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45 results for “Swallowtail”
Fig. 1 in Occurrence of the Lime Swallowtail Papilio demoleus Linnaeus, 1758 (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in Western Cuba
Fig. 1. Adult Papilio demoleus from Reparto Versalles, La Lisa Municipality, Havana, photographed alive in nature.
Fig. 2 in Occurrence of the Lime Swallowtail Papilio demoleus Linnaeus, 1758 (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in Western Cuba
Fig. 2. Geographical distribution of Papilio demoleus in Cuba: previous records (red symbols) and new records (yellow symbols). Image frame = 1,200 x 400 km. New eastern records reduced to selected but actual representative occurrences, in order to avoid an overloaded figure.
Figure 2 in Recent invasion of the Lime Swallowtail Papilio demoleus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) to Seychelles
Figure 2. Two male specimens of Papilio demoleus malayanus collected in the garden of Chalets d'Anse Forbans, Mahé, Seychelles: A-B) on 6 January 2020 (A – upperside; B – underside) [RMBH]; and C-D) on 13 January 2020 (C – upperside; D – underside) [RMBH]. Scale bar = 10 mm. (Photos: Yulia S. Kolosova).
Figure 3 in Recent invasion of the Lime Swallowtail Papilio demoleus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) to Seychelles
Figure 3. Live individual of Papilio demoleus malayanus in the garden of the Double Tree by Hilton Seychelles Hotel, Mahé, Seychelles, 8 January 2020 (Photo: Yulia S. Kolosova).
Figure 4 in Recent invasion of the Lime Swallowtail Papilio demoleus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) to Seychelles
Figure 4. Typical damage of citrus tree (Citrus sp., Rutaceae) leaves caused by feeding of what is thought to be Papilio demoleus malayanus larvae in the garden of Chalets d'Anse Forbans, Mahé, Seychelles, 18 January 2020 (Photo: Yulia S. Kolosova)
Figure 1 in Recent invasion of the Lime Swallowtail Papilio demoleus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) to Seychelles
Figure 1. Records of Papilio demoleus malayanus from Mahé, Seychelles: 1 – Anse Marie-Louise, 2 – Chalets d'Anse Forbans, 3 – Double Tree by Hilton Seychelles Hotel, 4 – Anse Royale, 5 – Pointe au Sel, 6 – Mare Anglaise, 7 – Mont Buxton, and 8 – Victoria (see Table 1 for details).
What's in a band? The function of the colour and banding pattern of the Banded Swallowtail
<p>Butterflies have evolved a diversity of colour patterns, but the ecological functions for most of these patterns are still poorly understood. The Banded Swallowtail butterfly, <i>Papilio demolion demolion</i>, is a mostly black butterfly with a greenish-blue band that traverses the wings. The function of this wing pattern remains unknown. Here, we examined the morphology of black and green-blue coloured scales, and how the colour and banding pattern affects predation risk in the wild. The protective benefits of the transversal band and of its green-blue colour were tested via the use of paper model replicas of the Banded Swallowtail with variations in band shape and band colour in a full factorial design. A variant model where the continuous transversal green-blue band was shifted and made discontinuous tested the protective benefit of the transversal band, while greyscale variants of the wildtype and distorted band models assessed the protective benefit of the green-blue colour. Paper models of the variants and the wildtype were placed simultaneously in the field with live baits. Wildtype models were the least preyed upon compared to all other variants, while grey models with distorted bands suffered the greatest predation. The colour and the continuous band of the Banded Swallowtail hence confer antipredator qualities. We propose that the shape of the band hinders detection of the butterfly's true shape through coincident disruptive coloration; while the green colour of the band prevents detection of the butterfly from its background via differential blending. Differential blending is aided by the green-blue colour being due to pigments rather than via structural colouration. Both green and black scales have identical structures, and the scales follow the Bauplan of pigmented scales documented in other <i>Papilio </i>butterflies.</p>
Data from: Whole genome shotgun phylogenomics resolves the pattern and timing of swallowtail butterfly evolution
Evolutionary relationships have remained unresolved in many well-studied groups, even though advances in next-generation sequencing and analysis, using approaches such as transcriptomics, anchored hybrid enrichment, or ultraconserved elements, have brought systematics to the brink of whole genome phylogenomics. Recently, it has become possible to sequence the entire genomes of numerous non-biological models in parallel at reasonable cost, particularly with shotgun sequencing. Here we identify orthologous coding sequences from whole-genome shotgun sequences, which we then use to investigate the relevance and power of phylogenomic relationship inference and time-calibrated tree estimation. We study an iconic group of butterflies - swallowtails of the family Papilionidae - that has remained phylogenetically unresolved, with continued debate about the timing of their diversification. Low-coverage whole genomes were obtained using Illumina shotgun sequencing for all genera. Genome assembly coupled to BLAST-based orthology searches allowed extraction of 6,621 orthologous protein-coding genes for 45 Papilionidae species and 16 outgroup species (with 32% missing data after cleaning phases). Supermatrix phylogenomic analyses were performed with both maximum-likelihood (IQ-TREE) and Bayesian mixture models (PhyloBayes) for amino acid sequences, which produced a fully resolved phylogeny providing new insights into controversial relationships. Species tree reconstruction from gene trees was performed with ASTRAL and SuperTriplets and recovered the same phylogeny. We estimated gene site concordant factors to complement traditional node-support measures, which strengthens the robustness of inferred phylogenies. Bayesian estimates of divergence times based on a reduced dataset (760 orthologs and 12% missing data) indicate a mid-Cretaceous origin of Papilionoidea around 99.2 million years ago (Ma) (95% credibility interval: 68.6-142.7 Ma) and Papilionidae around 71.4 Ma (49.8-103.6 Ma), with subsequent diversification of modern lineages well after the Cretaceous-Paleogene event. These results show that shotgun sequencing of whole genomes, even when highly fragmented, represents a powerful approach to phylogenomics and molecular dating in a group that has previously been refractory to resolution.
