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18 results for “Steam Reforming;”
Discovering indium as hydrogen production booster for a Cu/SiO2 catalyst in steam reforming of methanol
<p>Indium is as an effective H2 production promoter in a Cu/SiO2 catalyst for the steam reforming<br>of methanol. We prepared silica-supported Cu-In catalyst via a urea-assisted co-precipitation method that showed a higher H2 productivity compared to the monometallic catalyst and a H2/CO2 molar ratio of almost 3 at 493 K. By means of XPS, XRPD and HRTEM-EDX along with H2 and CO-TPR, H2O-TPD, and N2O titrations, supported by computational modeling, the superior performances were attributed to an easier H2O activation due to lower oxidation state of the Cu, resulting from the electron density transfer from the InOx phase.</p> <p>Here are available:</p> <p>Hydrogen Temperature Programmed Reduction data;</p> <p>Carbon Monoxide Temperature Programmed Reduction data;</p> <p>Water Temperature Programmed Desorption data;</p> <p>Nitrogen Physisorption data.</p>
Design principles an autothermal steam reforming chemical reactor with enhanced heat transfer
<p><strong>Design principles an autothermal steam reforming chemical reactor with enhanced heat transfer</strong></p> <p>Junjie Chen</p> <p>Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com</p> <p> </p> <p>Heat transfer is any or all of several kinds of phenomena, considered as mechanisms, that convey energy and entropy from one location to another. The specific mechanisms are usually referred to as convection, thermal radiation, and conduction. Conduction involves transfer of energy and entropy between adjacent molecules, usually a slow process. Convection involves movement of a heated fluid, such as air, usually a fairly rapid process. Radiation refers to the transmission of energy as electromagnetic radiation from its emission at a heated surface to its absorption on another surface, a process requiring no medium to convey the energy. thermal conduction, transfer of energy (heat) arising from temperature differences between adjacent parts of a body. Thermal conductivity is attributed to the exchange of energy between adjacent molecules and electrons in the conducting medium. The rate of heat flow in a rod of material is proportional to the cross-sectional area of the rod and to the temperature difference between the ends and inversely proportional to the length; that is the rate equals the ratio of the cross section of the rod to its length, multiplied by the temperature difference and by the thermal conductivity of the material.</p> <p>Streamwise distance (millimeters), Reforming channel centerline temperature (degrees kelvin)</p> <p>0 373</p> <p>0.00025 373.005</p> <p>0.0005 373.032</p> <p>0.00075 373.127</p> <p>0.001 373.373</p> <p>0.00125 373.864</p> <p>0.0015 374.687</p> <p>0.00175 375.89</p> <p>0.002 377.487</p> <p>0.00225 379.459</p> <p>0.0025 381.763</p> <p>0.00275 384.345</p> <p>0.003 387.146</p> <p>0.00325 390.107</p> <p>0.0035 393.179</p> <p>0.00375 396.314</p> <p>0.004 399.476</p> <p>0.00425 402.634</p> <p>0.0045 405.763</p> <p>0.00475 408.845</p> <p>0.005 411.863</p> <p>0.00525 414.809</p> <p>0.0055 417.674</p> <p>0.00575 420.453</p> <p>0.006 423.144</p> <p>0.00625 425.743</p> <p>0.0065 428.252</p> <p>0.00675 430.67</p> <p>0.007 432.998</p> <p>0.00725 435.239</p> <p>0.0075 437.395</p> <p>0.00775 439.468</p> <p>0.008 441.46</p> <p>0.00825 443.375</p> <p>0.0085 445.215</p> <p>0.00875 446.983</p> <p>0.009 448.682</p> <p>0.00925 450.315</p> <p>0.0095 451.885</p> <p>0.00975 453.393</p> <p>0.01 454.844</p> <p>0.01025 456.239</p> <p>0.0105 457.58</p> <p>0.01075 458.87</p> <p>0.011 460.112</p> <p>0.01125 461.306</p> <p>0.0115 462.457</p> <p>0.01175 463.564</p> <p>0.012 464.631</p> <p>0.01225 465.659</p> <p>0.0125 466.65</p> <p>0.01275 467.605</p> <p>0.013 468.525</p> <p>0.01325 469.414</p> <p>0.0135 470.271</p> <p>0.01375 471.098</p> <p>0.014 471.897</p> <p>0.01425 472.668</p> <p>0.0145 473.413</p> <p>0.01475 474.133</p> <p>0.015 474.829</p> <p>0.01525 475.502</p> <p>0.0155 476.153</p> <p>0.01575 476.783</p> <p>0.016 477.393</p> <p>0.01625 477.983</p> <p>0.0165 478.555</p> <p>0.01675 479.108</p> <p>0.017 479.644</p> <p>0.01725 480.164</p> <p>0.0175 480.669</p> <p>0.01775 481.158</p> <p>0.018 481.633</p> <p>0.01825 482.093</p> <p>0.0185 482.541</p> <p>0.01875 482.975</p> <p>0.019 483.397</p> <p>0.01925 483.808</p> <p>0.0195 484.206</p> <p>0.01975 484.594</p> <p>0.02 484.972</p> <p>0.02025 485.339</p> <p>0.0205 485.696</p> <p>0.02075 486.045</p> <p>0.021 486.384</p> <p>0.02125 486.714</p> <p>0.0215 487.036</p> <p>0.02175 487.35</p> <p>0.022 487.657</p> <p>0.02225 487.956</p> <p>0.0225 488.247</p> <p>0.02275 488.533</p> <p>0.023 488.811</p> <p>0.02325 489.083</p> <p>0.0235 489.349</p> <p>0.02375 489.609</p> <p>0.024 489.864</p> <p>0.02425 490.112</p> <p>0.0245 490.356</p> <p>0.02475 490.595</p> <p>0.025 490.828</p> <p>0.02525 491.057</p> <p>0.0255 491.281</p> <p>0.02575 491.501</p> <p>0.026 491.716</p> <p>0.02625 491.927</p> <p>0.0265 492.134</p> <p>0.02675 492.337</p> <p>0.027 492.536</p> <p>0.02725 492.732</p> <p>0.0275 492.923</p> <p>0.02775 493.111</p> <p>0.028 493.296</p> <p>0.02825 493.477</p> <p>0.0285 493.655</p> <p>0.02875 493.829</p> <p>0.029 494</p> <p>0.02925 494.171</p> <p>0.0295 494.323</p> <p>0.02975 494.536</p> <p>0.03 494.685</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p>
Process intensification in a methanol steam reforming chemical reactor with enhanced momentum transport
<p><strong>Process intensification in a methanol steam reforming chemical reactor with enhanced momentum transport</strong></p> <p>Junjie Chen</p> <p>Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com</p> <p> </p> <p>Consideration must be given to the rate at which each step in the planned sequence occurs. In many instances, a desired reaction is possible in principle but in practice takes place so slowly as to be ineffective. It is then necessary to investigate whether the rate can be increased to a practicable level by altering the conditions of the reaction, for example, by raising the temperature or by adding an extra species, called a catalyst, that increases the rate without altering the course of the reaction.</p> <p>Streamwise distance (millimeters), Oxidation channel centerline temperature (degrees kelvin)</p> <p>0 376.499</p> <p>0.00025 391.55</p> <p>0.0005 411.347</p> <p>0.00075 432.857</p> <p>0.001 451.349</p> <p>0.00125 465.437</p> <p>0.0015 475.536</p> <p>0.00175 482.591</p> <p>0.002 487.466</p> <p>0.00225 490.805</p> <p>0.0025 493.063</p> <p>0.00275 494.556</p> <p>0.003 495.508</p> <p>0.00325 496.074</p> <p>0.0035 496.366</p> <p>0.00375 496.469</p> <p>0.004 496.424</p> <p>0.00425 496.278</p> <p>0.0045 496.077</p> <p>0.00475 495.832</p> <p>0.005 495.555</p> <p>0.00525 495.26</p> <p>0.0055 494.955</p> <p>0.00575 494.646</p> <p>0.006 494.337</p> <p>0.00625 494.033</p> <p>0.0065 493.735</p> <p>0.00675 493.445</p> <p>0.007 493.164</p> <p>0.00725 492.894</p> <p>0.0075 492.635</p> <p>0.00775 492.386</p> <p>0.008 492.15</p> <p>0.00825 491.925</p> <p>0.0085 491.712</p> <p>0.00875 491.511</p> <p>0.009 491.323</p> <p>0.00925 491.146</p> <p>0.0095 490.98</p> <p>0.00975 490.825</p> <p>0.01 490.682</p> <p>0.01025 490.549</p> <p>0.0105 490.427</p> <p>0.01075 490.314</p> <p>0.011 490.212</p> <p>0.01125 490.119</p> <p>0.0115 490.036</p> <p>0.01175 489.96</p> <p>0.012 489.893</p> <p>0.01225 489.833</p> <p>0.0125 489.781</p> <p>0.01275 489.737</p> <p>0.013 489.699</p> <p>0.01325 489.668</p> <p>0.0135 489.643</p> <p>0.01375 489.624</p> <p>0.014 489.61</p> <p>0.01425 489.603</p> <p>0.0145 489.6</p> <p>0.01475 489.601</p> <p>0.015 489.607</p> <p>0.01525 489.618</p> <p>0.0155 489.632</p> <p>0.01575 489.651</p> <p>0.016 489.673</p> <p>0.01625 489.699</p> <p>0.0165 489.728</p> <p>0.01675 489.76</p> <p>0.017 489.796</p> <p>0.01725 489.834</p> <p>0.0175 489.875</p> <p>0.01775 489.918</p> <p>0.018 489.964</p> <p>0.01825 490.012</p> <p>0.0185 490.063</p> <p>0.01875 490.115</p> <p>0.019 490.169</p> <p>0.01925 490.225</p> <p>0.0195 490.283</p> <p>0.01975 490.343</p> <p>0.02 490.404</p> <p>0.02025 490.467</p> <p>0.0205 490.531</p> <p>0.02075 490.597</p> <p>0.021 490.663</p> <p>0.02125 490.731</p> <p>0.0215 490.8</p> <p>0.02175 490.869</p> <p>0.022 490.94</p> <p>0.02225 491.011</p> <p>0.0225 491.083</p> <p>0.02275 491.155</p> <p>0.023 491.228</p> <p>0.02325 491.301</p> <p>0.0235 491.374</p> <p>0.02375 491.448</p> <p>0.024 491.521</p> <p>0.02425 491.595</p> <p>0.0245 491.668</p> <p>0.02475 491.741</p> <p>0.025 491.813</p> <p>0.02525 491.885</p> <p>0.0255 491.955</p> <p>0.02575 492.025</p> <p>0.026 492.094</p> <p>0.02625 492.161</p> <p>0.0265 492.228</p> <p>0.02675 492.292</p> <p>0.027 492.355</p> <p>0.02725 492.415</p> <p>0.0275 492.474</p> <p>0.02775 492.529</p> <p>0.028 492.583</p> <p>0.02825 492.633</p> <p>0.0285 492.68</p> <p>0.02875 492.724</p> <p>0.029 492.764</p> <p>0.02925 492.801</p> <p>0.0295 492.832</p> <p>0.02975 492.863</p> <p>0.03 492.881</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p>
