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Fig. 9 in The beaver Steneofiber depereti from the lower Upper Miocene hominid locality Hammerschmiede and remarks on its ecology

Fig. 9. Mandibular tooth row lengths of the beaver Steneofiber depereti Mayet, 1908, from the early Late Miocene locality Hammerschmiede (Bavaria, Germany), local stratigraphic levels HAM 5 and HAM 4, in comparison to representative European Miocene castorid species. Occlusal surface lengths are given as single measurements (black dots) or ranges (black bars). Alveolar lengths are given in grey dots or bars respectively. Measurements adapted from Stefen (2009), Mörs and Stefen (2010), Stefen (2011), and citations therein. Biostratigraphic positions of the localities according to the Mammal Neogene (MN) zones (sensu Mein 1975).

Fig. 5 in The beaver Steneofiber depereti from the lower Upper Miocene hominid locality Hammerschmiede and remarks on its ecology

Fig. 5. Occlusal pattern of lower cheek teeth of the beaver Steneofiber depereti Mayet, 1908, from the early Late Miocene locality Hammerschmiede Bavaria, Germany), local stratigraphic levels HAM 5 and HAM 4. Mandibular tooth rows (A–E), deciduous premolars (F–I), premolars (J–P), molars Q–AF). Left dp4–m2: (A) GPIT/MA/17569, HAM 4; (B) GPIT/MA/16950, HAM 4. Right p4–m1 and m3, lacking m2: (C) GPIT/MA/09909, HAM. Left p4–m2: (D) GPIT/MA/17068, HAM 4. Right p4–m2: (E) GPIT/ MA/16839, HAM 4. Left dp4: (F) GPIT/MA/10782, HAM 5; (I) SNSBBSPG 2020 XCIV-5365, HAM 4. Right dp4: (G) GPIT/MA/13826, HAM; (H) GPIT/MA/10785, HAM 5. Right p4: (J) GPIT/MA/10745, HAM 5; L) SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCIV-5362, HAM 4. Left p4: (K) GPIT/MA/10727, HAM 5; (M) GPIT/MA/13980, HAM 5; (N) GPIT/MA/09896, HAM 5; (O) SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCV-0303, HAM 5; (P) SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCIV-0487, HAM 4. Right m1/2: (Q) GPIT/MA/16915, HAM 4; (R) GPIT/MA/16672, HAM 4; (V) GPIT/MA/10987, HAM 4; (X) GPIT/MA/09903, HAM 5; (Y) SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCIV-5360, HAM 4; (AB) GPIT/MA/12260, HAM 5. Left m1/2: (S) GPIT/MA/09906, HAM 5; (T) GPIT/MA/10728, HAM 5; U) SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCIV-5364, HAM 4; (W) GPIT/MA/09902, HAM 5; (Z) GPIT/MA/12342, HAM 5; (AA) GPIT/MA/13824, HAM 5. Right m3: (AC) SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCIV-1722, HAM 4; (AD) GPIT/MA/13823, HAM 5; (AE) GPIT/MA/10751, HAM 5; (AH) GPIT/MA/09907, HAM 5. Left m3: (AF) SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCIV-1719, HAM 4; (AG) GPIT/ MA/17388, HAM 4. Enamel in white, dentine in black, cement as dotted area, completions in grey.

Fig. 8 in The beaver Steneofiber depereti from the lower Upper Miocene hominid locality Hammerschmiede and remarks on its ecology

Fig. 8. Length/width dimensions of lower premolars of the beaver Steneofiber depereti Mayet, 1908, from the early Late Miocene locality Hammerschmiede (Bavaria, Germany), local stratigraphic levels HAM 5 and HAM 4, compared to S. depereti and several other castorid species from other European Miocene localities. Data for non Hammerschmiede S. depereti from Mörs and Stefen (2010) and citations therein, for Chalicomys jaegeri from Stefen (2009) and citations therein, for Steneofiber eseri from Stefen (1997), and for Steneofiber castorinus from Filhol (1879). Data points for all taxa resemble both occlusal and basal tooth measurements.

Fig. 7 in The beaver Steneofiber depereti from the lower Upper Miocene hominid locality Hammerschmiede and remarks on its ecology

Fig. 7. Length/width dimensions of lower premolars of the beaver Steneofiber depereti Mayet, 1908, from the early Late Miocene locality Hammerschmiede (Bavaria, Germany), local stratigraphic levels HAM 5 and HAM 4, compared to other S. depereti material from Miocene localities in France and Germany. Data for Hambach from Mörs and Stefen (2010), for Eggingen-Mittelhart from Sach and Heizmann (2001) and Mörs and Stefen (2010), for Artenay from Mörs and Stefen (2010), for La Brosse from Ginsburg et al. (2000), and for Viehhausen from Seemann (1938). Measurements for HAM 5 and HAM 4 material is additionally compared by occlusal (grey) and basal (black) tooth measurements. Measurements for Hambach and Eggingen-Mittelhart contain both occlusal and basal tooth measurements. Data for Artenay, La Brosse and Viehhausen only include occlusal measurements.

