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FIGURE 11 in Morphology and morphogenesis of Strongylidium pseudocrassum Wang and Nie, 1935, with redefinition of Strongylidium Sterki, 1878 (Protista: Ciliophora: Stichotrichia)

FIGURE 11. Species of Strongylidium assigned to Group 1, modified from originals. S. caudatum, a) ventral side from Kahl (1932), 100–250 µm, b) ventral side from Biernacka (1963), 110–140 µm, c) ventral side from Kattar (1970), 200–220 µm. In Al-Rasheid (1996), 220–250 µm; S. californicum, d) ventral side from Kahl (1932), 250 µm; S. contortus, e, f) ventral side from Gelei (1954), 140–170 µm; S. coronatum, g) ventral side, h) lateral view, from Vuxanovici (1963), 110 µm; S. crassum, i) ventral side, j) dorsal side, from Kahl (1932), 150 µm, k) ventral side from Borror (1972), l) ventral side from Tuffrau and Fleury (1994), 120–180 µm; S. labiatum, m) ventral side, n) left side, from Kahl (1932), 80 µm; S. lanceolatum, o) ventral side from Kowalewskiego (1882), 126µm, p) ventral side from Kahl (1932), 130 µm, q) redrawn from Kowalewskiego (1882) by Kahl (1932); S. lentum nov. comb., r) ventral side from Kahl (1932) 150 µm, s) ventral side from Biernacka (1963), 120–140 µm; S. microstoma, t) ventral side from Dragesco and Dragesco-Kernéis (1986), 135–188 µm; S. mucicola, u) ventral side, v) dorsal side, from Kahl (1932), 120 µm, S. muscorum, w) ventral side from Kahl (1932), 10 µm; marine Strongylidium sp., x) ventral side from Kahl (1932), 70 µm; freshwater Strongylidium sp., y) ventral side from Kahl (1932), 130 µm. Figures were resized out of scale.

FIGURE 8 in Morphology and morphogenesis of Strongylidium pseudocrassum Wang and Nie, 1935, with redefinition of Strongylidium Sterki, 1878 (Protista: Ciliophora: Stichotrichia)

FIGURE 8. Micrographs of Strongylidium pseudocrassum after protargol-impregnation showing aspects of the divisional morphogenesis. a) ventral side showing early development of primary primordium V, indicated by arrows; b) ventral side of middle divider showing ventral and right marginal primordia. Arrow indicates undulating membranes primordium; c) divider showing long primary primordium V (arrows); d) late divider. Black arrows point to cirral products of primordium IV of the proter; white arrow shows cirrus I/1 of the proter; e) opisthe of late divider. Black arrows show cirral products of primordium IV; white arrows indicate the anterior segment of the cirral product of primordium VI; f) dorsal side of divider showing dorsal kineties primordia (arrows).

FIGURE 5 in Morphology and morphogenesis of Strongylidium pseudocrassum Wang and Nie, 1935, with redefinition of Strongylidium Sterki, 1878 (Protista: Ciliophora: Stichotrichia)

FIGURE 5. Divisional morphogenesis and physiological reorganization of Strongylidium pseudocrassum from protargol-impregnation slides. a) stage 12, divider showing dorsal side ciliature pattern completely developed; b) early reorganizer. Arrow marks fused undulating membranes; c) reorganizer showing basal bodies disaggregating from the anterior region of the fused undulating membranes (black arrow), and disaggregating adoral membraneles (white arrow); d) reorganizer showing oral anarchic primordium. Arrow shows the early development of cirrus I/1; e) middle reorganizer. White arrow marks supposedly new adoral membranes; f) dorsal side of middle reorganizer showing new dorsal kineties development (arrows); g) ventral side of late reorganizer. The black arrow shows differentiation of the undulating membranes and the white arrow shows supposedly new adoral membraneles.

