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24 results for “Structural colour”
The genetic basis of structural colour variation in mimetic Heliconius butterflies
<p>Raw USAXS data from discal region of <em>Heliconius </em>butterflies (<em>H. erato </em>and<em> H. melpomene</em>). The data comes from wings of individuals of two intercross families, one from each species and was used to estimate scale structure variation and a QTL analysis.</p>
Data from: Why there are so many structurally coloured bird species in the tropics?
<p>Several ecogeographical "rules" have been proposed to explain colour variation at broad spatial and phylogenetic scales, but these rarely consider whether colours are based on pigments or structural colours. However, mechanism can have profound effects on the function and evolution of colours. Here, we combine geographic information, climate data, and colour mechanism at broad phylogenetic (9409 species) and spatial scales (global) to determine how transitions between pigmentary and structural colours influence speciation dynamics and range distributions in birds. Among structurally coloured species, we find that rapid dispersal into tropical regions drove the accumulation of iridescent species, whereas the build-up of non-iridescent species in the tropics was driven by a combination of dispersal and faster <em>in situ</em> evolution in the tropics. These results could be explained by pleiotropic links between colouration and dispersal behaviour, or ecological factors influencing colonisation success. These data elucidate geographic patterns of colouration at a global scale and provide testable hypotheses for future work on birds and other animals with structural colours.</p>
Structural colour in the bacterial domain: the ecogenomics of an optical phenotype
<p>Structural colour is an optical phenomena resulting from light interacting with nanostructured materials. Although structural colour is widespread in the tree of life, the underlying genetics and genomics are not well understood. Here we collected and sequenced a set of 87 structurally coloured bacterial isolates, and 30 related strains lacking SC. Optical analysis of colonies indicated that diverse bacteria from at least two different phyla (Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria) can create two dimensional packing capable of producing SC. Genome-wide association approaches were used to identify genes associated with structural colour. The biosynthesis of uroporphyrin and pterins, as well as carbohydrate utilisation and metabolism, were found to be involved. Using this information, we constructed a classifier to predict structural colour directly from bacterial genome sequences, validated it by scoring 100 strains that were not involved in creating the structural colour classifier, and predicted that photonic structures are widely distributed within Gram-negative bacteria. Analysis of over 13 thousand assembled metagenomes predicted that SC is nearly absent from most habitats associated with multicellular organisms except macroalgae and is abundant in marine waters and surface/air interfaces. This work provides the first large-scale ecogenomics view of structural colour in bacteria and identifies microbial pathways and evolutionary relationships that underlie this optical phenomenon.</p>
Data from: Structural colours in diverse Mesozoic insects
Structural colours, nature's most pure and intense colours, originate when light is scattered via nanoscale modulations of the refractive index. Original colours in fossils illuminate the ecological interactions among extinct organisms and functional evolution of colours. Here we report multiple examples of vivid metallic colours in diverse insects from mid-Cretaceous amber. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed a smooth outer surface and five alternating electron-dense and electron-lucent layers in the epicuticle of a fossil wasp, suggesting that multilayer reflectors, the most common biophotonic nanostructure in animals and even plants, are responsible for the exceptional preservation of colour in amber fossils. Based on theoretical modeling of the reflectance spectra, a reflective peak of wavelength of 514 nm was calculated, corresponding to the bluish green colour observed under white light. The green to blue structural colours in fossil wasps, beetles, and a fly most likely functioned as camouflage, although other functions such as thermoregulation cannot be ruled out. This discovery not only provides critical evidence of evolution of structural colours in arthropods, but also sheds light on the preservation potential of nanostructures of ancient animals through geological time.