Fig. 6 in The beaver Steneofiber depereti from the lower Upper Miocene hominid locality Hammerschmiede and remarks on its ecology

Fig. 6. Mandibles of the beaver Steneofiber depereti Mayet, 1908, from the early Late Miocene locality Hammerschmiede (Bavaria, Germany), local stratigraphic levels HAM 5 and HAM 4. A. GPIT/MA/13813, HAM 5, right mandible with angular process, part of the coronoid process, i2 and m1 in lingual (A1), buccal (A2), distal (A3) and occlusal (A4) views. B. GPIT/MA/09909, HAM 5, right mandible with angular process, p4, m1 and m3 in occlusal (B1), lingual (B2), distal (B3) and buccal (B4) views. C. GPIT/MA/17569, HAM 4, left mandible with i2, dp4, m1 and m2 (juvenile) in buccal (C1), occlusal (C2) and lingual (C3) views. D. GPIT/MA/17068, HAM 4, left mandible with i2 (fragment), p4 (fragment), m1 and m2 in buccal (D1), occlusal D2) and lingual (D3) views.

Fig. 2 in The beaver Steneofiber depereti from the lower Upper Miocene hominid locality Hammerschmiede and remarks on its ecology

Fig. 2. Maxillae and fragmentary palatine of the beaver Steneofiber depereti Mayet, 1908 (GPIT/MA/17163), from the early Late Miocene locality Hammerschmiede (Bavaria, Germany), local stratigraphic level HAM 4. Maxillae and fragmentary palatine with left P4–M1 and right P4 in occlusal (A1), dorsal (A2), mesial (A3), and left buccal (A4) views.

Fig. 11 in The beaver Steneofiber depereti from the lower Upper Miocene hominid locality Hammerschmiede and remarks on its ecology

Fig. 11. Mortality profiles (age-frequency distribution) of the beaver Steneofiber depereti Mayet, 1908, from the early Late Miocene locality Hammerschmiede (Bavaria, Germany) based on lower dp4 and p4 tooth positions from the local stratigraphic levels HAM 5 and HAM 4. Each bar corresponds to an age class, defined by occlusal dental wear stages (WS 1–6). Vertical axis represents the percentage of individuals.

Fig. 10 in The beaver Steneofiber depereti from the lower Upper Miocene hominid locality Hammerschmiede and remarks on its ecology

Fig. 10. Wear stages (WS) and step-length between between wear stages for the lower premolar dp4/p4 of the beaver Steneofiber depereti Mayet, 1908, from the early Late Miocene locality Hammerschmiede (Bavaria, Germany). The step-length of wear stages is given as an approximate percentage of the entire p4 tooth crown height (100%). Lower right dp4 (GPIT/MA/10785) in buccal (mirrored) view and lower left p4 (SNSBBSPG 2020 XCIV-0487) for step-length of "age groups" definition in lingual and buccal views. WS 1, unworn: no wear can be observed, deciduous dentition in use; WS 2, slightly worn: first occlusal contact; WS 3, worn: para/metaflexus/id is closing or just closed; WS 4, medium worn: mesoflexus/id is closing or just closed; WS 5, deeply worn: hypoflexus/id is near to closing; WS 6, heavily worn: hypoflexus/id is closed. Occlusal pattern of lower right p4: WS 1, 3, 5 and 6: line drawings not based on specific specimens, WS 2: GPIT/MA/10745, WS 4: GPIT/MA/09896 (mirrored). WS 1–6 not to scale.

Fig. 3 in The beaver Steneofiber depereti from the lower Upper Miocene hominid locality Hammerschmiede and remarks on its ecology

