>The details about the read files used to assemble each transcriptome can be found at the CANTATA repository (https://gitlab.lrz.de/palmuc/cantata)</p>
Data from: Morphological and molecular diagnostic species characters of Staurozoa (Cnidaria) collected on the coast of Helgoland (German Bight, North Sea)
Scientific knowledge and records on staurozoans are limited probably because of their inconspicuous life habit and the small number of specialists for this taxon. To increase the awareness for Staurozoa, we identified morphological and molecular features of the three staurozoan species Haliclystus tenuis Kishinouye, 1910, Haliclystus auricula Clark, 1863, and Craterolophus convolvulus (Johnston, 1835) collected on the coast of the island Helgoland to evaluate their suitability as diagnostic characters. Useful macromorphological diagnostic features were the patterns of white spots of nematocysts and internal arm structures, whereas tentacle and gonad follicle numbers showed high intraspecific variations. Morphometric measurements on photographs of living specimens provided reliable data for interspecific comparisons. Comprehensive nematocyst analyses revealed interspecific shape differences of isorhizas and three types of rhopaloids, indicating that the staurozoan cnidome is more diverse than previously assumed. However, the taxonomic value of nematocyst analyses in Staurozoa remains unclear because comprehensive data is still lacking for most species. Comparative molecular genetic sequence analyses of mitochondrial 16S and COI and nuclear 18S ribosomal DNA identified the three species and confirmed their morphological identification. In comparison to published data, our analyses indicate similarities between H. auricula and Haliclystus antarcticus Pfeffer, 1889. Proteomic fingerprinting by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) differentiated all three species, suggesting that this technique could provide an alternative rapid identification method for staurozoans.
FIGURE 1 in Stalked jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Staurozoa) of South Africa, with the description of Calvadosia lewisi sp. nov.
FIGURE 1. Calvadosia lewisi sp. nov., living specimens. A, B: Subumbrellar (oral) view of specimens in the field; C: Detail of manubrium, probably discharging undigested material; D: Subumbrellar and exumbrellar (basal) views; E: Subumbrellar (oral) view, indicating the perradial, interradial, and adradial regions; F: Individuals of different sizes. Abbreviations: am, arms; AR, adradial region; cl, calyx; gd, gonad; IR, interradial region; mc, manubrial corner; mn, manubrium; pa, pad-like adhesive structure; pam, paired arms; pd, pedal disk; pe, peduncle; PR, perradial region; tc, secondary tentacles; ws, white spots of nematocysts. Photo credit: Craig Foster (A–C); George Branch (D–F).
FIGURE 6 in Stalked jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Staurozoa) of South Africa, with the description of Calvadosia lewisi sp. nov.
FIGURE 6. Calvadosia corbini (Larson, 1980), preserved specimens (MZUSP 1564, A, C–G; MZUSP 1565, B, H, I). A–C: Subumbrellar views, with gonads and paired arms with cluster of secondary tentacle; D: Nodular erect gonads; E: Exumbrellar view, with pad-like adhesive structures on the tips of arms; F: Detail of subumbrellar margin; G–I: Detail of erect nodular lobes of gonads, with irregular shape, sometimes presenting multiple evaginations (indicated by black arrows). Abbreviations: am, arms; gd, gonad; mn, manubrium; mu, longitudinal muscle; nd, nodular lobes; pa, pad-like adhesive structure; pam, paired arms; tc, secondary tentacles; ws, white spots of nematocysts.
FIGURE 5 in Stalked jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Staurozoa) of South Africa, with the description of Calvadosia lewisi sp. nov.
FIGURE 5. Geographic distribution of South African stauromedusae. A: Global distribution of Calvadosia capensis (South Africa and Brazil); B: Global distribution of Depastromorpha africana (South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand)*; C: Local distribution of C. lewisi sp. nov. (endemic from South Africa); D: Local distribution of C. capensis; E: Local distribution of D. africana; F: Local distribution of L. stephensoni (endemic from South Africa). Based on Carlgren (1933, 1935, 1938); Zagal et al. (2011); Miranda et al. (2012b); and new records provided in this study. *Records of D. africana outside South Africa need confirmation of their identity (see text and Miranda et al. 2016b).