Catalytic reaction processes using microchannel technology for hydrogen production by steam reforming
<p><strong>Catalytic reaction processes using microchannel technology for hydrogen production by steam reforming</strong></p> <p>Junjie Chen</p> <p>Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com</p> <p> </p> <p>Two competing proposals have been made concerning the mechanism of catalytic reactions at surfaces, and it has not been possible to choose between them. Originally, Irving Langmuir, an American physical chemist, proposed chemisorption of both reacting species at the surface, followed by interaction between adjacent species and evaporation of the products. An alternative proposal involves interaction between an impinging molecule and species already adsorbed on the surface. Subsequent developments have suggested various modes of attachment of the adsorbed and adsorbing species. A major advance in the science of surface catalysis was the development of a method for determining the surface area of catalysts (and other materials) by measuring the multimolecular adsorption of nitrogen at liquid nitrogen temperatures or the adsorption of other gases close to their boiling points. It then became possible to calculate a quantity that represents the volume of gas necessary to form a monolayer on the accessible surface; furthermore, the area of the surface can be determined from the known dimensions of the adsorbed molecules. It has also been found possible to titrate (measure quantitatively) the area of surfaces by chemisorption of gases. Since heterogeneously catalyzed reactions occur on the surface of the catalyst, the rates of such reactions are proportional to the accessible surface area of the catalyst. Active catalysts are thus usually highly porous solids with total surface areas as high as several hundred square metres per gram. When measurements of surface areas became possible, it was seen at once that many constituents present in minor quantities in the main catalyst material, known as promoters, could act by extending the effective surface area of the catalyst. It also was shown, however, that a promoter might produce an increase in the quality of the surface for the given reaction. Acting in a reverse direction are minor constituents of the reacting system or unwanted products of the reaction, which by preferential adsorption on the reaction sites. Poisoning of a catalyst may also result from the poison adversely modifying the electronic properties of the catalyst.</p> <p>Streamwise distance (meter), Heterogeneous reaction rate along the length of the reactor (mole per square meter per second)</p> <p>0 12.5259</p> <p>0.00025 12.5249</p> <p>0.0005 12.4628</p> <p>0.00075 12.2996</p> <p>0.001 12.0712</p> <p>0.00125 11.8221</p> <p>0.0015 11.596</p> <p>0.00175 11.4118</p> <p>0.002 11.2616</p> <p>0.00225 11.1177</p> <p>0.0025 10.9536</p> <p>0.00275 10.759</p> <p>0.003 10.5398</p> <p>0.00325 10.3175</p> <p>0.0035 10.1169</p> <p>0.00375 9.94876</p> <p>0.004 9.80787</p> <p>0.00425 9.67857</p> <p>0.0045 9.54646</p> <p>0.00475 9.40536</p> <p>0.005 9.25748</p> <p>0.00525 9.11421</p> <p>0.0055 8.98858</p> <p>0.00575 8.88572</p> <p>0.006 8.80178</p> <p>0.00625 8.72615</p> <p>0.0065 8.64819</p> <p>0.00675 8.5635</p> <p>0.007 8.47426</p> <p>0.00725 8.38872</p> <p>0.0075 8.31553</p> <p>0.00775 8.2578</p> <p>0.008 8.21239</p> <p>0.00825 8.17077</p> <p>0.0085 8.1251</p> <p>0.00875 8.07247</p> <p>0.009 8.01529</p> <p>0.00925 7.9603</p> <p>0.0095 7.91452</p> <p>0.00975 7.88049</p> <p>0.01 7.85474</p> <p>0.01025 7.83035</p> <p>0.0105 7.80092</p> <p>0.01075 7.76453</p> <p>0.011 7.72333</p> <p>0.01125 7.68313</p> <p>0.0115 7.65017</p> <p>0.01175 7.62633</p> <p>0.012 7.60882</p> <p>0.01225 7.59146</p> <p>0.0125 7.5688</p> <p>0.01275 7.53904</p> <p>0.013 7.50421</p> <p>0.01325 7.4698</p> <p>0.0135 7.4414</p> <p>0.01375 7.42087</p> <p>0.014 7.40548</p> <p>0.01425 7.38911</p> <p>0.0145 7.36723</p> <p>0.01475 7.33882</p> <p>0.015 7.30582</p> <p>0.01525 7.27313</p> <p>0.0155 7.24519</p> <p>0.01575 7.22352</p> <p>0.016 7.20619</p> <p>0.01625 7.18805</p> <p>0.0165 7.16393</p> <p>0.01675 7.13321</p> <p>0.017 7.09884</p> <p>0.01725 7.06502</p> <p>0.0175 7.03546</p> <p>0.01775 7.01145</p> <p>0.018 6.99108</p> <p>0.01825 6.96922</p> <p>0.0185 6.94195</p> <p>0.01875 6.90861</p> <p>0.019 6.8712</p> <p>0.01925 6.83338</p> <p>0.0195 6.79882</p> <p>0.01975 6.76887</p> <p>0.02 6.74161</p> <p>0.02025 6.71249</p> <p>0.0205 6.67791</p> <p>0.02075 6.63756</p> <p>0.021 6.59338</p> <p>0.02125 6.54862</p> <p>0.0215 6.50642</p> <p>0.02175 6.46809</p> <p>0.022 6.43121</p> <p>0.02225 6.39171</p> <p>0.0225 6.34695</p> <p>0.02275 6.29666</p> <p>0.023 6.24214</p> <p>0.02325 6.18634</p> <p>0.0235 6.13241</p> <p>0.02375 6.0807</p> <p>0.024 6.02879</p> <p>0.02425 5.9737</p> <p>0.0245 5.9136</p> <p>0.02475 5.84831</p> <p>0.025 5.779</p> <p>0.02525 5.70789</p> <p>0.0255 5.63732</p> <p>0.02575 5.56765</p> <p>0.026 5.49729</p> <p>0.02625 5.42368</p> <p>0.0265 5.34518</p> <p>0.02675 5.26167</p> <p>0.027 5.17445</p> <p>0.02725 5.08554</p> <p>0.0275 4.99626</p> <p>0.02775 4.90677</p> <p>0.028 4.81571</p> <p>0.02825 4.7225</p> <p>0.0285 4.62433</p> <p>0.02875 4.52329</p> <p>0.029 4.40952</p> <p>0.02925 4.30083</p> <p>0.0295 4.20122</p> <p>0.02975 4.10465</p> <p>0.03 4.05785</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p>
Endothermic processes for producing hydrogen using autothermal microchannel reactor technology by steam reforming
<p><strong>Endothermic processes for producing hydrogen using autothermal microchannel reactor technology by steam reforming</strong></p> <p>Junjie Chen</p> <p>Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com</p> <p> </p> <p>A chemical reaction is a process in which one or more substances, the reactants, are converted to one or more different substances, the products. Substances are either chemical elements or compounds. A chemical reaction rearranges the constituent atoms of the reactants to create different substances as products. Chemical reactions must be distinguished from physical changes. Physical changes include changes of state, such as ice melting to water and water evaporating to vapour. If a physical change occurs, the physical properties of a substance will change, but its chemical identity will remain the same. No matter what its physical state, water is the same compound, with each molecule composed of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. However, if water, as ice, liquid, or vapour, encounters sodium metal, the atoms will be redistributed to give the new substances molecular hydrogen and sodium hydroxide. By this, a chemical change or reaction has occurred. When making a new substance from other substances, chemists say either that they carry out a synthesis or that they synthesize the new material. Reactants are converted to products, and the process is symbolized by a chemical equation. For example, iron and sulfur combine to form iron sulfide.