FIGURE 6 in Morphology and morphogenesis of Strongylidium pseudocrassum Wang and Nie, 1935, with redefinition of Strongylidium Sterki, 1878 (Protista: Ciliophora: Stichotrichia)

FIGURE 6. Video-micrographs of living specimens of Strongylidium pseudocrassum. a) ventral side; b) left side; c, d) dorsal side; e) ventral side showing posterior contractile vacuole and cytoplasmic crystals (asterisks); f) ventral side showing cytoplasmic granulation located at the periphery of the posterior contractile vacuoles (white arrows); g) dorsal side showing cortical granulation at 400x magnification; h) ventral side showing cortical granulation at 1,000x magnification. Large granules are marked with asterisks, median sized granules are marked with white arrows and small sized granules are marked with black arrows. Scale bar is not shown in this figure because specimen was heavily squeezed under a coverslip, thus very deformed.

FIGURE 4 in Morphology and morphogenesis of Strongylidium pseudocrassum Wang and Nie, 1935, with redefinition of Strongylidium Sterki, 1878 (Protista: Ciliophora: Stichotrichia)

FIGURE 4. Divisional morphogenesis of Strongylidium pseudocrassum from protargol-impregnation slides, stages 10 – 12. a) stage 10, ventral side showing cirral products of ventral primordia and early differentiation of the undulating membranes of the proter and opisthe (arrows) and; b) stage 10, dorsal side. Arrows point to caudal cirri developing from the posterior end of each new dorsal kinety; c) stage 11, ventral side. Arrows point to postperistomial cirri; d) stage 11, dorsal side; black arrows mark new caudal cirri; white arrows mark remaining parental dikinetids; e) stage 12, ventral side showing cirral pattern completely developed. Arrows mark remaining parental left ventral cirral row.

FIGURE 3 in Morphology and morphogenesis of Strongylidium pseudocrassum Wang and Nie, 1935, with redefinition of Strongylidium Sterki, 1878 (Protista: Ciliophora: Stichotrichia)

FIGURE 3. Divisional morphogenesis of Strongylidium pseudocrassum from protargol-impregnation slides, stages 5–9, ventral side. a) stage 5, arrow marks the anterior end of the fused undulating membranes, from where basal bodies supposedly migrate to join primordium I of the proter; b) stage 6, arrow marks degenerating cirri in the left ventral row; c) stage 7, arrows mark early differentiating procirri from the ventral primordia of the proter. The question mark indicates an area wich did not stain with protargol, thus could not be depicted; d) stage 8, arrows indicate the split point of long primary primordium V and the double arrow marks the adoral zone of membranelles of the opisthe in late differentiation, which bends rightwards to assume its final conformation; e) stage 9, arrows show advanced differentiation stage of the ventral primordia; double arrow indicates the adoral zone of membranelles of the proter, now fully differentiated.

FIGURE 2 in Morphology and morphogenesis of Strongylidium pseudocrassum Wang and Nie, 1935, with redefinition of Strongylidium Sterki, 1878 (Protista: Ciliophora: Stichotrichia)

FIGURE 2. Divisional morphogenesis of Strongylidium pseudocrassum from protargol-impregnation slides, stages 1 – 4 (a–d, ventral side; e, dorsal side). a) stage 1, double arrow marks protomembranelles. Notice the absence of the posteristomial cirrus, which was absorbed to form the oral primordium. Nuclear replication bands are visible during this stage (arrows); b) stage 2, double arrow shows the leftwards curvature of the early adoral membranelles; c) stage 3, development of the undulating membranes primordium (arrow) and primordia II and III of the opisthe; d) stage 4, development long primary primordia IV and I and primordia II and III of the proter. Arrows mark the long primary primordium I; e) stage 4, early development of the new dorsal kineties. Black arrows mark the new structures of the proter; white arrows mark the new structures of the opisthe.

FIGURE 7 in Morphology and morphogenesis of Strongylidium pseudocrassum Wang and Nie, 1935, with redefinition of Strongylidium Sterki, 1878 (Protista: Ciliophora: Stichotrichia)

FIGURE 7. Micrographs of Strongylidium pseudocrassum after protargol-impregnation. a) ventral side; b) nuclear apparatus; c) dorsal side; d) nuclear apparatus with both nodules bissected; e) detail of specimen with three extra ventral cirri (arrows), anterior macronuclear nodule bissected and an ingested prey visible (asterisk).

