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29 results for “Sturnus vulgaris”
Data and R script for 'Evaluating the cyclic ratio schedule as an assay of feeding behaviour in the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris)'
<p>Data files and R script for Dunn et al. "Evaluating the cyclic ratio schedule as an assay of feeding behaviour in the European starling (<em>Sturnus vulgaris</em>)"</p> <p>Includes a single R script that produces all the analyses in the paper. The script makes use of three different .csv data files.</p>
Data and R script for 'Early-life begging effort reduces adult body mass but strengthens behavioural defence of the rate of energy intake in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris)'
<p>Data files and R script for Dunn et al. "Early-life begging effort reduces adult body mass but strengthens behavioural defence of the rate of energy intake in European starlings (<em>Sturnus vulgaris</em>)"</p> <p>Includes a single R script that produces all the analyses in the paper. The script makes use of three different .csv data files.</p>
Data and script for Andrews et al. 'A marker of biological ageing predicts risk preference in European starlings, Sturnus vulgaris'
<p>Data and script for Andrews et al. 'A marker of biological ageing predicts risk preference in European starlings, Sturnus vulgaris'. Consists: One R script and three data .csv files.</p>
Data for article "Haemosporidian parasites (Apicomplexa, Haemosporida) of breeding Common Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) in Latvia"
<p><span>The archive contains data file to reproduce the results presented in the paper “Haemosporidian parasites (Apicomplexa, Haemosporida) of breeding Common Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) in Latvia” published in Wildlife Biology. Age codes of individual birds within the csv file are given according to EURING.</span></p>
Data archive for 'Cognitive bias in relation to developmental history and stress response in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris)'
<p>Data files and R code for Gott et al. 'Cognitive bias in relation to developmental history and stress response in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris)'.</p> <p>One .csv file gives the trial-by-trial data from the cognitive bias experiment. The other gives individual-level summary variables. Both are used by the R script.</p> <p>Uploaded 9th September 2018</p>
Data archive for 'Developmental history, energetic state and choice impulsivity in European starlings, Sturnus vulgaris'
<p>Data and code for Dunn et al. 'Developmental history, energetic state and choice impulsivity in European starlings, Sturnus vulgaris'</p> <p> </p> <p>The r script allows you to carry out all the analyses reported in the paper. Data from the experiment reported in the paper are 'databybird.csv'.</p> <p>In the paper, we also compare the findings of the present experiment with findings from a study of risk preference in the same birds (Andrews et al. 2018), and two earlier studies of impulsivity in different birds (Bateson et al. 2015, Nettle et al. 2015) . For convenience, we have included the relevant data from those earlier studies here too, though those data are all already published in association with the primary paper on those experiments.</p> <p>This version has a revised R script which tweaked some of the analyses in response to peer review.</p>
Figure 1A in Coproparasitological study of European starling nestlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in Argentina
Figure 1A. Sporulated oocyst of Isospora sp. with 2 pear-shaped sporocysts containing 4 sporozoites each.
Figure 3 in Lichens in the nests of European starling Sturnus vulgaris serve a mate attraction rather than insecticidal function
Figure 3. Number of events in which lichens were added to starling nests during the nesting cycle. Before: period before the start of nest building. Beginning: the first day of nest building. Middle: between the second and the last day of the nest building. After: after the starlings had complete nest building.
Figure 2 in Lichens in the nests of European starling Sturnus vulgaris serve a mate attraction rather than insecticidal function
Figure 2. Nest box with the lichen Ramalina celastri that was used by some of the starlings at the beginning of nest building.
Figure 1 in Lichens in the nests of European starling Sturnus vulgaris serve a mate attraction rather than insecticidal function
Figure 1. Spatial location of the nests in the study area. Full circles: nests with lichens, empty triangles: nests without lichens, empty circles: the 25% of nests without lichens that started the egg-laying earlier, full triangles: the 25% of nests with lichens that started the egg-laying earlier.