</p> <p>Streamwise distance (meter), Heterogeneous reaction rate along the length of the reactor (mole per square meter per second)</p> <p>0 13.8238</p> <p>0.00025 13.829</p> <p>0.0005 13.7686</p> <p>0.00075 13.5966</p> <p>0.001 13.3629</p> <p>0.00125 13.1109</p> <p>0.0015 12.8776</p> <p>0.00175 12.6771</p> <p>0.002 12.5024</p> <p>0.00225 12.3324</p> <p>0.0025 12.148</p> <p>0.00275 11.9429</p> <p>0.003 11.7223</p> <p>0.00325 11.5024</p> <p>0.0035 11.3004</p> <p>0.00375 11.1228</p> <p>0.004 10.9663</p> <p>0.00425 10.8201</p> <p>0.0045 10.6735</p> <p>0.00475 10.5217</p> <p>0.005 10.3666</p> <p>0.00525 10.2161</p> <p>0.0055 10.079</p> <p>0.00575 9.9589</p> <p>0.006 9.85332</p> <p>0.00625 9.75492</p> <p>0.0065 9.65697</p> <p>0.00675 9.55649</p> <p>0.007 9.45433</p> <p>0.00725 9.35567</p> <p>0.0075 9.26616</p> <p>0.00775 9.18776</p> <p>0.008 9.11867</p> <p>0.00825 9.0535</p> <p>0.0085 8.98726</p> <p>0.00875 8.91821</p> <p>0.009 8.84762</p> <p>0.00925 8.77935</p> <p>0.0095 8.71752</p> <p>0.00975 8.66366</p> <p>0.01 8.61548</p> <p>0.01025 8.56872</p> <p>0.0105 8.51959</p> <p>0.01075 8.46699</p> <p>0.011 8.41232</p> <p>0.01125 8.35897</p> <p>0.0115 8.31019</p> <p>0.01175 8.26698</p> <p>0.012 8.22767</p> <p>0.01225 8.18823</p> <p>0.0125 8.14529</p> <p>0.01275 8.09866</p> <p>0.013 8.04992</p> <p>0.01325 8.00185</p> <p>0.0135 7.95721</p> <p>0.01375 7.91664</p> <p>0.014 7.87854</p> <p>0.01425 7.8395</p> <p>0.0145 7.79682</p> <p>0.01475 7.74993</p> <p>0.015 7.70089</p> <p>0.01525 7.65246</p> <p>0.0155 7.6065</p> <p>0.01575 7.56371</p> <p>0.016 7.52264</p> <p>0.01625 7.48033</p> <p>0.0165 7.43432</p> <p>0.01675 7.38447</p> <p>0.017 7.33228</p> <p>0.01725 7.28009</p> <p>0.0175 7.22957</p> <p>0.01775 7.18109</p> <p>0.018 7.13374</p> <p>0.01825 7.0847</p> <p>0.0185 7.03187</p> <p>0.01875 6.9754</p> <p>0.019 6.91664</p> <p>0.01925 6.85735</p> <p>0.0195 6.79932</p> <p>0.01975 6.74305</p> <p>0.02 6.687</p> <p>0.02025 6.62861</p> <p>0.0205 6.56642</p> <p>0.02075 6.50083</p> <p>0.021 6.43312</p> <p>0.02125 6.3647</p> <p>0.0215 6.29672</p> <p>0.02175 6.22942</p> <p>0.022 6.16121</p> <p>0.02225 6.09054</p> <p>0.0225 6.01672</p> <p>0.02275 5.9398</p> <p>0.023 5.86069</p> <p>0.02325 5.78065</p> <p>0.0235 5.70069</p> <p>0.02375 5.62078</p> <p>0.024 5.53996</p> <p>0.02425 5.45674</p> <p>0.0245 5.37043</p> <p>0.02475 5.28143</p> <p>0.025 5.19039</p> <p>0.02525 5.09831</p> <p>0.0255 5.00598</p> <p>0.02575 4.9134</p> <p>0.026 4.81981</p> <p>0.02625 4.72445</p> <p>0.0265 4.6271</p> <p>0.02675 4.52778</p> <p>0.027 4.42719</p> <p>0.02725 4.32633</p> <p>0.0275 4.22547</p> <p>0.02775 4.12485</p> <p>0.028 4.02385</p> <p>0.02825 3.9231</p> <p>0.0285 3.82001</p> <p>0.02875 3.71778</p> <p>0.029 3.60389</p> <p>0.02925 3.48476</p> <p>0.0295 3.37125</p> <p>0.02975 3.25454</p> <p>0.03 3.09704</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p>
Steam reforming processes using microchannel technology for conducting simultaneous endothermic and exothermic reactions
<p><strong>Steam reforming processes using microchannel technology for conducting simultaneous endothermic and exothermic reactions</strong></p> <p>Junjie Chen</p> <p>Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com</p> <p> </p> <p>Many catalytic processes are known in which the catalyst and the reactants are not present in the same phase, that is, state of matter. These are known as heterogeneous catalytic reactions. They include reactions between gases or liquids or both at the surface of a solid catalyst. Since the surface is the place at which the reaction occurs, it generally is prepared in ways that produce large surface areas per unit of catalyst; finely divided metals, metal gauzes, metals incorporated into supporting matrices, and metallic films have all been used in modern heterogeneous catalysis. The metals themselves are used, or they are converted to oxides, sulfides, or halides. With solid catalysts, at least one of the reactants is chemisorbed (a portmanteau term for chemically adsorbed) by the catalyst. A catalyst is chosen that releases the products formed as readily as possible; otherwise, the products remain on the catalyst surface and act as poisons to the process. Chemisorption can occur over a wide temperature range, the most effective temperature for adsorption depending on the nature of the catalyst. Thus, hydrogen is chemisorbed readily by many metals even at liquid air temperatures. With a series of hydrogenation-dehydrogenation catalysts, for example, zinc oxide-chromic oxide, chemisorption of hydrogen often occurs above room temperature. Nitrogen is rapidly chemisorbed on synthetic ammonia-iron catalyst in the region at temperatures above 400 degrees Celsius. It has been shown that iron films chemisorb nitrogen even at liquid air temperatures, with additional chemisorption found above room temperatures. It follows from such considerations that whereas physical adsorptions, which parallel the ease of liquefaction of the adsorbed substance, occur spontaneously, chemisorption, which involves the making and breaking of chemical bonds, often requires activation energies (energy needed to initiate reactions) as do uncatalyzed chemical processes. To be efficient catalytically, a process must involve energies of activation for all the steps involved that, at their maxima, are less than those required for the uncatalyzed reaction.</p> <p>Streamwise distance (meter), Heterogeneous reaction rate along the length of the reactor (mole per square meter per second)</p> <p>0 9.08258</p> <p>0.00025 9.08623</p> <p>0.0005 9.06858</p> <p>0.00075 9.00579</p> <p>0.001 8.90897</p> <p>0.00125 8.80223</p> <p>0.0015 8.71498</p> <p>0.00175 8.6596</p> <p>0.002 8.62783</p> <p>0.00225 8.59661</p> <p>0.0025 8.54384</p> <p>0.00275 8.46052</p> <p>0.003 8.35118</p> <p>0.00325 8.23399</p> <p>0.0035 8.13034</p> <p>0.00375 8.05024</p> <p>0.004 7.98947</p> <p>0.00425 7.93422</p> <p>0.0045 7.87164</p> <p>0.00475 7.7959</p> <p>0.005 7.70981</p> <p>0.00525 7.62462</p> <p>0.0055 7.55304</p> <p>0.00575 7.50071</p> <p>0.006 7.46372</p> <p>0.00625 7.43144</p> <p>0.0065 7.39358</p> <p>0.00675 7.3462</p> <p>0.007 7.29176</p> <p>0.00725 7.23878</p> <p>0.0075 7.19691</p> <p>0.00775 7.16958</p> <p>0.008 7.15358</p> <p>0.00825 7.14021</p> <p>0.0085 7.12094</p> <p>0.00875 7.09265</p> <p>0.009 7.05774</p> <p>0.00925 7.02353</p> <p>0.0095 6.99801</p> <p>0.00975 6.98414</p> <p>0.01 6.97862</p> <p>0.01025 6.97401</p> <p>0.0105 6.9631</p> <p>0.01075 6.94354</p> <p>0.011 6.91761</p> <p>0.01125 6.89195</p> <p>0.0115 6.87358</p> <p>0.01175 6.86521</p> <p>0.012 6.86398</p> <p>0.01225 6.86277</p> <p>0.0125 6.8552</p> <p>0.01275 6.83935</p> <p>0.013 6.81755</p> <p>0.01325 6.79575</p> <p>0.0135 6.78029</p> <p>0.01375 6.77368</p> <p>0.014 6.77343</p> <p>0.01425 6.7728</p> <p>0.0145 6.76616</p> <p>0.01475 6.75146</p> <p>0.015 6.73076</p> <p>0.01525 6.70987</p> <p>0.0155 6.6946</p> <p>0.01575 6.68733</p> <p>0.016 6.68571</p> <p>0.01625 6.68358</p> <p>0.0165 6.67524</p> <p>0.01675 6.65921</p> <p>0.017 6.6378</p> <p>0.01725 6.61618</p> <p>0.0175 6.59945</p> <p>0.01775 6.59003</p> <p>0.018 6.5862</p> <p>0.01825 6.58161</p> <p>0.0185 6.5713</p> <p>0.01875 6.5542</p> <p>0.019 6.53214</p> <p>0.01925 6.50972</p> <p>0.0195 6.49195</p> <p>0.01975 6.48078</p> <p>0.02 6.47405</p> <p>0.02025 6.46635</p> <p>0.0205 6.45304</p> <p>0.02075 6.43348</p> <p>0.021 6.40959</p> <p>0.02125 6.38518</p> <p>0.0215 6.36493</p> <p>0.02175 6.35104</p> <p>0.022 6.34095</p> <p>0.02225 6.32964</p> <p>0.0225 6.31313</p> <p>0.02275 6.29039</p> <p>0.023 6.26259</p> <p>0.02325 6.23382</p> <p>0.0235 6.20867</p> <p>0.02375 6.18867</p> <p>0.024 6.17146</p> <p>0.02425 6.15243</p> <p>0.0245 6.12822</p> <p>0.02475 6.09766</p> <p>0.025 6.06206</p> <p>0.02525 6.02536</p> <p>0.0255 5.99144</p> <p>0.02575 5.9613</p> <p>0.026 5.93233</p> <p>0.02625 5.90042</p> <p>0.0265 5.86267</p> <p>0.02675 5.81762</p> <p>0.027 5.76647</p> <p>0.02725 5.71297</p> <p>0.0275 5.66002</p> <p>0.02775 5.60812</p> <p>0.028 5.55564</p> <p>0.02825 5.4997</p> <p>0.0285 5.43621</p> <p>0.02875 5.37507</p> <p>0.029 5.31206</p> <p>0.02925 5.25157</p> <p>0.0295 5.19092</p> <p>0.02975 5.13077</p> <p>0.03 5.07692</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p>
