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77 results for “Switchgrass”
Data from: High temperatures and low soil moisture synergistically reduce switchgrass yields from marginal field sites and inhibit fermentation
<p>'Marginal lands' are low productivity sites abandoned from agriculture for reasons such as low or high soil water content, challenging topography, or nutrient deficiency. To avoid competition with crop production, cellulosic bioenergy crops have been proposed for cultivation on marginal lands, however on these sites they may be more strongly affected by environmental stresses such as low soil water content. In this study we used rainout shelters to induce low soil moisture on marginal lands and determine the effect of soil water stress on switchgrass growth and the subsequent production of bioethanol. Five marginal land sites that span a latitudinal gradient in Michigan and Wisconsin were planted to switchgrass in 2013 and during the 2018-2021 growing seasons were exposed to reduced precipitation under rainout shelters in comparison to ambient precipitation. The effect of reduced precipitation was related to the environmental conditions at each site and biofuel production metrics (switchgrass biomass yields and composition and ethanol production). During the first year (2018), the rainout shelters were designed with 60% rain exclusion, which did not affect biomass yields compared to ambient conditions at any of the field sites, but decreased switchgrass fermentability at the Wisconsin Central - Hancock site. In subsequent years, the shelters were redesigned to fully exclude rainfall, which led to reduced biomass yields and inhibited fermentation for three sites. When switchgrass was grown in soils with large reductions in moisture and increases in temperature, the potential for biofuel production was significantly reduced, exposing some of the challenges associated with producing biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass grown under drought conditions.</p>
Data from: Long-term changes in soil carbon and nitrogen fractions in switchgrass, native grasses, and no-till corn bioenergy production systems
<p>Cellulosic bioenergy is a primary land-based climate mitigation strategy, with soil carbon (C) storage and nitrogen (N) conservation as important mitigation elements. Here, we present 13 years of soil C and N change under three cellulosic cropping systems: monoculture switchgrass (<em>Panicum virgatum</em> L.), a five native grasses polyculture, and no-till corn (<em>Zea mays</em> L.). Soil C and N fractions were measured four times over 12 years. Bulk soil C in the 0–25 cm depth at the end of the study period ranged from 28.4 (± 1.4 se) Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup> in no-till corn, to 30.8 (± 1.4) Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup> in switchgrass, and to 34.8 (± 1.4) Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup> in native grasses. Mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM) ranged from 60% to 90% and particulate organic matter (POM) from 10% to 40% of total soil C. Over 12 years, total C as well as both C fractions persisted under no-till corn and switchgrass and increased under native grasses. In contrast, POM N stocks decreased 33% to 45% across systems, whereas MAOM N decreased by less than 13% and only in no-till corn. Declining POM N stocks likely reflect pre-establishment land use, which included alfalfa and manure in earlier rotations. Root production and large soil aggregate formation explained 69% (p < 0.001) and 36% (p = 0.024) of total soil C change, respectively, and 60% (p = 0.020) and 41% (p = 0.023) of soil N change, demonstrating the importance of belowground productivity and soil aggregates for producing and protecting soil C and conserving soil N. Differences between switchgrass and native grasses also indicate a dependence on plant diversity. Soil C and N benefits of bioenergy crops depend strongly on root productivity and pre-establishment land use.</p>
Data from: Long-term changes in soil carbon and nitrogen fractions in switchgrass, native grasses, and no-till corn bioenergy production systems
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Data from: Associative nitrogen fixation (ANF) in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) across a nitrogen input gradient
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Data from: High temperatures and low soil moisture synergistically reduce switchgrass yields from marginal field sites and inhibit fermentation
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Data from: Rainfall events stimulate episodic associative nitrogen fixation in switchgrass
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Data from: Plant community response to switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) population source in establishing prairies
Ecological restoration and revegetation efforts entail the translocation of native plant populations. Risks associated with these efforts include failure of translocated populations to establish or, conversely, such strong establishment that they excessively dominate the recipient community. The role that selective breeding plays in mediating these risks is unclear but of increasing importance as efforts to restore and establish multifunctional grasslands also increase. In a three-year, spatially replicated study, we seeded experimental prairie communities with either domesticated (cultivar) or undomesticated strains of Panicum virgatum (switchgrass), a North American C4 species under development as a biomass crop. We evaluated the composition, performance, and diversity of the recipient plant communities and compared the performance of cultivar and undomesticated switchgrass in those communities. We found little evidence that switchgrass population source affected community response. Switchgrass cultivars modestly exceeded undomesticated strains with respect to stand establishment, third-year stand density, and aboveground biomass; effect size and significance differed among sites. Our results suggest that including cultivars in ecological restorations and multifunctional grasslands may enhance success of switchgrass establishment with little risk of impairing the composition or diversity of plant communities for up to three years, as reflected in the measures used here. However, the incorporation of undomesticated switchgrass into multifunctional grasslands may enhance landscape-scale genetic variation and mitigate risks associated with gene flow between translocated and local wild switchgrass populations; more research on these dynamics is needed.