FIGURE 9. Depastromorpha africana Carlgren, 1935, living specimens. A–C in Stalked jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Staurozoa) of South Africa, with the description of Calvadosia lewisi sp. nov.
FIGURE 9. Depastromorpha africana Carlgren, 1935, living specimens. A–C: Exumbrellar views of specimens attached to Bicurcariopsis capensis (A, B) and to Caulerpa filiformis (C). Abbreviations: am, arms; an, anchors; cl, calyx; gd, gonad; isp, interradial septum; pd, pedal disk; pe, peduncle; tc, secondary tentacles. Photo credit: Charles Griffiths (A–C).
FIGURE 8 in Stalked jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Staurozoa) of South Africa, with the description of Calvadosia lewisi sp. nov.
FIGURE 8. Calvadosia capensis (Carlgren, 1938), preserved specimens. A: Exumbrellar view (modified from Carlgren 1938); B: Detail of an arm with secondary tentacles and a pad-like adhesive structure (modified from Carlgren 1938); C–E: Exumbrellar view (modified from Miranda et al. 2012b); F: Detail of paired arms, with secondary tentacles and pad-like adhesive structures (modified from Miranda et al. 2012b). Abbreviations: am, arms; cl, calyx; pa, pad-like adhesive structure; pd, pedal disk; pe, peduncle; tc, secondary tentacles.
FIGURE 7 in Stalked jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Staurozoa) of South Africa, with the description of Calvadosia lewisi sp. nov.
FIGURE 7. Calvadosia tasmaniensis (Zagal, Hirano, Mills, Edgar & Barrett, 2011), preserved specimens (USNM 1233739, A, D, E; USNM 1233740, B, C, F–L). A: General oral view; B, C: Detail of subumbrellar oral region with gonads and manubrium; D: Exumbrellar view, with pad-like adhesive structures on the tips of arms; E: Longitudinal muscle toward the arms; F: Detail of subumbrellar margin, with white spots of nematocysts; G–L: Detail of erect nodular lobes of gonads, with irregular shape, sometimes presenting multiple evaginations (indicated by black arrows). Abbreviations: am, arms; gd, gonad; mn, manubrium; mu, longitudinal muscle; nd, nodular lobes; pa, pad-like adhesive structure; tc, secondary tentacles; ws, white spots of nematocysts.
FIGURE 11. Lipkea stephensoni Carlgren, 1933 in Stalked jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Staurozoa) of South Africa, with the description of Calvadosia lewisi sp. nov.
FIGURE 11. Lipkea stephensoni Carlgren, 1933, living specimens in the field. A, B, D, F, G: Exumbrellar and subumbrellar views of different specimens; C: Detail of marginal lappet with rudimentary tentacles; E: Detail of marginal lappet without rudimentary tentacles. Abbreviations: cl, calyx; cm, coronal muscle; gd, gonad; isp, interradial septum; lp, marginal lappet; mn, manubrium; pe, peduncle; rt, rudimentary tentacles; ws, white spots of nematocysts. Photo credits: Georgina Jones (A–C); Geoff Spiby (D–F); Charles Griffiths (G; Iziko South African Museum MB-A083794).
FIGURE 10. Depastromorpha africana Carlgren, 1935 in Stalked jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Staurozoa) of South Africa, with the description of Calvadosia lewisi sp. nov.
FIGURE 10. Depastromorpha africana Carlgren, 1935, preserved specimens (MZUSP 3418, A, B, D, E; MZUSP 3419, C). A: Margin of exumbrella, with arms and anchors; B: Detail of anchors; C: Individual pad-like adhesive structures in the outermost secondary tentacles; D: White spots of nematocysts on subumbrella; E: Perradial gonads associated with white spots of nematocysts on subumbrella. Abbreviations: am, arms; an, anchors; gd, gonad; IR, interradial region; mn, manubrium; pa, padlike adhesive structure; PR, perradial region; tc, secondary tentacles; ws, white spots of nematocysts.