Heterogeneously catalyzed steam reforming processes in chemical reactors employing microchannel process technology
<p><strong>Heterogeneously catalyzed steam reforming processes in chemical reactors employing microchannel process technology</strong></p> <p>Junjie Chen</p> <p>Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com</p> <p> </p> <p>The oxidation of sodium sulfite solutions by dissolved oxygen is greatly accelerated by minute traces of copper ions in the homogeneous liquid system. This system is of special interest since it has been shown that the process is a chain reaction. In this case many thousands of molecules of sodium sulfite can be oxidized to sulfate if the initial activation process is produced by absorption of a limited number of quanta (discrete energy measures) of light. The best example of a light-initiated chain reaction is the photocombination of hydrogen and chlorine; as many as one million molecules of hydrogen chloride can be formed by absorption of a single light quantum. It is of interest to note that such chain reactions can be retarded by the presence of negative catalysts, more commonly termed inhibitors. These are materials that slow down the overall reaction by shortening the reaction chains, generally by entering into a non-chain reaction with one of the chemical components that maintain the chain. A wide variety of substances, including alcohols, sugars, and phenols, have been found to act as inhibitors of the oxidation of sulfite solutions. In certain instances, two or more catalysts present at the same time produce effects greater than either would produce alone. It is then customary to speak of promoter action. Thus, iron ions in solution fortify the action of copper ions in catalyzing a reaction between hydrogen peroxide and iodine. It is assumed that each catalyst activates only one of the reactants.</p> <p>Streamwise distance (meter), Heterogeneous reaction rate along the length of the reactor (mole per square meter per second)</p> <p>0 4.44959</p> <p>0.00025 4.45878</p> <p>0.0005 4.48183</p> <p>0.00075 4.51166</p> <p>0.001 4.54417</p> <p>0.00125 4.58104</p> <p>0.0015 4.62817</p> <p>0.00175 4.68814</p> <p>0.002 4.75712</p> <p>0.00225 4.82549</p> <p>0.0025 4.88385</p> <p>0.00275 4.92753</p> <p>0.003 4.95729</p> <p>0.00325 4.98021</p> <p>0.0035 5.00483</p> <p>0.00375 5.03541</p> <p>0.004 5.07069</p> <p>0.00425 5.10466</p> <p>0.0045 5.13141</p> <p>0.00475 5.14874</p> <p>0.005 5.15804</p> <p>0.00525 5.16465</p> <p>0.0055 5.17504</p> <p>0.00575 5.19208</p> <p>0.006 5.21419</p> <p>0.00625 5.23637</p> <p>0.0065 5.25342</p> <p>0.00675 5.26315</p> <p>0.007 5.26706</p> <p>0.00725 5.26999</p> <p>0.0075 5.27698</p> <p>0.00775 5.2902</p> <p>0.008 5.30797</p> <p>0.00825 5.32557</p> <p>0.0085 5.33865</p> <p>0.00875 5.34553</p> <p>0.009 5.34758</p> <p>0.00925 5.34898</p> <p>0.0095 5.35409</p> <p>0.00975 5.36492</p> <p>0.01 5.38001</p> <p>0.01025 5.39497</p> <p>0.0105 5.40558</p> <p>0.01075 5.41024</p> <p>0.011 5.41031</p> <p>0.01125 5.41008</p> <p>0.0115 5.41383</p> <p>0.01175 5.42315</p> <p>0.012 5.43632</p> <p>0.01225 5.44943</p> <p>0.0125 5.45885</p> <p>0.01275 5.46302</p> <p>0.013 5.46291</p> <p>0.01325 5.46232</p> <p>0.0135 5.46534</p> <p>0.01375 5.47361</p> <p>0.014 5.48559</p> <p>0.01425 5.49703</p> <p>0.0145 5.50449</p> <p>0.01475 5.50685</p> <p>0.015 5.5052</p> <p>0.01525 5.50292</p> <p>0.0155 5.5039</p> <p>0.01575 5.5099</p> <p>0.016 5.51963</p> <p>0.01625 5.52926</p> <p>0.0165 5.53479</p> <p>0.01675 5.53509</p> <p>0.017 5.53187</p> <p>0.01725 5.52862</p> <p>0.0175 5.52867</p> <p>0.01775 5.53341</p> <p>0.018 5.54174</p> <p>0.01825 5.54974</p> <p>0.0185 5.5541</p> <p>0.01875 5.5541</p> <p>0.019 5.55067</p> <p>0.01925 5.54664</p> <p>0.0195 5.54565</p> <p>0.01975 5.54956</p> <p>0.02 5.55697</p> <p>0.02025 5.56395</p> <p>0.0205 5.56722</p> <p>0.02075 5.56603</p> <p>0.021 5.56165</p> <p>0.02125 5.55689</p> <p>0.0215 5.55505</p> <p>0.02175 5.55776</p> <p>0.022 5.56342</p> <p>0.02225 5.56878</p> <p>0.0225 5.57095</p> <p>0.02275 5.56887</p> <p>0.023 5.56341</p> <p>0.02325 5.55734</p> <p>0.0235 5.55408</p> <p>0.02375 5.55524</p> <p>0.024 5.55933</p> <p>0.02425 5.56278</p> <p>0.0245 5.56283</p> <p>0.02475 5.55851</p> <p>0.025 5.55036</p> <p>0.02525 5.54139</p> <p>0.0255 5.53503</p> <p>0.02575 5.53218</p> <p>0.026 5.53104</p> <p>0.02625 5.52834</p> <p>0.0265 5.52161</p> <p>0.02675 5.51435</p> <p>0.027 5.50735</p> <p>0.02725 5.50059</p> <p>0.0275 5.49358</p> <p>0.02775 5.48678</p> <p>0.028 5.47965</p> <p>0.02825 5.47246</p> <p>0.0285 5.46597</p> <p>0.02875 5.45839</p> <p>0.029 5.45181</p> <p>0.02925 5.4442</p> <p>0.0295 5.43768</p> <p>0.02975 5.43001</p> <p>0.03 5.42345</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p>
Heterogeneously catalyzed continuous flow reactors with highly insulating wall materials for the production of hydrogen by steam reforming
<p><strong>Heterogeneously catalyzed continuous flow reactors with highly insulating wall materials for the production of hydrogen by steam reforming</strong></p> <p>Junjie Chen</p> <p>Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com</p> <p> </p> <p>Catalysts may be classified generally according to their physical state, their chemical nature, or the nature of the reactions that they catalyze. Catalysts may be gases, liquids, or solids. In homogeneous catalysis, the catalyst is molecularly dispersed in the same phase (usually gaseous or liquid) as the reactants. In heterogeneous catalysis the reactants and the catalyst are in different phases, separated by a phase boundary. Most commonly, heterogeneous catalysts are solids, and the reactants are gases or liquids. When the catalyst and the reacting substances are present together in a single state of matter, usually as a gas or a liquid, it is customary to classify the reactions as cases of homogeneous catalysis. Oxides of nitrogen serve as catalysts for the oxidation of sulfur dioxide in the lead chamber process for producing sulfuric acid, an instance of homogeneous catalysis in which the catalyst and reactants are gases. Traces of water vapour catalyze some gas reactions, for example, the interaction of carbon monoxide and oxygen, which proceeds only slowly in dry conditions. Sulfuric acid used as a catalyst for the formation of diethyl ether from ethyl alcohol is an example of homogeneous catalysis in the liquid phase (when the products, water and ether, are continuously removed by distillation); by this method, considerable quantities of alcohol can be converted to ether with a single charge of sulfuric acid. The inversion of cane sugar and the hydrolysis of esters by acid solutions also are examples of homogeneous catalysis in the liquid phase.