FIGURE 10 in Morphology and morphogenesis of Strongylidium pseudocrassum Wang and Nie, 1935, with redefinition of Strongylidium Sterki, 1878 (Protista: Ciliophora: Stichotrichia)

FIGURE 10. Scanning electron micrographs of Strongylidium pseudocrassum. a) frontoventral region showing adoral zone of membranelles, paroral membrane and arrangement of cirri; b) close view of the oral region showing intermembranellar ridges (white arrows); lateral membranellar cilia (black arrows) and membranellar bolsters (asterisks). AZM = adoral zone of membranelles; P = paroral membrane. Scale bars = 5 µm.

FIGURE 13 in Morphology and morphogenesis of Strongylidium pseudocrassum Wang and Nie, 1935, with redefinition of Strongylidium Sterki, 1878 (Protista: Ciliophora: Stichotrichia)

FIGURE 13. Species of Strongylidium assigned to Group 4 (a, b) and Group 5 (c–g), modified from originals. S. maritimum, a) ventral side from Wang and Nie (1932), 68 µm. In Al-Rasheid (1997), 80–120 µm; Strongylidium sp. b) ventral side, from Bütschli apud Calkins (1933); S. crepidatum, c) ventral side, d) dorsal side, e) ventral side from organism confined in a sapropelic environment, from Wang (1940), 102–117 µm; S. polystichum, f) ventral side, g) dorsal side, from Kahl (1932), 160 µm. Figures were resized out of scale.

FIGURE 1 in Morphology and morphogenesis of Strongylidium pseudocrassum Wang and Nie, 1935, with redefinition of Strongylidium Sterki, 1878 (Protista: Ciliophora: Stichotrichia)

FIGURE 1. Strongylidium pseudocrassum, morphology of interphasic cells (a, live specimen; b–j, after protargol-impregnation; k–l, modified from Wang & Nie, 1935). a–b) ventral side. Arrow marks postperistomial cirrus, double arrows point to the anterior region of the ventral cirral rows; c) right side; d) dorsal side; e–f) positional variation of the postperistomial cirrus (arrows); g) arrows mark the extra ventral cirri present in some specimens; h) anterior macronuclear nodule bissected (encircled); i) posterior nodule bissected (encircled); j) both nodules bissected; k) ventral side showing postperistomial cirrus; l) dorsal side with arrows pointing to ciliary structures referred in the original description as "transverse cirri" (see text). Scale bars = 10 µm; k–l, 410x. aCV = anterior contractile vacuole; BC = buccal cirrus; CC = caudal cirrus/cirri; DK(n) = dorsal kinety; E = endoral membrane; FC = frontal cirrus/cirri; FVC = frontoventral cirrus; LMR = left marginal cirral row; LVR = left ventral cirral row; Ma = macronuclear nodule; Mi = micronucleus; P = paroral membrane; pCV = posterior contractile vacuole; PpC = postperistomial cirrus; RMR = right marginal cirral row; RVR = right ventral cirral row.

FIGURE 9 in Morphology and morphogenesis of Strongylidium pseudocrassum Wang and Nie, 1935, with redefinition of Strongylidium Sterki, 1878 (Protista: Ciliophora: Stichotrichia)

FIGURE 9. Micrographs of Strongylidium pseudocrassum after protargol-impregnation showing aspects of physiological reorganization (a–c) and scanning electron images (d–g).

