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7 results for “Struthio”
Explanation of Plate I. Figure 1.—Left tibia of Ornithomimus velox, Marsh; A, front view; b, distal end; c, transverse section. Figure 2.—Left metatarsals of same specimen; A, front view; b, proximal ends; c, transverse section; d, distal ends. Figure 3.—Phalanges of second digit of same foot; front view, a, first phalange; b, second phalange; c, third, or terminal phalange. Figure 4.—Left metacarpals of same species, perhaps of smaller individual; front view. Figure 5.—Left tibia of young Ostrich (Struthio camelus, Linn.); a, front view; b, distal end. The separate calcaneum was first observed by the writer's assistant, Dr. G-. Baur, who prepared the specimen. Figure 6.—Left metatarsals of young turkey (Meleagris gallipavo, Linn.); a, front view; b, proximal ends. a, astragalus; as, ascending process of astragalus; c, calcaneum; f, fibula; f' face for fibula; II, second metatarsal; III, third metatarsal; iv, fourth metatarsal. Figures 1-4 are one-third natural size, and figures 5 and 6, one-half natural size. in Description of new dinosaurian reptiles
Explanation of Plate I. Figure 1.—Left tibia of Ornithomimus velox, Marsh; A, front view; b, distal end; c, transverse section. Figure 2.—Left metatarsals of same specimen; A, front view; b, proximal ends; c, transverse section; d, distal ends. Figure 3.—Phalanges of second digit of same foot; front view, a, first phalange; b, second phalange; c, third, or terminal phalange. Figure 4.—Left metacarpals of same species, perhaps of smaller individual; front view. Figure 5.—Left tibia of young Ostrich (Struthio camelus, Linn.); a, front view; b, distal end. The separate calcaneum was first observed by the writer's assistant, Dr. G-. Baur, who prepared the specimen. Figure 6.—Left metatarsals of young turkey (Meleagris gallipavo, Linn.); a, front view; b, proximal ends. a, astragalus; as, ascending process of astragalus; c, calcaneum; f, fibula; f' face for fibula; II, second metatarsal; III, third metatarsal; iv, fourth metatarsal. Figures 1-4 are one-third natural size, and figures 5 and 6, one-half natural size.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scan of the Brain of a Ostrich (Struthio camelus)
<p>Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scan of the Brain of a Ostrich (<i>Struthio camelus</i>) from http://braincatalogue.org/Ostrich</p>
Anatomy, ontogeny, and evolution of the archosaurian respiratory system: a case study on Alligator mississippiensis and Struthio camelus
<p>The avian lung is highly specialized and is both functionally and morphologically distinct from that of their closest extant relatives, the crocodilians. It is highly partitioned, with a unidirectionally ventilated and immobilized gas-exchanging lung, and fully decoupled, compliant, poorly vascularized ventilatory air-sacs. To understand the evolutionary history of the archosaurian (birds, crocodilians and their common ancestors) respiratory system, it is essential to determine which anatomical characteristics are shared between birds and crocodilians and the role these shared traits play in their respective respiratory biology. To begin to address this larger question, we examined the anatomy of the lung and bronchial tree of ten American alligators (<i>Alligator mississippiensis</i>) and eleven ostriches (<i>Struthio camelus</i>) across an ontogenetic series using traditional and micro-computed tomography (µCT), three-dimensional (3D) digital models, and morphometry. Intraspecific variation and left to right asymmetry were present in certain aspects of the bronchial tree of both taxa but was particularly evident in the cardiac (medial) region of the lungs of alligators and the caudal aspect of the bronchial tree in both species. The cross-sectional area of the primary bronchus at the level of the major secondary airways and cross-sectional area of ostia scaled either isometrically or negatively allometrically in alligators and isometrically or positively allometrically in ostriches with respect to body mass. Of fifteen lung metrics, five were significantly different between the alligator and ostrich, suggesting that these aspects of the lung are more interspecifically plastic in archosaurs. One metric, the distances between the carina and each of the major secondary airways, had minimal intraspecific or ontogenetic variation in both alligators and ostriches, and thus may be a conserved trait in both taxa. In contrast to previous descriptions, the 3D digital models and CT scan data demonstrate that the pulmonary diverticula pneumatize the axial skeleton of the ostrich directly from the gas-exchanging pulmonary tissues instead of the air sacs. Global and specific comparisons between the bronchial topography of the alligator and ostrich reveal multiple possible homologies, suggesting that certain structural aspects of the bronchial tree are likely conserved across Archosauria, and may have been present in the ancestral archosaurian lung.</p>