</p> <p>Streamwise distance (meter), Heterogeneous reaction rate along the length of the reactor (mole per square meter per second)</p> <p>0 2.51969</p> <p>0.00025 2.52898</p> <p>0.0005 2.55637</p> <p>0.00075 2.59905</p> <p>0.001 2.65199</p> <p>0.00125 2.71215</p> <p>0.0015 2.779</p> <p>0.00175 2.85188</p> <p>0.002 2.929</p> <p>0.00225 3.007</p> <p>0.0025 3.08264</p> <p>0.00275 3.15412</p> <p>0.003 3.22107</p> <p>0.00325 3.28478</p> <p>0.0035 3.34725</p> <p>0.00375 3.40961</p> <p>0.004 3.47145</p> <p>0.00425 3.53115</p> <p>0.0045 3.58689</p> <p>0.00475 3.63782</p> <p>0.005 3.68446</p> <p>0.00525 3.72848</p> <p>0.0055 3.77185</p> <p>0.00575 3.81555</p> <p>0.006 3.85919</p> <p>0.00625 3.90117</p> <p>0.0065 3.93975</p> <p>0.00675 3.9745</p> <p>0.007 4.00595</p> <p>0.00725 4.03554</p> <p>0.0075 4.06508</p> <p>0.00775 4.09527</p> <p>0.008 4.1257</p> <p>0.00825 4.15508</p> <p>0.0085 4.18203</p> <p>0.00875 4.20586</p> <p>0.009 4.22692</p> <p>0.00925 4.24666</p> <p>0.0095 4.26675</p> <p>0.00975 4.28804</p> <p>0.01 4.31009</p> <p>0.01025 4.33162</p> <p>0.0105 4.35124</p> <p>0.01075 4.36833</p> <p>0.011 4.38322</p> <p>0.01125 4.39748</p> <p>0.0115 4.41272</p> <p>0.01175 4.42943</p> <p>0.012 4.44708</p> <p>0.01225 4.46422</p> <p>0.0125 4.47947</p> <p>0.01275 4.49245</p> <p>0.013 4.50367</p> <p>0.01325 4.51438</p> <p>0.0135 4.52587</p> <p>0.01375 4.53892</p> <p>0.014 4.55319</p> <p>0.01425 4.56709</p> <p>0.0145 4.57965</p> <p>0.01475 4.59029</p> <p>0.015 4.59928</p> <p>0.01525 4.60791</p> <p>0.0155 4.61738</p> <p>0.01575 4.62855</p> <p>0.016 4.64119</p> <p>0.01625 4.6539</p> <p>0.0165 4.665</p> <p>0.01675 4.67399</p> <p>0.017 4.68163</p> <p>0.01725 4.68922</p> <p>0.0175 4.69783</p> <p>0.01775 4.70789</p> <p>0.018 4.71927</p> <p>0.01825 4.73043</p> <p>0.0185 4.74005</p> <p>0.01875 4.74791</p> <p>0.019 4.75432</p> <p>0.01925 4.76037</p> <p>0.0195 4.7674</p> <p>0.01975 4.77614</p> <p>0.02 4.78619</p> <p>0.02025 4.79589</p> <p>0.0205 4.80412</p> <p>0.02075 4.81091</p> <p>0.021 4.81662</p> <p>0.02125 4.82204</p> <p>0.0215 4.8285</p> <p>0.02175 4.83678</p> <p>0.022 4.84603</p> <p>0.02225 4.85522</p> <p>0.0225 4.8636</p> <p>0.02275 4.87063</p> <p>0.023 4.87617</p> <p>0.02325 4.88134</p> <p>0.0235 4.88764</p> <p>0.02375 4.89563</p> <p>0.024 4.90453</p> <p>0.02425 4.91307</p> <p>0.0245 4.92044</p> <p>0.02475 4.92599</p> <p>0.025 4.92992</p> <p>0.02525 4.93332</p> <p>0.0255 4.93759</p> <p>0.02575 4.94309</p> <p>0.026 4.94878</p> <p>0.02625 4.95359</p> <p>0.0265 4.95679</p> <p>0.02675 4.95736</p> <p>0.027 4.95533</p> <p>0.02725 4.95189</p> <p>0.0275 4.94807</p> <p>0.02775 4.94582</p> <p>0.028 4.94248</p> <p>0.02825 4.9391</p> <p>0.0285 4.93625</p> <p>0.02875 4.93336</p> <p>0.029 4.93052</p> <p>0.02925 4.92708</p> <p>0.0295 4.92401</p> <p>0.02975 4.92139</p> <p>0.03 4.91781</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p>
Heterogeneously catalyzed steam reforming reactors with highly insulating wall materials for hydrogen production
<p><strong>Heterogeneously catalyzed steam reforming reactors with highly insulating wall materials for hydrogen production</strong></p> <p>Junjie Chen</p> <p>Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com</p> <p> </p> <p>The design relates to a thermally coupled monolith reactor, used to thermally contact endothermic and exothermic reaction streams in adjacent channels. The geometry allows intimate thermal contact whilst keeping the streams from becoming mixed. The reactor body is constructed by modification of a substantially rigid and essentially nonporous monolith honeycomb. Prior to modification the monolith consists of a honeycombed body having a matrix of thin walls defining a multiplicity of discrete channels which pass through the body of the structure from one face to the opposing face. The monolith is modified in such a way as to produce a rigid body containing at least two discreet process flow paths which have a number of dividing walls in common. For the purpose of this design, a channel is defined as any individual passageway through the monolith body and a flow path is the group of channels used for a single reaction. The monolith body may be constructed from a number of materials using a range of techniques. Suitable materials include ceramics with a low coefficient of thermal expansion which are readily extrudable. These include, but are not limited to, mullite, corderite, alumina, and silica. Other materials include metals which may be extruded, welded, brazed, or diffusion bonded to make such structures. Using metals, it is sometimes useful to start with metal oxide powders, which are then bonded and reduced to the metallic state. Suitable metals include copper, aluminium, stainless steel, iron, titanium, and mixtures or alloys thereof.</p> <p>Streamwise distance (meter), Heterogeneous reaction rate along the length of the reactor (mole per square meter per second)</p> <p>0 5.24167</p> <p>0.00025 5.35038</p> <p>0.0005 5.59568</p> <p>0.00075 5.86537</p> <p>0.001 6.11865</p> <p>0.00125 6.34243</p> <p>0.0015 6.53109</p> <p>0.00175 6.68219</p> <p>0.002 6.79554</p> <p>0.00225 6.87267</p> <p>0.0025 6.91642</p> <p>0.00275 6.93001</p> <p>0.003 6.91683</p> <p>0.00325 6.88071</p> <p>0.0035 6.82557</p> <p>0.00375 6.75504</p> <p>0.004 6.67218</p> <p>0.00425 6.58003</p> <p>0.0045 6.48092</p> <p>0.00475 6.37655</p> <p>0.005 6.26889</p> <p>0.00525 6.15969</p> <p>0.0055 6.05031</p> <p>0.00575 5.9419</p> <p>0.006 5.83551</p> <p>0.00625 5.73198</p> <p>0.0065 5.63166</p> <p>0.00675 5.53473</p> <p>0.007 5.44181</p> <p>0.00725 5.35303</p> <p>0.0075 5.26832</p> <p>0.00775 5.18794</p> <p>0.008 5.11205</p> <p>0.00825 5.0406</p> <p>0.0085 4.9734</p> <p>0.00875 4.91027</p> <p>0.009 4.85116</p> <p>0.00925 4.79592</p> <p>0.0095 4.74421</p> <p>0.00975 4.69592</p> <p>0.01 4.6509</p> <p>0.01025 4.60897</p> <p>0.0105 4.57006</p> <p>0.01075 4.53403</p> <p>0.011 4.50066</p> <p>0.01125 4.46966</p> <p>0.0115 4.44077</p> <p>0.01175 4.41409</p> <p>0.012 4.38962</p> <p>0.01225 4.36729</p> <p>0.0125 4.34699</p> <p>0.01275 4.32857</p> <p>0.013 4.31176</p> <p>0.01325 4.29635</p> <p>0.0135 4.28232</p> <p>0.01375 4.26966</p> <p>0.014 4.2583</p> <p>0.01425 4.24794</p> <p>0.0145 4.23865</p> <p>0.01475 4.23021</p> <p>0.015 4.22255</p> <p>0.01525 4.21587</p> <p>0.0155 4.21007</p> <p>0.01575 4.20509</p> <p>0.016 4.20091</p> <p>0.01625 4.1973</p> <p>0.0165 4.19387</p> <p>0.01675 4.19079</p> <p>0.017 4.1885</p> <p>0.01725 4.18682</p> <p>0.0175 4.18524</p> <p>0.01775 4.18388</p> <p>0.018 4.18298</p> <p>0.01825 4.18213</p> <p>0.0185 4.18136</p> <p>0.01875 4.18095</p> <p>0.019 4.1809</p> <p>0.01925 4.1808</p> <p>0.0195 4.18068</p> <p>0.01975 4.18095</p> <p>0.02 4.18151</p> <p>0.02025 4.18213</p> <p>0.0205 4.18266</p> <p>0.02075 4.18322</p> <p>0.021 4.18389</p> <p>0.02125 4.18446</p> <p>0.0215 4.18499</p> <p>0.02175 4.18578</p> <p>0.022 4.18649</p> <p>0.02225 4.18705</p> <p>0.0225 4.18769</p> <p>0.02275 4.18848</p> <p>0.023 4.18913</p> <p>0.02325 4.18948</p> <p>0.0235 4.18969</p> <p>0.02375 4.18992</p> <p>0.024 4.18989</p> <p>0.02425 4.18952</p> <p>0.0245 4.18926</p> <p>0.02475 4.18907</p> <p>0.025 4.18838</p> <p>0.02525 4.18717</p> <p>0.0255 4.18578</p> <p>0.02575 4.18424</p> <p>0.026 4.18227</p> <p>0.02625 4.17979</p> <p>0.0265 4.17704</p> <p>0.02675 4.17371</p> <p>0.027 4.16989</p> <p>0.02725 4.16595</p> <p>0.0275 4.16173</p> <p>0.02775 4.15674</p> <p>0.028 4.15105</p> <p>0.02825 4.14506</p> <p>0.0285 4.13866</p> <p>0.02875 4.13164</p> <p>0.029 4.12371</p> <p>0.02925 4.11536</p> <p>0.0295 4.1047</p> <p>0.02975 4.07045</p> <p>0.03 4.04272</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p>
Microchannel steam reforming reactors with insulating wall materials for hydrogen production