Dataset for manuscript entitled: Switchgrass cropping systems affect soil carbon and nitrogen and microbial diversity and activity on marginal lands
<p class="MsoListParagraph">Switchgrass (<em>Panicum virgatum</em> L.),<span> </span>as a dedicated bioenergy crop, can provide cellulosic feedstock for biofuel production while improving or maintaining soil quality. However, comprehensive evaluations of how switchgrass cultivation and nitrogen (N) management impact soil and plant parameters remain incomplete. We conducted<span> </span>field trials in three years (2016–2018) at six locations in the North Central Great Lakes Region to evaluate the effects of cropping systems (switchgrass, restored prairie, undisturbed control) and N rates (0, 56 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>) on biomass yield and soil physicochemical, microbial, and enzymatic parameters. Switchgrass cropping system yielded an aboveground biomass 2.9–3.3 times higher than the other two systems (Jayawardena et al., In submission) but our study found that this biomass accumulation didn't reduce soil dissolved organic C (DOC), total dissolved N (TDN), or bacterial diversity. The annual aboveground biomass removal for bioenergy feedstock, however, reduced soil microbial biomass C (MBC) and N (MBN) and bacterial richness in the 2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup> years; despite this, continuous monocropping of switchgrass improved soil TDN, inorganic N, bacterial diversity, and shoot biomass in the 2<sup>nd</sup> and/or 3<sup>rd</sup> years when compared to the 1<sup>st</sup> year. N fertilization increased aboveground biomass yield by 1.2 times and significantly increased soil TDN, MBN, and the shoot biomass of switchgrass when compared to the unfertilized control. Locations with higher C and N contents and lower C:N ratio had higher aboveground biomass, MBC, MBN, and the activity of BG, CBH, and UREA enzymes; by contrast, locations with higher pH had higher soil TDN and activity of NAG and LAP enzymes. Our research demonstrates that switchgrass cultivation could improve or maintain soil N content and N fertilization can increase plant biomass yield. The comprehensive data also can inform future biogeochemical models to successfully implement switchgrass for bioenergy production.</p>
Switchgrass flowering time measurements for genomic prediction
<p>The seasonal timing of the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth has a major impact on biomass accumulation in switchgrass. Late-flowering switchgrass cultivars produce greater biomass, a critical trait for sustainable bioenergy production. Genomic prediction (GP) may allow rapid selection of late-flowering individuals with reduced time and expense for field evaluations. To evaluate GP, two flowering time traits (heading date and anthesis date) were collected on 1,532 genotypes from four breeding populations: Midwest, Gulf, Atlantic, and Hybrid. These were sequenced using genotype-by-sequencing (530,792 SNPs). Predictive ability of single-trait and multi-trait models were evaluated by cross-validation, by prediction of a progeny trial (n=122), and through prediction of yield performance in a parallel experiment (n=52). Predictive ability was not improved by sharing information among breeding groups. Overall, multi-trait models provided an advantage during cross-validation, but a smaller advantage during progeny prediction. Within populations, GP resulted in lower per-cycle progress than previously reported field evaluations (3.1 vs 5.0 day<sup>-1</sup> cycle<sup>-1</sup>). However, GP cycles are potentially much faster than field evaluations. When directly predicting biomass yield, the Hybrid training population had a predictive ability of 0.54-0.63. This reinforces the strong linkage between biomass yields in swards and flowering time. These results highlight the value of GP for rapid yield improvement in switchgrass, particularly in a breeding program designed to share information between biomass yield trials and low-cost flowering time evaluations.</p>
Uncertainties in greenhouse gas emission factors: A comprehensive analysis of switchgrass-based biofuel production
<p>This study investigates uncertainties in greenhouse gas (GHG) emission factors related to switchgrass-based biofuel production in Michigan. Using three life cycle assessment (LCA) databases— US lifecycle inventory database (USLCI), GREET, and Ecoinvent—each with multiple versions, we recalculated the global warming intensity (GWI) and GHG mitigation potential in a static calculation. Employing Monte Carlo simulations along with local and global sensitivity analyses, we assess uncertainties and pinpoint key parameters influencing GWI. The convergence of results across our previous study, static calculations, and Monte Carlo simulations enhances the credibility of estimated GWI values. Static calculations, validated by Monte Carlo simulations, offer reasonable central tendencies, providing a robust foundation for policy considerations. However, the wider range observed in Monte Carlo simulations underscores the importance of potential variations and uncertainties in real-world applications. Sensitivity analyses identify biofuel yield, GHG emissions of electricity, and soil organic carbon (SOC) change as pivotal parameters influencing GWI. Decreasing uncertainties in GWI may be achieved by making greater efforts to acquire more precise data on these parameters. Our study emphasizes the significance of considering diverse GHG factors and databases in GWI assessments and stresses the need for accurate electricity fuel mixes, crucial information for refining GWI assessments and informing strategies for sustainable biofuel production.</p>