Figure 3. A in Metric variation in the postcranial skeleton of ostriches, Struthio (Aves: Palaeognathae), with new data on extinct subspecies
Figure 3. A, ternary diagrams comparing intramembral (length) proportions of femur (F): tibiotarsus (TT): tarsometatarsus (TM) in the extant ratites and moas. Data for Struthio are from the present work; for other ratites from Dickison (2007). See Supporting Information (Table S19) for the ternary ratios shown in the diagram. B, ternary diagrams comparing intramembral (length) proportions of tibiotarsus (TT): tarsometatarsus (TM): pedal digit III phalanx 1 (III/1) in the extant ratites and moas. Data for Struthio are from the present work; for other ratites from Dickison (2007) for the tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus and from Farlow et al. (2013) for the phalanx. See Supporting Information (Table S20) for the ternary ratios shown in the diagrams. C, ternary diagrams comparing intramembral (length) proportions of tarsometatarsus (TM): pedal digit III phalanx 1 (III/1): pedal digit III phalanx 2 (III/2) in the extant ratites and moas. Data for Struthio are from the present work; for other ratites from Dickison (2007) for the tarsometatarsus and from Farlow et al. (2013) for the phalanges. See Supporting Information (Table S21) for the ternary ratios shown in the diagrams. Point labels: An, Anomalopteryx didiformis; Ap, Apteryx (the mean for Apteryx australis, Apteryx mantelli and Apteryx oweni); Ca, Casuarius (the mean for Casuarius casuarius, Casuarius unappendiculatus and Casuarius bennetti); Di, Dinornis (the mean for Dinornis robustus and Dinornis novaezealandiae); Dr, Dromaius novaehollandiae; Em, Emeus crassus; Eu, Euryapteryx curtus (the mean for Euryapteryx curtus curtus and Euryapteryx curtus gravis); Me, Megalapteryx didinus; Pa, Pachyornis (the mean for Pachyornis australis, Pachyornis elephantopus and Pachyornis geranoides; Rh, Rhea (the mean for Rhea americana and Rhea pennata); Sc, Struthio camelus (the mean for Struthio camelus australis, Struthio camelus camelus and Struthio camelus massaicus); Sc+Sm, the mean for Struthio camelus and Struthio molybdophanes; Scs, Struthio camelus syriacus; Ss, Struthio camelus spatzi.
Figure 1 in Metric variation in the postcranial skeleton of ostriches, Struthio (Aves: Palaeognathae), with new data on extinct subspecies
Figure 1. Graphical representations of measurements as defined in Table 1. A, scapulocoracoid in medial view. B, sternum in dorsal view. C, synsacrum and pelvis in cranial (C1), dorsal (C2), lateral (C3) and ventral (C4) view. D, femur in medial (D1), caudal (D2), proximal (D3 and distal (D4) view. E, tibiotarsus in cranial (E1) and medial (E2) view. F, fibula in cranial (F1), lateral (F2) and caudomedial (F3) view. G, tarsometatarsus in proximal (G1), dorsal (proximal end; G2), plantar (G3) and lateral (G4) view. H, phalanx 1 in dorsal (H1), ventral (H2), lateral (H3), medial (H4) and proximal (H5) view. I, pedal digit III phalanx 2 in dorsal (I1), ventral (I2) and medial (I3) view. Anatomical abbreviations: ai, angulus ilii; al, angulus lateralis; am, angulus medialis; at, antitrochanter; c, caput femoris; cc, crista cnemialis cranialis; cn, crista cnemialis lateralis; cp,
Figure 2 in Metric variation in the postcranial skeleton of ostriches, Struthio (Aves: Palaeognathae), with new data on extinct subspecies
Figure 2. Simpson's ratio diagram comparing the lengths of scapulocoracoid (SC), humerus (H), femur (F), tibiotarsus (TT), tarsometatarsus (TM), and the first (III/1), second (III/2), and third (III/3) pedal digit III phalanges of living and extinct ostriches (Struthio), with Struthio camelus australis NHMUK 1857.2.24.10 as a reference (the black straight line at level 0). See the Supporting Information for the adopted lengths of limb segments (Table S17) and their LOG (decimal logarithmic) values (Table S18).
Anatomy, ontogeny, and evolution of the archosaurian respiratory system: a case study on Alligator mississippiensis and Struthio camelus
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