FIGURE 4 in Stalked jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Staurozoa) of South Africa, with the description of Calvadosia lewisi sp. nov.
FIGURE 4. Cnidome of Calvadosia lewisi sp. nov. (MZUSP 3415). A: Isorhiza of secondary tentacles; B: Eurytele of secondary tentacles; C: Rhopaloids of marginal white spots of nematocysts on subumbrella; D: Eurytele of nematocyst warts on exumbrella; E: Rhopaloids of white spots of nematocysts associated with gonads, on subumbrella.
FIGURE 3 in Stalked jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Staurozoa) of South Africa, with the description of Calvadosia lewisi sp. nov.
FIGURE 3. Gonads and white spots of nematocysts of Calvadosia lewisi sp. nov. (MZUSP 3415). A: Nodular curved lobes – curvature of individual lobes shown by dotted arrows; B: Margin of calyx, with white spots of nematocysts; C: Detail of marginal white spots of nematocysts; D: Organization of nodular curved lobes, which are tightly oppressed, giving the impression of two rows of nodular lobes instead of the actual one "zigzag" row; E: Nodular curved lobes facing interradii; F: Detail of nodular curved lobes, with regular shape. Abbreviations: gd, gonad; IR, interradial region; mn, manubrium; nd, nodular lobes; pam, paired arms; PR, perradial region; tc, secondary tentacles; ws, white spots of nematocysts.
FIGURE 2 in Stalked jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Staurozoa) of South Africa, with the description of Calvadosia lewisi sp. nov.
FIGURE 2. Calvadosia lewisi sp. nov., preserved specimens (MZUSP 3415, A–C, E–G, I; MZUSP 3416, D, H). A: General view of exumbrella; B: General view of subumbrella; C: Exumbrellar view of the peduncle/calyx connection region; D: Cross section of pedal disk, with four perradial chambers basally; E: Basal view of pedal disk, with a tiny central pore; F: Oral view, indicating manubrium and gonads; G: Interradial longitudinal muscles in calyx, dividing into two bands toward the arms; H: Interradial longitudinal muscles and coronal muscle; I: Detail of pad-like adhesive structures on the exumbrellar tips of arms; J: Subumbrellar tips of arms, with secondary tentacles. Abbreviations: am, arms; cl, calyx; cm, coronal muscle; cp, central pore; gd, gonad; int, interradial notch; IR, interradial region; mn, manubrium; mu, longitudinal muscle; pa, pad-like adhesive structure; pam, paired arms; pc, perradial chambers; pd, pedal disk; pe, peduncle; pnt, perradial notch; PR, perradial region; tc, secondary tentacles; ws, white spots of nematocysts.
FIGURE 2 in Haliclystus californiensis, a " new " species of stauromedusa (Cnidaria: Staurozoa) from the northeast Pacific, with a key to the species of Haliclystus
FIGURE 2. All images of the live holotype unless noted otherwise. A. Interradial margin. B. Clump of secondary tentacles on one arm, with enlarged glandular pad visible on aboral side of the outermost tentacle. C. Large, horseshoeshaped anchor surrounding a well-developed primary tentacle. D. Close-up of outermost tentacle of a tentacle cluster, showing an enlarged glandular pad at the base. Photo from preserved holotype. E. Gastric filaments visible through outer calyx wall in live specimen. F. Transverse-section through the stalk of CAS#98108. m – mesoglea, mb – muscle band, ch – chamber, from a collection of permanent slides prepared by Gwilliam (1956). G. Close up of stalk. Scale bars: 0.5 mm, except for that shown on D, which represents 0.2 mm.