Data from: Long-term, not short-term, temperatures predict timing of egg-laying in European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris)
<p>Temperature is thought to be an important supplemental cue used by female birds to time breeding. It is widely assumed that late spring temperatures, within ~1 month of egg-laying, are most predictive of laying date, consistent with the idea that temperature is used to fine-tune timing of breeding to year-specific local conditions at the time of laying. Here we show that a relatively broad, long-term, temperature window (Jan 2 – Apr 4, 92 days; r2 = 0.73) best predicted timing of egg-laying in European Starlings (<em>Sturnus vulgaris</em>). A "mid-winter" temperature window was also strongly correlated with laying date (r2 = 0.58) but there was no support for an influence of short-term temperatures immediately before egg-laying. We assessed the relationship between ambient temperature and timing of egg-laying using three complimentary approaches: a) an "unconstrained", exploratory analysis, b) a traditional sliding window approach, and c) specific, biologically-informed temperature windows. Our results contrast markedly with the widely held view, in the avian breeding phenology literature, that immediate, pre-breeding, temperatures best predict short-term variation in laying because they allow birds to fine-tune timing of breeding to local conditions around the time of egg-laying. This means that mechanisms that allow integration of long-term temperature information must exist in birds – perhaps most parsimoniously involving direct effects of temperature on growth of the bird's ectothermic insect prey– even though these are currently poorly characterized.</p>
Phenotypic plasticity in mass loss during chick-rearing in the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris)
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Long-term, not short-term, temperatures predict timing of egg-laying in European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris)
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Physiological predictors of reproductive performance in the European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris)
Background: It is widely assumed that variation in fitness components has a physiological basis that might underlie selection on trade-offs, but the mechanisms driving decreased survival and future fecundity remain elusive. Here, we assessed whether physiological variables are related to workload ability or immediate fitness consequences and if they mediate future survival or reproductive success. We used data on 13 physiological variables measured in 93 female European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) at two breeding stages (incubation, chick-rearing), for first-and second-broods over two years (152 observations). Results: There was little co-variation among the physiological variables, either in incubating or chick-rearing birds, but some systematic physiological differences between the two stages. Chick-rearing birds had lower hematocrit and plasma creatine kinase but higher hemoglobin, triglyceride and uric acid levels. Only plasma corticosterone was repeatable between incubation and chick-rearing. We assessed relationships between incubation or chick-rearing physiology and measures of workload, current productivity, future fecundity or survival in a univariate manner, and found very few significant relationships. Thus, we next explored the utility of multivariate analysis (principal components analysis, Mahalanobis distance) to account for potentially complex physiological integration, but still found no clear associations. Conclusions: This implies either that a) birds maintained physiological variables within a homeostatic range that did not affect their performance, b) there are relatively few links between physiology and performance, or, more likely, c) that the complexity of these relationships exceeds our ability to measure it. Variability in ecological context may complicate the relationship between physiology and behavior. We thus urge caution regarding the over-interpretation of isolated significant findings, based on single traits in single years, in the literature.
Data from: Mid-winter temperatures, not spring temperatures, predict breeding phenology in the European starling Sturnus vulgaris
In many species, empirical data suggest that temperatures less than 1 month before breeding strongly influence laying date, consistent with predictions that short lag times between cue and response are more reliable, decreasing the chance of mismatch with prey. Here we show in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) that mid-winter temperature ca 50–90 days before laying (8 January–22 February) strongly (r2 = 0.89) predicts annual variation in laying date. Mid-winter temperature also correlated highly with relative clutch size: birds laid later, but laid larger clutches, in years when mid-winter temperatures were lower. Despite a high degree of breeding synchrony (mean laying date 5–13 April = ±4 days; 80% of nests laid within 4.8 days within year), European starlings show strong date-dependent variation in clutch size and productivity, but this appears to be mediated by a different temporal mechanism for integration of supplemental cue (temperature) information. We suggest the relationship between mid-winter temperature and breeding phenology might be indirect with both components correlating with a third factor: temperature-dependent development of the starling's insect (tipulid) prey. Mid-winter temperatures might set the trajectory of growth and final biomass of tipulid larvae, with this temperature cue providing starlings with information on breeding season prey availability (though exactly how remains unknown).