Fig. 3. Occlusal pattern of upper cheek teeth of the beaver Steneofiber depereti Mayet, 1908, from the early Late Miocene locality Hammerschmiede (Bavaria, Germany), local stratigraphic levels HAM 5 and HAM 4. Deciduous premolars (A–E), premolars (F–J, M–P), maxillary tooth rows (K, L), molars(Q–AQ). Left DP4: (A) GPIT/MA/12416, HAM 4; (D) GPIT/ MA/10744, HAM 5; (E) GPIT/MA/10781, HAM 5. Right DP4: (B) SNSBBSPG XCIV-0879, HAM 4; (C) GPIT/MA/17763, HAM 4. Left P4: (F) SNSB-BSPG XCIV-3891, HAM 4; (I) SNSB-BSPG XCIV-5375, HAM 4; (J) GPIT/MA/10989, HAM 4; (P) GPIT/MA/10746, HAM 5. Right P4: (G) GPIT/MA/17422, HAM 4; (H) GPIT/MA/17772, HAM 4; (M) GPIT/ MA/17163, HAM 4; (N) GPIT/MA/16935, HAM 4; (O) GPIT/MA/17081, HAM 4. Right P4–M2: (K) GPIT/MA/17367, HAM 4. Left P4–M1: (L) GPIT/MA/17163, HAM 4. Left M1/2: (Q) SNSB-BSPG XCIV-5366, HAM 4; (R) GPIT/MA/13820, HAM 5; (T) SNSB-BSPG XCIV-5371, HAM 4; (S) SNSB-BSPG XCIV-5372, HAM 4; (V) GPIT/MA/16134, HAM 4; (X) SNSB-BSPG XCIV-1724, HAM 4; (AA) GPIT/MA/12490, HAM 4; (AB) GPIT/MA/16755, HAM 4. Right M1/2: (U) SNSB-BSPG XCIV-1391, HAM 4; (W) GPIT/MA/16845, HAM 4; (Y) SNSB-BSPG XCIV-5370, HAM 4; (Z) SNSB-BSPG XCIV-5368, HAM 4; (AC) GPIT/MA/17358, HAM 4; (AD) SNSB-BSPG XCIV-1726, HAM 4. Right M3: (AE) SNSB-BSPG XCIV-3388, HAM 4; (AI) GPIT/MA/10990, HAM 4; (AJ) SNSB-BSPG XCIV-5373, HAM 4; (AL) SNSB-BSPG XCIV-0446, HAM 4. Left M3: (AF) SNSB-BSPG XCIV-1320, HAM 4; (AG) SNSB-BSPG XCIV-0415, HAM 4; (AH) GPIT/MA/12562, HAM 4; (AK) GPIT/MA/10748, HAM 5; (AM) GPIT/MA/16530, HAM 4; (AN) SNSB-BSPG XCIV-1728, HAM 4; (AO) SNSB-BSPG XCIV-1729, HAM 4. Enamel in white, dentine in black, cement as dotted area, completions or hypothetic area of first wear in grey.

Fig. 1 in The beaver Steneofiber depereti from the lower Upper Miocene hominid locality Hammerschmiede and remarks on its ecology

Fig. 1. General tooth scheme and morphological nomenclature used for the descriptions and comparisons of right lower (A) and upper (B) cheek teeth (premolars and molars) of the beaver Steneofiber depereti Mayet, 1908, from the early Late Miocene locality of Hammerschmiede (Bavaria, Germany). A1, B1, occlusal view of an early wear stage; A2, B2,occlusal view of a later wear stage; A3, B3, buccal view; A4, B4, lingual view. Enamel in white, dentine in dark grey, roots in light grey, cement not shown. Line drawings are not based on specific specimens and are not to scale. Nomenclature follows Stirton (1935) and Hugueney (1999).

Fig. 5 in The castorid Steneofiber from NW Germany and its implications for the taxonomy of Miocene beavers

Fig. 5. Cheek teeth of the castorid Steneofiber depereti from the middle Miocene of Hambach 6C, northwestern Germany. DP4 in occlusal view: IPB−HaH 5166 (A); P4 in occlusal view: IPB−HaH 5088 (B), IPB−HaH 6374 (C), IPB−HaH 6376 (D), IPB−HaH 6380 (E); M1/2 in occlusal view: IPB−HaH 5102 (F), IPB−HaH 6377 (G), IPB−HaH 6383 (H), IPB−HaH 6384 (I), IPB−HaH 6385 (J), IPB−HaH 6401 (K); M3 in occlusal view: IPB−HaH 5101 (L), IPB−HaH 6390 (M), IPB−HaH 5165 (N); dp4 in occlusal view: IPB−HaH 6392 (O), IPB−HaH 6393 (P), IPB−HaH 6394 (Q); p4 in occlusal view: IPB−HaH 6396 (R), IPB−HaH 6397 (S), IPB−HaH 6440 (T); m1/2 in occlusal view: IPB−HaH 5043 (U); P4 in lingual view: IPB−HaH 6375 (V); M3 in labial view: IPB−HaH 5165 (W); dp4 in lingual view: IPB−HaH 6394 (X); p4 in labial view: IPB−HaH 6396 (Y), IPB−HaH 6440 (Z), IPB−HaH 6397 (AA); m1/2 in lingual view: IPB−HaH 5043 (AB).

Fig. 2 in The castorid Steneofiber from NW Germany and its implications for the taxonomy of Miocene beavers

Fig. 2. Mandibles of the castorid Steneofiber depereti from the middle Miocene of Hambach 6C, northwestern Germany. A. IPB−HaH 6409 in lingual (A1) and labial (A2) views. B. IPB−HaH 5149 in labial (B1), lingual (B2), ventral (B3), and posterior (B4) views; B5, tooth row in occlusal view. C. IPB−HaH 5167, tooth row in occlusal view.