Deep structure, long-distance migration and admixture in the colour polymorphic land snail Cepaea nemoralis
<p>While snails of the genus <em>Cepaea</em> have historically been important in studying colour polymorphism<em> </em>an ongoing issue is that there is a lack of knowledge of the underlying genetics of the polymorphism, as well as an absence of genomic data to put findings in context. We therefore used phylogenomic methods to begin to investigate the post-glacial history of <em>Cepaea nemoralis</em>, with a long-term aim to understand the roles that selection and drift have in determining both European-wide and local patterns of colour polymorphism. By combining prior and new mitochondrial DNA data from over 1500 individuals with ddRAD genomic data from representative individuals across Europe, we show that patterns of differentiation are primarily due to multiple deeply diverged populations of snails. Minimally, there is a widespread Central European population and additional diverged groups in Northern Spain, the Pyrenees, as well as likely Italy and South Eastern Europe. The genomic analysis showed that the present-day snails in Ireland and possibly some other locations are likely descendants of admixture between snails from the Pyrenees and the Central European group, an observation that is consistent with prior inferences from mtDNA alone. The interpretation is that <em>C. nemoralis</em> may have arrived in Ireland via long-distance migration from the Pyrenean region, subsequently admixing with arrivals from elsewhere. This work therefore provides a baseline expectation for future studies on the genetics of the colour polymorphism, as well as providing a comparator for similar species.</p>
Heightened condition dependent expression of structural colouration in the faces, but not wings, of male and female flies
<p>Data from White et al. (2021): Heightened condition dependent expression of structural colouration in the faces, but not wings, of male and female flies</p>
Deep structure, long-distance migration and admixture in the colour polymorphic land snail Cepaea nemoralis
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Data from: Structural colours in diverse Mesozoic insects
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Brilliant angle independent structural colours preserved in weevil scales from the Swiss Pleistocene
<p>Raw SAXS detector image and Microspectrophotometric data for "Brilliant angle independent structural colours preserved in weevil scales from the Swiss Pleistocene"</p>
Data from: Ecological divergence among colour morphs mediated by changes in spatial network structure associated with disturbance
1. Differences in individual behaviour affect social interactions and contribute to the spatial structuring of animal populations. However, disturbance should also affect spatial networks by altering habitat heterogeneity and resource availability. Variation in resource availability should perturb the frequency and nature of social and ecological interactions within a population by affecting the spatial distribution of individuals. 2. In disturbed habitats where resources are limiting, spatial relationships should reflect behavioural differences among individuals, with higher-quality resources controlled by dominant individuals. In contrast, all individuals may exploit preferred resources in resource-rich habitats. Environmental variation and population reorganisation may also result in variation in morphological, behavioural, and ecological traits, which ultimately affect fitness. 3. We addressed these considerations for male tree lizards (Urosaurus ornatus) at three sites that differ in levels of disturbance. The habitats at these localities differed in the availability of live trees, the preferred microhabitat of U. ornatus. In addition, male U. ornatus exhibit a polymorphism in dewlap colour linked with differences in aggression, which should influence their position in a network and access to resources. We applied a network framework to characterise the spatial organisation of male morphs at each site and quantified male aggressive behaviour in the laboratory. We also compared body size, body condition, number of bite marks, parasite load, and the microhabitat use and diet, of males among the sites. 4. We detected no significant differences in spatial network structure between unburned and infrequently burned sites. However, at a frequently-burned site, the network shifted towards geographically closer, heteromorphic male neighbour associations. Males at this site were also larger, more aggressive, and had more bite marks but fewer parasites than males at the other sites. Moreover, we detected divergence in microhabitat use and diet among the morphs at the frequently-burned site that reflected the shift in spatial network structure and differences in morph behaviour. That is, only more-aggressive morphs usurped trees and consumed prey from higher trophic levels. 5. We conclude that environmental variation may influence animal spatial network structure. Jointly, behavioural and environmental variation may promote despotic social dynamics and ecological divergence in resource-limited habitats.
Figure 2. Phylogenetic structure within Petrodromus. Colour coding indicates the main phylogenetic lineages found. A in Four-toed sengi (Petrodromus tetradactylus, Afrotheria, Mammalia) museomics reveals a crucial role of East African forests in macroscelidean diversification
Figure 2. Phylogenetic structure within Petrodromus. Colour coding indicates the main phylogenetic lineages found. A, Bayesian phylogenetic tree from mitochondrial (less) and nuclear DNA (right) with major genetic lineages highlighted. Numbers indicate posterior probability of deeper nodes. B, Collecting locations of samples assigned to lineages, with squares representing the P.t.s.s. lineages and dots all other lineages. C, Haplotype network of the nuclear gene IRBP (top) and mitochondrial gene 16S rRNA (boưom).
Fig. 10. Proposed chemical structures for peaks 1, 2, 5 and 6 in Chemical evolution of the colour systems generated by riccionidin A, 3-deoxyanthocyanidins and anthocyanins
Fig. 10. Proposed chemical structures for peaks 1, 2, 5 and 6 detected by HPLC-MS and possible mechanistic pathways leading to their formation. The position of the methyl group was randomly assigned in the structure from peak 6.
Untangling the structural and molecular mechanisms underlying colour and rapid colour change in a lizard, Agama atra
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Data from: Phylogeographic structure, demographic history, and morph composition in a colour polymorphic lizard
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Data from: Influence of haemosporidian infection status on structural and carotenoid‐based colouration in the blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus)
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Data from: Spider silk colour co-varies with thermal properties but not protein structure
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Data from: Space use and genetic structure do not maintain colour polymorphism in a species with alternative behavioural strategies
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Data from: Ecological divergence among colour morphs mediated by changes in spatial network structure associated with disturbance
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Regulatory and structural variants in the CLCN2 gene are associated with modified skin colour pattern phenotypes in the corn snake.
GEO Series GSE273807. Pantherophis guttatus. 7 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
The genetic basis of structural colour variation in mimetic Heliconius butterflies [erato]
GEO Series GSE190378. Heliconius erato demophoon; Heliconius erato cyrbia. 32 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
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