Season, anthocyanin supplementation, and flight training have mixed effects on the antioxidant system of migratory European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris)
<p>Migratory birds engage in two periods of endurance flight annually as they travel between summer breeding and overwintering grounds, and such endurance flights likely incur oxidative costs. These costs may differ between fall and spring migration, especially for females who must prepare for breeding and egg laying in spring. The objective of this study of a migratory bird was to test proposed hypotheses about how key components of the female's antioxidant system differ in response to flight training in the fall and spring and to dietary antioxidant supplementation. We hand-raised female European starlings (<i>Sturnus vulgaris</i>) and then fed them either a diet supplemented with dietary anthocyanins or a diet without added anthocyanins. <a name="_Hlk53656115">We then flew females in a windtunnel for 15 days during fall and spring migration seasons and measured over time oxidative damage (d-ROMs) and three components of the antioxidant system</a>—non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity (OXY), uric acid, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity. Prior to flight training, non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity and oxidative damage were lower in females during spring compared to fall, and females fed a low-antioxidant diet had consistently higher circulating uric acid. GPx activity decreased more in spring immediately after a long-duration flight. Females fed a high-antioxidant diet had a greater decrease in non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity after the 15-day flight training. <a name="_Hlk53656268">Flight-trained females had higher circulating uric acid than untrained females immediately after the longest-duration flight</a>, and decreased GPx activity after the 15-day flight training. In sum, females upregulated enzymatic and non-enzymatic endogenous antioxidants in spring, and females fed a diet with less antioxidants appear to compensate by increasing circulating uric acid. Our findings emphasize the important role of dietary antioxidants for birds during migration, <a name="_Hlk53656372">and that similar flights in fall and spring likely represent distinct oxidative challenges in the life history of female birds.</a></p>
Unravelling the role of thyroid hormones in seasonal neuroplasticity in European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris)
<p class="MsoNormal">Thyroid hormones clearly play a role in the seasonal regulation of reproduction, but any role they might play in song behavior and the associated seasonal neuroplasticity in songbirds remains to be elucidated. To pursue this question, we first established seasonal patterns in the expression of thyroid hormone regulating genes in male European starlings employing in situ hybridization methods. Thyroid hormone transporter LAT1 expression in the song nucleus HVC was elevated during the photosensitive phase, pointing towards an active role of thyroid hormones during this window of possible neuroplasticity. In contrast, DIO3 expression was high in HVC during the photostimulated phase, limiting the possible effect of thyroid hormones to maintain song stability during the breeding season. Next, we studied the effect of hypothyroidism on song behavior and neuroplasticity using i<em>n vivo </em>MRI. Both under natural conditions as with methimazole treatment, circulating thyroid hormone levels decreased during the photosensitive period, which coincided with the onset of neuroplasticity. This inverse relationship between thyroid hormones and neuroplasticity was further demonstrated by the negative correlation between plasma T3 and the microstructural changes in several song control nuclei and cerebellum. Furthermore, maintaining hypothyroidism during the photostimulated period inhibited the increase in testosterone, confirming the role of thyroid hormones in activating the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis. The lack of high testosterone levels influenced the song behavior of hypothyroid starlings, while the lack of high plasma T4 during photostimulation affected the myelination of several tracts. Potentially, a global reduction of circulating thyroid hormones during the photosensitive period is necessary to lift the brake on neuroplasticity imposed by the photorefractory period, whereas local fine-tuning of thyroid hormone concentrations through LAT1 could activate underlying neuroplasticity mechanisms. Whereas an increase in circulating T4 during the photostimulated period potentially influences the myelination of several white matter tracts, which stabilizes the neuroplastic changes. Given the complexity of thyroid hormone effects, this study is a steppingstone to disentangle the influence of thyroid hormones on seasonal neuroplasticity.</p>
Figure 2B in Coproparasitological study of European starling nestlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in Argentina
Figure 2B. Egg of a cestode containing the hexacanth embryo with 6 hooks.
Figure 1B in Coproparasitological study of European starling nestlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in Argentina
Figure 1B. Unsporulated oocyst.
Migration strategies, performance and annual activity budget in a short-distance migrant, the common starling Sturnus vulgaris
<p><span>Migratory birds typically separate energetically demanding parts of the annual cycle like breeding, moult, and migration with some species engaging in so-called moult-migration. Moult-migration is known to occur in starlings from the northern breeding populations, however, little is known about the dynamics of this phenomenon and the costs and benefits for the involved individuals. Here, using state-of-the-art multi-sensor geolocators, we gathered information about the annual cycles of 10 starlings from two breeding sites in Latvia. We used a novel analytical approach based on atmospheric pressure measurements to reveal that all but one of the tracked individuals migrated to wintering sites in the British Isles. Tracking data exposed two separate migration strategies – (1) departure from the breeding grounds in mid-June soon after chick fledging with long stationary periods at moulting sites approx. 900 km westward (n = 5 of 10); (2) residing in close vicinity of the breeding sites up until the end of October (n = 5 of 10). Accelerometer data revealed significantly higher activity budgets during moult for the individuals exhibiting moult-migration. Furthermore, birds that underwent moult-migration arrived at the breeding sites in the following year on average 10 days later and showed significantly higher activity levels during the pre-breeding period compared to birds without moult-migration. Activity tracking also showed that 67% of all migratory flights were performed during the night, contradicting previous assumptions of starlings being predominantly diurnal migrants. Maximum recorded flight altitudes reached 2500 m.a.s.l. and the longest uninterrupted flight lasted 22.5 hours. Our results highlight energetic trade-offs of moult-migration in starling, but their downstream consequences remain to be tested.</span></p>
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