<p><strong>Microchannel steam reforming reactors with insulating wall materials for hydrogen production</strong></p> <p>Junjie Chen</p> <p>Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com</p> <p> </p> <p>In one form, the design includes a monolithic catalytic reactor with a primary flow path comprising a number of tubes which are lined with a catalyst. As chemical reactants are fed into the primary flow path the chemicals react, with the aid of the catalyst, to produce an exothermic reaction. In the same catalytic reactor is a secondary flow path, also comprising a number of tubes and also lined with a catalyst. In this secondary flow path, a different collection of chemical reactants are fed and, through the aid of the catalyst, will produce an endothermic reaction. The tubes of the primary and secondary flow paths are interspersed with one another within the monolith such that the heat generated from the exothermic reaction may conduct through the tube walls and serve as a heat source for the endothermic reaction. Furthermore, the microchannel steam reforming reactor design includes a method for enhancing one or more catalytic chemical reactions in terms of rate, product yield, energy and other parameters. Here, the initiating an exothermic reaction within one flow path of the monolithic reactor serves the dual purpose of creating a product yield as a result of that exothermic reaction and as a heat source. With the aid of this heat source, a second and endothermic reaction may be initiated in a secondary flow path which may absorb the heat from the exothermic reaction thereby enhancing product yield and making efficient use of available energy. To optimize the use of this heat, the reactions are controlled through one of many factors such as feed rate of the reactants, catalyst quality, reactant concentration and others. The flow paths may be co-current, countercurrent or other such variation as necessary to maximize heat transfer between the two reactions.</p> <p>Streamwise distance (meter), Heterogeneous reaction rate along the length of the reactor (mole per square meter per second)</p> <p>0 8.97706</p> <p>0.00025 9.12983</p> <p>0.0005 9.45292</p> <p>0.00075 9.76459</p> <p>0.001 10.009</p> <p>0.00125 10.1761</p> <p>0.0015 10.2678</p> <p>0.00175 10.2901</p> <p>0.002 10.2514</p> <p>0.00225 10.1611</p> <p>0.0025 10.0284</p> <p>0.00275 9.86268</p> <p>0.003 9.67153</p> <p>0.00325 9.46156</p> <p>0.0035 9.23929</p> <p>0.00375 9.01005</p> <p>0.004 8.77805</p> <p>0.00425 8.54661</p> <p>0.0045 8.31863</p> <p>0.00475 8.09598</p> <p>0.005 7.87987</p> <p>0.00525 7.67157</p> <p>0.0055 7.47194</p> <p>0.00575 7.28144</p> <p>0.006 7.10033</p> <p>0.00625 6.92886</p> <p>0.0065 6.76695</p> <p>0.00675 6.61432</p> <p>0.007 6.47076</p> <p>0.00725 6.33601</p> <p>0.0075 6.20963</p> <p>0.00775 6.09103</p> <p>0.008 5.98024</p> <p>0.00825 5.87692</p> <p>0.0085 5.78047</p> <p>0.00875 5.6906</p> <p>0.009 5.60703</p> <p>0.00925 5.5293</p> <p>0.0095 5.45708</p> <p>0.00975 5.38993</p> <p>0.01 5.3273</p> <p>0.01025 5.26922</p> <p>0.0105 5.2156</p> <p>0.01075 5.1662</p> <p>0.011 5.12058</p> <p>0.01125 5.07842</p> <p>0.0115 5.03943</p> <p>0.01175 5.00345</p> <p>0.012 4.9703</p> <p>0.01225 4.93973</p> <p>0.0125 4.91161</p> <p>0.01275 4.88587</p> <p>0.013 4.86227</p> <p>0.01325 4.84055</p> <p>0.0135 4.82058</p> <p>0.01375 4.80242</p> <p>0.014 4.78598</p> <p>0.01425 4.77087</p> <p>0.0145 4.75708</p> <p>0.01475 4.74449</p> <p>0.015 4.73297</p> <p>0.01525 4.72248</p> <p>0.0155 4.71307</p> <p>0.01575 4.70472</p> <p>0.016 4.69726</p> <p>0.01625 4.69071</p> <p>0.0165 4.68471</p> <p>0.01675 4.67933</p> <p>0.017 4.67489</p> <p>0.01725 4.67115</p> <p>0.0175 4.66781</p> <p>0.01775 4.66491</p> <p>0.018 4.6626</p> <p>0.01825 4.66054</p> <p>0.0185 4.65865</p> <p>0.01875 4.65713</p> <p>0.019 4.65599</p> <p>0.01925 4.65505</p> <p>0.0195 4.6543</p> <p>0.01975 4.65386</p> <p>0.02 4.65375</p> <p>0.02025 4.65363</p> <p>0.0205 4.6535</p> <p>0.02075 4.6538</p> <p>0.021 4.65451</p> <p>0.02125 4.65516</p> <p>0.0215 4.65575</p> <p>0.02175 4.65657</p> <p>0.022 4.65718</p> <p>0.02225 4.65771</p> <p>0.0225 4.65857</p> <p>0.02275 4.65952</p> <p>0.023 4.66024</p> <p>0.02325 4.66071</p> <p>0.0235 4.66111</p> <p>0.02375 4.66146</p> <p>0.024 4.66145</p> <p>0.02425 4.66101</p> <p>0.0245 4.66041</p> <p>0.02475 4.65975</p> <p>0.025 4.65862</p> <p>0.02525 4.65679</p> <p>0.0255 4.65471</p> <p>0.02575 4.65255</p> <p>0.026 4.6498</p> <p>0.02625 4.64634</p> <p>0.0265 4.64254</p> <p>0.02675 4.63791</p> <p>0.027 4.63242</p> <p>0.02725 4.62651</p> <p>0.0275 4.62008</p> <p>0.02775 4.61266</p> <p>0.028 4.60415</p> <p>0.02825 4.59488</p> <p>0.0285 4.585</p> <p>0.02875 4.57438</p> <p>0.029 4.5624</p> <p>0.02925 4.54979</p> <p>0.0295 4.5335</p> <p>0.02975 4.47929</p> <p>0.03 4.43516</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p>
Autothermal steam reforming reactors with thermally conductive walls for hydrogen production
<p><strong>Autothermal steam reforming reactors with thermally conductive walls for hydrogen production</strong></p> <p>Junjie Chen</p> <p>Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com</p> <p> </p> <p>It is necessary to provide a reactor where the catalytically active components are immobilized on adjacent sides of the monolith dividing walls such that heat transfer can occur via purely conduction through the wall from one catalytic process to the second catalytic process. It is also necessary to provide a reactor where the monolith body is demountable from the inlet and outlet manifolds such that catalyst replacement and recovery of spent catalyst can be easily performed. It is also necessary to provide a reactor where the heat transfer characteristics are decoupled from the reactant or product fluid velocities such that the system can operate with moderate gas velocities and with low pressure drops. It is also necessary to provide a reactor of low thermal inertia and high heat load such that rapid start up and fast response to load transients can be achieved. The design comprises, in one form thereof, a chemical processing method to thermally contact an endothermic and an exothermic reaction without mixing the two streams, utilizing a thermally coupled monolith reactor. A ceramic or metal monolith is modified to produce a structure containing at least two sets of discrete flow channels and which are separated by a number of common walls. Manifolds are arranged such that one reaction mixture flows through one set of channels and a different reaction mixture flows through the second. Catalytic material, which is active for the relevant reaction, is coated onto the inner walls of each of the sets of channels. The two reactions are chosen such that one is exothermic and one is endothermic, such that the energy required by the endothermic process is supplied directly through the dividing wall from the exothermic process occurring on the opposing side. This method of heat transfer completely decouples the gas phase hydrodynamics from the heat transfer process.</p> <p>Streamwise distance (meter), Heterogeneous reaction rate along the length of the reactor (mole per square meter per second)</p> <p>0 12.1245</p> <p>0.00025 12.2056</p> <p>0.0005 12.3371</p> <p>0.00075 12.3931</p> <p>0.001 12.3704</p> <p>0.00125 12.2891</p> <p>0.0015 12.1645</p> <p>0.00175 12.0076</p> <p>0.002 11.8272</p> <p>0.00225 11.63</p> <p>0.0025 11.4214</p> <p>0.00275 11.2059</p> <p>0.003 10.987</p> <p>0.00325 10.7674</p> <p>0.0035 10.5496</p> <p>0.00375 10.3354</p> <p>0.004 10.1263</p> <p>0.00425 9.9232</p> <p>0.0045 9.72691</p> <p>0.00475 9.53772</p> <p>0.005 9.35585</p> <p>0.00525 9.18161</p> <p>0.0055 9.01491</p> <p>0.00575 8.85575</p> <p>0.006 8.70412</p> <p>0.00625 8.55976</p> <p>0.0065 8.42235</p> <p>0.00675 8.29183</p> <p>0.007 8.16813</p> <p>0.00725 8.05097</p> <p>0.0075 7.94006</p> <p>0.00775 7.83509</p> <p>0.008 7.73603</p> <p>0.00825 7.64259</p> <p>0.0085 7.55447</p> <p>0.00875 7.47149</p> <p>0.009 7.39325</p> <p>0.00925 7.31962</p> <p>0.0095 7.25041</p> <p>0.00975 7.18541</p> <p>0.01 7.12413</p> <p>0.01025 7.06625</p> <p>0.0105 7.01189</p> <p>0.01075 6.96101</p> <p>0.011 6.91331</p> <p>0.01125 6.86823</p> <p>0.0115 6.82574</p> <p>0.01175 6.78591</p> <p>0.012 6.74833</p> <p>0.01225 6.7128</p> <p>0.0125 6.67938</p> <p>0.01275 6.648</p> <p>0.013 6.61842</p> <p>0.01325 6.5905</p> <p>0.0135 6.56401</p> <p>0.01375 6.53896</p> <p>0.014 6.51549</p> <p>0.01425 6.49316</p> <p>0.0145 6.47196</p> <p>0.01475 6.45184</p> <p>0.015 6.43277</p> <p>0.01525 6.41475</p> <p>0.0155 6.39735</p> <p>0.01575 6.38068</p> <p>0.016 6.36501</p> <p>0.01625 6.35036</p> <p>0.0165 6.33607</p> <p>0.01675 6.32215</p> <p>0.017 6.30899</p> <p>0.01725 6.29632</p> <p>0.0175 6.28384</p> <p>0.01775 6.27168</p> <p>0.018 6.2601</p> <p>0.01825 6.24866</p> <p>0.0185 6.23744</p> <p>0.01875 6.22675</p> <p>0.019 6.21628</p> <p>0.01925 6.20588</p> <p>0.0195 6.19553</p> <p>0.01975 6.18524</p> <p>0.02 6.17518</p> <p>0.02025 6.16499</p> <p>0.0205 6.1546</p> <p>0.02075 6.1444</p> <p>0.021 6.13426</p> <p>0.02125 6.12398</p> <p>0.0215 6.11344</p> <p>0.02175 6.10277</p> <p>0.022 6.09166</p> <p>0.02225 6.08022</p> <p>0.0225 6.06884</p> <p>0.02275 6.05715</p> <p>0.023 6.04483</p> <p>0.02325 6.03193</p> <p>0.0235 6.01875</p> <p>0.02375 6.00527</p> <p>0.024 5.99094</p> <p>0.02425 5.97588</p> <p>0.0245 5.96041</p> <p>0.02475 5.94431</p> <p>0.025 5.92737</p> <p>0.02525 5.90954</p> <p>0.0255 5.89105</p> <p>0.02575 5.87191</p> <p>0.026 5.85159</p> <p>0.02625 5.83007</p> <p>0.0265 5.80776</p> <p>0.02675 5.78416</p> <p>0.027 5.7593</p> <p>0.02725 5.73344</p> <p>0.0275 5.70642</p> <p>0.02775 5.67803</p> <p>0.028 5.64823</p> <p>0.02825 5.61725</p> <p>0.0285 5.58477</p> <p>0.02875 5.55098</p> <p>0.029 5.52507</p> <p>0.02925 5.49861</p> <p>0.0295 5.46342</p> <p>0.02975 5.43244</p> <p>0.03 5.40902</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p>