FIGURE 12 in Morphology and morphogenesis of Strongylidium pseudocrassum Wang and Nie, 1935, with redefinition of Strongylidium Sterki, 1878 (Protista: Ciliophora: Stichotrichia)

FIGURE 12. Species of Strongylidium assigned to Group 2 (a–f) and Group 3 (g–k), modified from originals. S. deflectum, a) ventral side, b) ventral side and detail of the posterior region, from Tucolesco (1962), 110–120 µm; S. packi, c) ventral side; d) specimen leaving from an empty cyst wall, from Pack (1919), 70 µm, e, f) redrawn from Pack (1919) by Kahl (1932); S. mucicola, g, h) ventral side, i) dorsal side, from Packroff and Wilbert (1991), 100 µm in vivo; S. seravini, j) ventral side with nuclear apparatus depicted outside of cell, k) dorsal side, from Alekperov (2005), 160–200 µm. Figures were resized out of scale.

FIGURE 5. Phylogenetic tree inferred from the 18S in Strongylidium koreanum n. sp. (Protozoa: Ciliophora), a new soil species from South Korea

FIGURE 5. Phylogenetic tree inferred from the 18S rRNA gene sequences showing the position of Strongylidium koreanum n. sp. based on the maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods. TIM2 + I (0.6080) + G (0.4720) was selected as the best model from jModelTest version 2.1.7. Support values at the nodes represent the bootstrap values of maximum likelihood analysis and the posterior probability of the BI model. Dashes denote bootstrap values <50% or different topologies in ML and BI phylogenies.

FIGURE 4 in Strongylidium koreanum n. sp. (Protozoa: Ciliophora), a new soil species from South Korea

FIGURE 4. Dividers of Strongylidium koreanum n. sp. after protargol impregnation. A–D. Ventral and dorsal views of middle dividers showing the migrating cirri. E–H. Ventral and dorsal views of late dividers. CC, caudal cirri; DK1-3, dorsal kineties 1–3; DKA, anlagen of dorsal kineties; I–VI, anlagen of frontoventral cirri I–VI; LMA, left marginal anlage; Ma, macronuclear nodules; Mi, micronuclei; RMA, right marginal anlage. Scale bars 100 μm.

FIGURE 1 in Strongylidium koreanum n. sp. (Protozoa: Ciliophora), a new soil species from South Korea

FIGURE 1. Morphology of Strongylidium koreanum n. sp. alive (A, B) and after protargol staining (C, D). A. Ventral view of a representative individual. B. Dorsal view. The arrow indicates the contractile vacuole. C, D. Ventral and dorsal views of holotype specimen showing the ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus. AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DK1-3, dorsal kineties 1–3; EM, endoral membrane; FC, frontal cirri; LMR, left marginal row; LVR, left ventral row; Ma, macronuclear nodules; Mi, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane; PVC, postoral ventral cirrus; RMR, right marginal row; RVR; right ventral row. Scale bars 100 µm.

FIGURE 3 in Strongylidium koreanum n. sp. (Protozoa: Ciliophora), a new soil species from South Korea

FIGURE 3. Photomicrographs of Strongylidium koreanum n. sp. after protargol impregnation. A–C. Ventral and dorsal views of specimen. D–G. Ventral and dorsal views of a middle dividers. H–K. Ventral and dorsal views of a late dividers, showing the dividing macronucleus. AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DK1-3, dorsal kineties 1–3; DKA, anlagen of dorsal kineties; I–VI, anlagen of fronto-ventral cirri I–VI; LMA, left marginal anlage; LMR, left marginal row; LVR, left ventral row; Ma, macronuclear nodules; Mi, micronuclei; RMA, right marginal anlage; RMR, right marginal row; RVR, right ventral row. Scale bars 100 µm.

FIGURE 2 in Strongylidium koreanum n. sp. (Protozoa: Ciliophora), a new soil species from South Korea

FIGURE 2. Photomicrographs of Strongylidium koreanum n. sp. from live specimens using bright field and differential interference contrast optic methods. A–C. Ventral and dorsal views of typical specimens. D. Midventral row. E. Anterior ventral portion to show the undulating membranes. F. Nuclear apparatus. G. Dorsal cilia. CV, contractile vacuole; DB, dorsal bristles; Ma, macronuclear nodules; MVR, midventral row; PM, paroral membrane. Scale bars 100 µm.