Data from: A phylogenetic study to assess the link between biome specialisation and diversification in swallowtail butterflies
<p><span>The resource-use hypothesis, proposed by E.S. Vrba, states that habitat fragmentation caused by climatic oscillations would affect particularly biome specialists (species inhabiting only one biome), which might show higher speciation and extinction rates than biome generalists. If true, lineages would accumulate biome-specialist species. This effect would be particularly exacerbated for biomes located at the periphery of the global climatic conditions, namely, biomes that have high/low precipitation and high/low temperature such as rainforest (warm-humid), desert (warm-dry), steppe (cold-dry), and tundra (cold-humid). Here, we test these hypotheses in swallowtail butterflies, a clade with more than 570 species, covering all the continents but Antarctica, and all climatic conditions. Swallowtail butterflies are among the most studied insects, and they are a model group for evolutionary biology and ecology studies. Continental macroecological rules are normally tested using vertebrates, this means that there are fewer examples exploring terrestrial invertebrate patterns at global scale. Here, we compiled a large GIS database on swallowtail butterflies' distribution maps and used the most complete time-calibrated phylogeny to quantify diversification rates. In this paper we aim to answer the following questions: 1) Are there more biome-specialists swallowtail butterflies than biome-generalists? 2) Is diversification rate related to biome specialisation? 3) If so, do swallowtail butterflies inhabiting extreme biomes show higher diversification rates? 4) What is the effect of species distribution area? Our results showed that swallowtail family presents a great number of biome specialists which showed substantially higher diversification rates compared to generalists. We also found that biome-specialists are unevenly distributed across biomes. Overall, our results are consistent with the resource-use hypothesis., species climatic niche and biome fragmentation as key factors promoting isolation.</span></p>
Supplementary material 1 from: Shiraiwa K, Cong Q, Grishin NV (2014) A new Heraclides swallowtail (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae) from North America is recognized by the pattern on its neck. ZooKeys 468: 85-135. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.468.8565
Supplementary Table 1: Explanation note: Data for specimens with DNA sequences determined in this study.
Figure 1 in On the status of Papilio sjoestedti Aurivillius, 1908, the ''Kilimanjaro swallowtail'' (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)
Figure 1. Wing patterns of the four taxa discussed in this paper. In each figure, the upperside of the wing and body is shown on the left, the underside of the same wing on the right. The butterflies are shown approximately two-thirds life size. Scale bar: 1 cm. (A) BMNH Entomology Specimen No. (BMNHE#) 705050; (B) Holotype BMNHE#705046; (C) Paratype BMNHE#705048; (D) BMNHE#705079; (E) Paratype BMNHE#705083; (F) BMNHE#705068.
Figure 3 in The type material, taxonomy and conservation of Horniman's Swallowtail, Papilio hornimani (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)
Figure 3. Detail of hindwing of four male specimens illustrated in Figures 2B, D and E. (A) P. h. hornimani (paralectotype). (B) P. h. mwanihanae (holotype). (C) Papilio h. mbulu (holotype).
Figure 1 in The type material, taxonomy and conservation of Horniman's Swallowtail, Papilio hornimani (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)
Figure 1. Current known distribution of Papilio hornimani. All known localities, with the exception of records for Chyulu Hills (Kenya) fall within Tanzania. Grey areas: 1°×1° cells. Point locations from Kielland (1987), with additions noted in text. Squares: P. hornimani hornimani. Diamonds: P. h. mbulu. Triangle: P. h. mwanihanae.
Figure 4. Female P. h in The type material, taxonomy and conservation of Horniman's Swallowtail, Papilio hornimani (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)
Figure 4. Female P. h. mwanihanae in ABRI, Nairobi, from Tanzania, Udzungwa Mtns, Sanje, 700m, 2.ii.2000 (Colin Congdon, Ivan Bampton and others). Forewing length: 56mm.
Figure 2 in On the status of Papilio sjoestedti Aurivillius, 1908, the ''Kilimanjaro swallowtail'' (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)
Figure 2. Male genitalia of the four taxa discussed in this paper. Both scale bars: 1 mm. (A–D) Left valve; (B–H) pseduncus and uncus; (A,E) BMNHE#705051; (B,F) Paratype BMNHE#705047; (C,G) BMNHE#705080; (D,H) BMNHE#705072.
Figure 5 in The type material, taxonomy and conservation of Horniman's Swallowtail, Papilio hornimani (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)
Figure 5. Map of Tanga district and southeastern Usambaras, locating Magila, type locality of Papilio hornimani Distant, reproduced from Farler (1879). The detail is enlarged to show Magila (arrow).
Data from: Evolution of ontogenic change in color defenses of swallowtail butterflies
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Data from: Whole genome shotgun phylogenomics resolves the pattern and timing of swallowtail butterfly evolution
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What’s in a band? The function of the colour and banding pattern of the Banded Swallowtail
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Data from: A phylogenetic study to assess the link between biome specialisation and diversification in swallowtail butterflies
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