Microchannel steam reforming reactors with enhanced heat transfer for conducting simultaneous endothermic and exothermic reactions
<p><strong>Microchannel steam reforming reactors with enhanced heat transfer for conducting simultaneous endothermic and exothermic reactions</strong></p> <p>Junjie Chen</p> <p>Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com</p> <p> </p> <p>It has been described a compact multiple tube steam reformer. The design consists of multiple packed tubes, of small diameter, being placed in intimate contact with a heat generating flame. The arrangement leads to improved heat transfer and therefore chemical conversion. However, the packed tube results in a significant pressure drop and the author states the process is still heat transfer limited. Therefore, a reactor design which minimizes the process side pressure drop and does not suffer from heat transfer limitation is required. It has been described a method to modify a monolithic structure into a combined heat exchanger reactor. The method describes the mechanical process to transform the structure into a structure consisting of two discrete volumes. It is proposed that the arrangement can either be used as a heat exchanger, where energy is transferred from one stream to another via conduction through the wall or it is suitable as a chemical reactor where the second set of channels allow the introduction of a heat transfer fluid. In the second case, the energy required or generated through the reaction is removed via a heat transfer fluid in the second channel. It is noted that the reaction can be a catalytic process and the catalytically active material can be coated onto the monolith passage walls to minimize pressure drop. In this arrangement, the heat transfer from the process catalyst to the dividing wall will be highly efficient, however, the uptake of the energy by the heat transfer fluid will suffer from all of the limitations of traditional heat transfer operations. In this case, the boundary layer will provide a significant resistance to heat transfer and will severely limit the rate of the process. Also, for this arrangement to successfully supply or remove heat and maintain a near isothermal longitudinal profile considerable heat transfer fluid velocities must be utilized. The high velocities will reduce the characteristic thickness of the boundary layer and ensure that a sufficient mass of heat transfer fluid is available to absorb the heat of reaction without significantly changing temperature. These requirements will lead to excessive pressure drop through the coolant channels. Therefore, a reactor design which minimizes the heat transfer fluid side pressure drop is required. The method does not teach about combining endothermic and exothermic reactions on opposing sides of dividing walls of adjacent channels as an efficient method of heat transfer.</p> <p>Streamwise distance (meters), Heat flux (watts per square meter)</p> <p>0 28082.8</p> <p>0.00025 139648</p> <p>0.0005 111616</p> <p>0.00075 93312</p> <p>0.001 81920</p> <p>0.00125 74112</p> <p>0.0015 68096</p> <p>0.00175 62976</p> <p>0.002 58752</p> <p>0.00225 55168</p> <p>0.0025 52096</p> <p>0.00275 49152</p> <p>0.003 46336</p> <p>0.00325 44032</p> <p>0.0035 41984</p> <p>0.00375 40064</p> <p>0.004 38400</p> <p>0.00425 36864</p> <p>0.0045 35328</p> <p>0.00475 33920</p> <p>0.005 32512</p> <p>0.00525 31360</p> <p>0.0055 30336</p> <p>0.00575 29184</p> <p>0.006 28288</p> <p>0.00625 27392</p> <p>0.0065 26496</p> <p>0.00675 25728</p> <p>0.007 24832</p> <p>0.00725 24192</p> <p>0.0075 23680</p> <p>0.00775 23040</p> <p>0.008 22400</p> <p>0.00825 21760</p> <p>0.0085 21376</p> <p>0.00875 21120</p> <p>0.009 20608</p> <p>0.00925 20224</p> <p>0.0095 19968</p> <p>0.00975 19456</p> <p>0.01 19072</p> <p>0.01025 18688</p> <p>0.0105 18432</p> <p>0.01075 18176</p> <p>0.011 17920</p> <p>0.01125 17792</p> <p>0.0115 17536</p> <p>0.01175 17280</p> <p>0.012 17024</p> <p>0.01225 16768</p> <p>0.0125 16640</p> <p>0.01275 16512</p> <p>0.013 16384</p> <p>0.01325 16256</p> <p>0.0135 16128</p> <p>0.01375 16000</p> <p>0.014 15872</p> <p>0.01425 15744</p> <p>0.0145 15488</p> <p>0.01475 15488</p> <p>0.015 15360</p> <p>0.01525 15104</p> <p>0.0155 15104</p> <p>0.01575 14976</p> <p>0.016 14848</p> <p>0.01625 14720</p> <p>0.0165 14720</p> <p>0.01675 14720</p> <p>0.017 14592</p> <p>0.01725 14336</p> <p>0.0175 14336</p> <p>0.01775 14464</p> <p>0.018 14336</p> <p>0.01825 14336</p> <p>0.0185 14336</p> <p>0.01875 14208</p> <p>0.019 14080</p> <p>0.01925 14080</p> <p>0.0195 14080</p> <p>0.01975 14080</p> <p>0.02 13952</p> <p>0.02025 13824</p> <p>0.0205 13824</p> <p>0.02075 13952</p> <p>0.021 13952</p> <p>0.02125 13824</p> <p>0.0215 13696</p> <p>0.02175 13568</p> <p>0.022 13568</p> <p>0.02225 13696</p> <p>0.0225 13696</p> <p>0.02275 13440</p> <p>0.023 13312</p> <p>0.02325 13440</p> <p>0.0235 13440</p> <p>0.02375 13312</p> <p>0.024 13312</p> <p>0.02425 13312</p> <p>0.0245 13312</p> <p>0.02475 13184</p> <p>0.025 13056</p> <p>0.02525 13056</p> <p>0.0255 13056</p> <p>0.02575 12800</p> <p>0.026 12672</p> <p>0.02625 12800</p> <p>0.0265 12672</p> <p>0.02675 12544</p> <p>0.027 12544</p> <p>0.02725 12288</p> <p>0.0275 12160</p> <p>0.02775 12160</p> <p>0.028 12032</p> <p>0.02825 12032</p> <p>0.0285 11904</p> <p>0.02875 11776</p> <p>0.029 11648</p> <p>0.02925 11520</p> <p>0.0295 11392</p> <p>0.02975 11008</p> <p>0.03 10624</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p>
Experimental data set for the article entitled "Mathematical Model of Steam Reforming in the Anode Channel of a Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell"
<p>Experimental data for the article: Szablowski, L.; Dybinski, O.; Szczesniak, A.; Milewski, J. Mathematical Model of Steam Reforming in the Anode Channel of a Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell. Energies 2022, 15, 608. The experiments were performed by the first two authors.<br> These data set refer to experiments carried out on a stand used to test high-temperature fuel cells. The subject of the study was a molten carbonate fuel cell fueled with a mixture of methane and steam with steam to carbon ratio of 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5 and at the cell operating temperature of 550°C and 650°C. Additionally, in the anode channel of the cell, there was a catalyst in the amount of 2 g. The active area of the cell was 20.25 cm<sup>2</sup>. The article that uses these research results is published in an open access journal with a CC-BY license. This research was funded by the National Science Center, Poland (Grant number 2020/39/D/ST8/02021).</p>
Perovskite modified catalysts with improved coke resistance for steam reforming of glycerol to renewable hydrogen fuel