FIGURE 1. Haliclystus californiensis, a in Haliclystus californiensis, a " new " species of stauromedusa (Cnidaria: Staurozoa) from the northeast Pacific, with a key to the species of Haliclystus
FIGURE 1. Haliclystus californiensis, a new species of stauromedusa from the northeast Pacific, photographed alive. Visible features include large, horseshoe-shaped anchors, white nematocyst clusters lining the subumbrellar margin, large reddish-brown gonadal sacs, interradial notches about one half as deep and wide as perradial notches, and the nearly transparent ground color of the calyx and stalk. The stalk is contracted to about half its relaxed length in this photo of the holotype – see Fig. 2G for relaxed stalk. Scale bar: 5 mm.
Fig. 7 in Evolution of the claustrum in Cnidaria: comparative anatomy reveals that it is exclusive to some species of Staurozoa and absent in Cubozoa
Fig. 7 Histological cross-sections of Carybdea xaymacana (cubopolyp stage). a–f Sections from aboral (basal) to oral (apical) regions; simple body, with a central gastrovascular cavity (gvc), without subdivisions. Staining: a–f Toluidine blue. See Table 2 for additional abbreviations
Fig. 11 in How to build a larval body with less than a hundred cells? Insights from the early development of a stalked jellyfish (Staurozoa, Cnidaria)
Fig. 11 Schematic drawing depicting rearrangement and reshaping of endoderm cells during AP axis development seen from two mutually perpendicular planes. Upper row (a–f) represents a cut along the AP axis; lower row (a′–f′) represents a cut perpendicular to the AP axis. Ectoderm is green, endoderm cells are purple. After gastrulation (a, a′), endoderm cells acquire a two-row organization by getting polarized perpendicular to the AP axis (b, b′, c, c′). Later on, the opposite cells intercalate between each other (d, d′) resulting in the elongation and curling of the endodermal core (e, e′), which finally forces the whole body of the larva to elongate (f, f′). At this stage, all endoderm cells are lined up in a single cell row (f, f′)
Fig. 10 in How to build a larval body with less than a hundred cells? Insights from the early development of a stalked jellyfish (Staurozoa, Cnidaria)
Fig. 10 Schematic representation of embryonic and larval development of Lucernaria. Blastomeres are yellow, ectoderm cells are green (cnidoblasts are cyan) and endoderm cells are purple. Cell number is indicated in blue font. (a–c) Cleavage. (d) Stereoblastula. (e, f, g) Early, mid-, and late gastrulae, respectively. (h, i) Beginning of morphological differentiation of the AP body axis: the endoderm cells elongate perpendicular to the future AP axis. (j) Beginning of intercalation of
Fig. 8 in How to build a larval body with less than a hundred cells? Insights from the early development of a stalked jellyfish (Staurozoa, Cnidaria)
Fig. 8 Hatchling stage. Cell cortices and myonemes are labeled with phallacidin (green), nuclei are labeled with DAPI (blue), cilia and cnidoblasts are labeled with anti-tubulin antibodies (red) on the CLSM image (b). Ectoderm cells are artificially colored in green (cnidoblasts are cyan) and endoderm cells are artificially colored in purple on the TEM images (a, c–e). The pole of the hatchlings with cnidoblasts is oriented to the right. (a, b) Longitudinal sections through the body axis. The endoderm rod straightens, endoderm cells are coin-shaped, and ectoderm cells are of irregular shape. Sparse сilia are observed for the first time at this
Fig. 12 in How to build a larval body with less than a hundred cells? Insights from the early development of a stalked jellyfish (Staurozoa, Cnidaria)
Fig. 12 The set of developmental pathways available for medusozoan cnidarians. Blastomeres are yellow, ectoderm cells are green, and endoderm cells are purple. (a–e) Developmental trajectory of Lucernaria. (a) Cleavage, (b) stereoblastula, (c) gastrulation by ingression of just a few cells, (d) gastrula, (e) planula. (f, g and h– k) Developmental trajectories of other medusozoan cnidarians leading to development of multicellular planula (k). (f) Gastrulation by primary (cellular) delamination followed by proliferation of both ectoderm and endoderm cells (g). (h) Blastula containing multiple cells and having the blastocoel (coeloblastula). (i) Gastrulation by ingression of multiple cells. (j) Gastrulation by invagination
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