Fig. 6 in The castorid Steneofiber from NW Germany and its implications for the taxonomy of Miocene beavers

Fig. 6. Occlusal pattern of upper cheek teeth of the castorid Steneofiber depereti from the middle Miocene of Hambach 6C, northwestern Germany. Deciduous tooth (A), premolars (B–G), molars (H–S); left DP4, IPB−HaH 5166 (A); right P4, IPB−HaH 6376 (B); left P4, IPB−HaH 6375 (C); left P4, IPB−HaH 6374 (D); left P4, IPB−HaH 6378 (E); left P4, IPB−HaH 5088 (F); left P4, IPB−HaH 6380 (G); left M1/2, IPB−HaH 6388 (H); left M1/2, IPB−HaH 6387 (I); right M1/2, IPB−HaH 6377 (J); left M1/2, IPB−HaH 6382 (K); right M1/2, IPB−HaH 5109 (L); right M1/2, IPB−HaH 5107 (M); right M1/2, IPB−HaH 6386 (N); left M1/2, IPB−HaH 6401 (O); right M3, IPB−HaH 6391 (P); left M3, IPB−HaH 6389 (Q); right M3, IPB−HaH 5101 (R); left M3, IPB−HaH 6390 (S).

Fig. 4 in The castorid Steneofiber from NW Germany and its implications for the taxonomy of Miocene beavers

Fig. 4. Occlusal pattern of lower cheek teeth of the castorid Steneofiber depereti from the middle Miocene of Hambach 6C, northwestern Germany. Mandibular tooth rows (A–E), deciduous teeth (F, G), premolars (H–J), molars (K–R); left p4–m3, IPB−HaH 6408 (A); right p4–m3, IPB−HaH 6409 (B); left p4–m3, IPB−HaH 5149 (C); right m1–m3, IPB−HaH 5150 (D); left p4–m2, IPB−HaH 5167 (E); left dp4, IPB−HaH 6392 (F); right dp4, IPB−HaH 6393 (G); right p4, IPB−HaH 6396 (H); right p4, IPB−HaH 6395 (I); left p4, IPB−HaH 6397 (J); left m1/2, IPB−HaH 6399 (K); right m1/2, IPB−HaH 5100 (L); right m1/2, slightly worn with a lingually open metaflexid, IPB−HaH 5043 (M); right m1/2, IPB−HaH 5106 (N); right m1/2, IPB−HaH 6400 (O); right m3, IPB−HaH 5110 (P); left m3, IPB−HaH 6404 (Q); right m3, IPB−HaH 6402 (R).

Fig. 3 in The castorid Steneofiber from NW Germany and its implications for the taxonomy of Miocene beavers

Fig. 3. Incisors of the castorid Steneofiber depereti from the middle Miocene of Hambach 6C, northwestern Germany. A. Tip of right I (IPB−HaH 6418) in oblique−lateral (A1) and lingual (A2) views. B. Tip of left I (IPB−HaH 6419) in lateral view.

Fig. 8 in The castorid Steneofiber from NW Germany and its implications for the taxonomy of Miocene beavers

Fig. 8. Lengths of mandibular tooth rows of Steneofiber depereti from the middle Miocene of Hambach 6C, in comparison to other representatives of the genus from early and middle Miocene localities in France, and in comparison to representatives of Chalicomys. For St. Gérand and Hambach are both given the lengths of occlusal surfaces and the alveole lengths. Data for Steneofiber castorinus and S. depereti from Artenay (marked with *) from Stefen (2005), for subspecies of S. depereti in the Loire Basin from Hugueney (1999), for "Chalicomys" batalleri from Casanovas−Vilar et al. (2008), and for Chalicomys jaegeri from Kaup (1833) and Ünay (1976).

Fig. 7 in The castorid Steneofiber from NW Germany and its implications for the taxonomy of Miocene beavers

Fig. 7. Dimensions of lower cheek teeth of the castorid Steneofiber depereti from the middle Miocene of Hambach 6C, northwestern Germany, in comparison to material from early and middle Miocene localities in France and Germany. Data for Eggingen−Mittelhart (MN 4) (CS unpublished data) and Sach and Heizmann (2001), for Artenay (MN 4) (CS unpublished data), for La Brosse (MN 3) from Ginsburg et al. (2000), for Viehhausen (MN 5) from Seemann (1938), and for Sos (MN 5) from Ginsburg (1967). "Chalicomys" batalleri from Abocador de Can Mata, Spain, MN 7/8 (Casanovas−Vilar et al. 2008) is included. Lower premolars (A) and lower molars (B).

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Fig. 1 in The castorid Steneofiber from NW Germany and its implications for the taxonomy of Miocene beavers

Fig. 1. Location of the Hambach opencast lignite mine in northwestern Germany.