<p>Catalytic steam reforming of renewable<span> feedstock to renewable energy or chemicals always goes with intense coking activities that produce carbonaceous products leading to low performance and eventual catalyst deactivation. A supported</span> metal catalyst such as Ni/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> is known to catalyse gasification and decomposition of biomass feedstock largely for renewable fuel production with promising results. Catalyst deactivation from high carbon deposition, agglomeration, and phase transformations resulting in rapid deactivation are some of the issues identified with the use of the catalyst. In this work, improvement on the coke resistance and catalytic properties of the Ni/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> catalyst is sought via the use of a thermally stable and coke-resistant perovskite La<sub>0.75</sub>Sr<sub>0.25</sub>Cr<sub>0.5</sub>Mn<sub>0.5</sub>O<sub>3-δ</sub> (LSCM) as catalyst promoter/modifier and involving Zirconia-doped Ceria (Ce-Zr) as alternative support in steam reforming of pure and by-product glycerol. The stabilizing influence of the LSCM on the Ni catalyst has improved stability against agents of deactivation with a significant improvement of catalytic activity of Ni/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> in H<sub>2</sub> production and robust suppression of carbon deposition. Particularly, the synergy between the LSCM promoter and alternative Ce<sub>0.75</sub>Zr<sub>0.25</sub>O<sub>2</sub> support enhanced the basic and redox properties known for Ce<sub>0.75</sub>Zr<sub>0.25</sub>O<sub>2</sub> support in contrast to the weak acid centres in the γ-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> support which further improved nickel stability, catalyst-support interaction with a resultant high catalytic activity, and robust coke suppression as a result of enhanced oxygen mobility. There is a correlation between the product distribution, nature of coke deposited, and reforming temperature, as well as the type of support and structural modification. Hence, the integration of a robust perovskite material as a catalyst promoter and choice of support could be tailored in the design and development of robust catalyst systems to improve the performance of supported metal catalysts particularly the suppression of carbon deposition for hydrocarbon and biomass conversion to renewable fuel or chemicals.</p>
Perovskite modified catalysts with improved coke resistance for steam reforming of glycerol to renewable hydrogen fuel
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Design considerations for a microchannel steam reforming reactor with enhanced momentum transport
<p><strong>Design considerations for a microchannel steam reforming reactor with enhanced momentum transport</strong></p> <p>Junjie Chen</p> <p>Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com</p> <p> </p> <p>A chemical compound is any substance composed of identical molecules consisting of atoms of two or more chemical elements. The product of a synthesis is normally contaminated with reagents used in the synthesis, by-products, and possibly some unchanged starting material; these contaminants must be removed in order for a pure product to be obtained. In a multistep synthesis, it is normally desirable to purify the product from each step before proceeding to the next step. A sample of any given pure element is composed only of the atoms characteristic of that element, and the atoms of each element are unique. For example, the atoms that constitute carbon are different from those that make up iron, which are in turn different from those of gold. Every element is designated by a unique symbol consisting of one, two, or three letters arising from either the current element name or its original (often Latin) name. For example, the symbols for carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are simply C, H, and O, respectively. The symbol for iron is Fe, from its original Latin name ferrum. The fundamental principle of the science of chemistry is that the atoms of different elements can combine with one another to form chemical compounds. Methane, for example, is formed from the elements carbon and hydrogen in the ratio four hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom.</p> <p>Streamwise distance (millimeters), Oxidation channel centerline temperature (degrees kelvin)</p> <p>0 374.477</p> <p>0.00025 383.305</p> <p>0.0005 398.931</p> <p>0.00075 418.652</p> <p>0.001 437.842</p> <p>0.00125 453.974</p> <p>0.0015 466.535</p> <p>0.00175 475.955</p> <p>0.002 482.901</p> <p>0.00225 487.975</p> <p>0.0025 491.654</p> <p>0.00275 494.302</p> <p>0.003 496.189</p> <p>0.00325 497.519</p> <p>0.0035 498.437</p> <p>0.00375 499.05</p> <p>0.004 499.435</p> <p>0.00425 499.65</p> <p>0.0045 499.74</p> <p>0.00475 499.744</p> <p>0.005 499.684</p> <p>0.00525 499.586</p> <p>0.0055 499.468</p> <p>0.00575 499.333</p> <p>0.006 499.186</p> <p>0.00625 499.03</p> <p>0.0065 498.871</p> <p>0.00675 498.713</p> <p>0.007 498.562</p> <p>0.00725 498.421</p> <p>0.0075 498.29</p> <p>0.00775 498.17</p> <p>0.008 498.057</p> <p>0.00825 497.951</p> <p>0.0085 497.85</p> <p>0.00875 497.758</p> <p>0.009 497.676</p> <p>0.00925 497.605</p> <p>0.0095 497.546</p> <p>0.00975 497.496</p> <p>0.01 497.452</p> <p>0.01025 497.413</p> <p>0.0105 497.379</p> <p>0.01075 497.35</p> <p>0.011 497.327</p> <p>0.01125 497.313</p> <p>0.0115 497.306</p> <p>0.01175 497.304</p> <p>0.012 497.307</p> <p>0.01225 497.312</p> <p>0.0125 497.318</p> <p>0.01275 497.326</p> <p>0.013 497.339</p> <p>0.01325 497.357</p> <p>0.0135 497.38</p> <p>0.01375 497.407</p> <p>0.014 497.435</p> <p>0.01425 497.464</p> <p>0.0145 497.493</p> <p>0.01475 497.523</p> <p>0.015 497.554</p> <p>0.01525 497.59</p> <p>0.0155 497.628</p> <p>0.01575 497.67</p> <p>0.016 497.711</p> <p>0.01625 497.753</p> <p>0.0165 497.793</p> <p>0.01675 497.834</p> <p>0.017 497.876</p> <p>0.01725 497.92</p> <p>0.0175 497.967</p> <p>0.01775 498.017</p> <p>0.018 498.066</p> <p>0.01825 498.115</p> <p>0.0185 498.163</p> <p>0.01875 498.21</p> <p>0.019 498.259</p> <p>0.01925 498.31</p> <p>0.0195 498.364</p> <p>0.01975 498.42</p> <p>0.02 498.475</p> <p>0.02025 498.531</p> <p>0.0205 498.585</p> <p>0.02075 498.639</p> <p>0.021 498.694</p> <p>0.02125 498.752</p> <p>0.0215 498.812</p> <p>0.02175 498.873</p> <p>0.022 498.936</p> <p>0.02225 498.997</p> <p>0.0225 499.058</p> <p>0.02275 499.119</p> <p>0.023 499.18</p> <p>0.02325 499.244</p> <p>0.0235 499.31</p> <p>0.02375 499.378</p> <p>0.024 499.446</p> <p>0.02425 499.513</p> <p>0.0245 499.58</p> <p>0.02475 499.646</p> <p>0.025 499.713</p> <p>0.02525 499.781</p> <p>0.0255 499.851</p> <p>0.02575 499.921</p> <p>0.026 499.992</p> <p>0.02625 500.061</p> <p>0.0265 500.129</p> <p>0.02675 500.195</p> <p>0.027 500.262</p> <p>0.02725 500.328</p> <p>0.0275 500.394</p> <p>0.02775 500.46</p> <p>0.028 500.525</p> <p>0.02825 500.587</p> <p>0.0285 500.646</p> <p>0.02875 500.702</p> <p>0.029 500.756</p> <p>0.02925 500.807</p> <p>0.0295 500.854</p> <p>0.02975 500.906</p> <p>0.03 500.935</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p>
Steam reforming of toluene as biomass tar model compound in a gliding arc discharge reactor
<p>Results of toluene reforming reaction and optical emission spectra</p>
Steam methane reforming using a regenerable antenna-reactor plasmonic photocatalyst
<p>This dataset contains zip files for the following categories: </p> <p>1) Data for reproducing the plots in 'Steam methane reforming using a regenerable antenna-reactor plasmonic photocatalyst.' </p> <p>2) Details of electrodynamic simulation and DFT calculations of the carrier distribution, including the input files (atomic coordinates for the jDFTx), codes, log files, output files, and tutorials. </p> <p>3) Raw gas chromatography (GC) data, including the method file for the GC. </p> <p> </p>
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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