Switchgrass sward establishment selection is across multiple environments and fertilization levels
<p><strong>Background</strong>: Strong selection can occur during switchgrass sward establishment. Differences in establishment selection due to environment or management could provide information on genotype‐by‐environment variation and could influence strategies for breeding perennial grasses.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: Leaf samples were collected before sward establishment and from 3‐year‐old swards for two breeding groups (lowland and hybrid) at three locations. Within two locations, samples were collected from paired fertilized (110 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> N) and unfertilized plots. Allele frequencies from pooled DNA samples were studied through multivariate analysis of variance, genomewide trait predictions (heading date and winter survivorship), and genomically estimated breeding values (GEBVs) for individual sward survival within an independent data set.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: This study found only minor variations in selection due to location or management. Predicted heading dates of the hybrid population had significant changes due to fertilization and location. There were strong correlations among sward establishment survival GEBVs between growing environments (hybrid r = 0.77; gulf r = 0.97). Interestingly, this study found a small number of genotypes that were over‐represented in established swards across all growing environments.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: This study reinforces a prior report of selection during sward establishment and indicates that only a small degree of establishment selection is location‐specific within these diverse growing conditions.</p>
Data for: Local adaptation of switchgrass drives trait relations to yield and differential responses to climate and soil environments
<p>Switchgrass, a potential biofuel crop, is a genetically diverse species with phenotypic plasticity enabling it to grow in a range of environments. Two primary divergent ecotypes, uplands and lowlands, exhibit trait combinations representative of acquisitive and conservative growth allocation strategies, respectively. Whether these ecotypes respond differently to various types of environmental drivers remains unclear but is crucial to understanding how switchgrass varieties will respond to climate change. We grew two upland, two lowland, and two intermediate/hybrid cultivars of switchgrass at three sites along a latitudinal gradient in the central United States. Over a 4-year period, we measured plant functional traits and biomass yields and evaluated genotype-by-environment (G´E) interaction effects by analyzing switchgrass responses to soil and climate variables. We found substantial evidence of G´E interactions on biomass yield, primarily due to deviations in the response of the southern lowland cultivar Alamo, which produced more biomass in hotter and drier environments relative to other cultivars. While lowland cultivars had the highest potential for yield, their yields were more variable year-to-year compared to other cultivars, suggesting greater sensitivity to environmental perturbations. Models comparing soil and climate principal components as explanatory variables revealed soil properties, especially nutrients, to be most effective at predicting switchgrass biomass yield. Also, conservative plant traits such as high stem mass and tiller height became increasingly positively associated with biomass yield at lower latitudes where the climate is hotter and drier, regardless of ecotype. Lowland cultivars, however, showed a greater predisposition to exhibit these conservative traits. These results suggest switchgrass trait allocation trade-offs that prioritize aboveground biomass production are more tightly associated in hot, dry environments and that lowland cultivars may exhibit a more specialist life strategy relative to other cultivars. Altogether, this research provides essential knowledge for improving the viability of switchgrass as a biofuel crop.</p>
Alamo x Kanlow genotypic and phenotypic data for biomass yield and yield-related traits in lowland switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) crosses
<p>Switchgrass (<em>Panicum virgatum</em> L.) is a model herbaceous bioenergy crop in the USA. It is a native, perennial, warm-season grass, and has broad adaptability. Many breeding programs focus on the genetic improvement of switchgrass for increasing biomass yield. Significant genetic variation for biomass yield observed in lowland switchgrass hybrids. Due to the quantitative inheritance of biomass yield, varietal improvement for the trait through conventional breeding is slow. Therefore, quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping is used to discover marker-trait associations and accelerate the breeding process through marker-assisted selection. To identify significant QTL, this study mapped seven biparental crosses and one combined cross of two biparental crosses (30 to 96 F1s) between lowland Alamo and Kanlow genotypes. The crosses were evaluated for biomass yield, plant height, and clonal mass scores in a simulated-sward plot with two replications at two locations in Tennessee from 2019 to 2021. The crosses were genotyped using 17,251 single nucleotide polymorphisms generated through genotyping-by-sequencing. QTL mapping was performed using a single-QTL model in R-QTL. The study identified major QTL for biomass yield, plant height, and clonal mass scores resided on chromosomes 7K, 4K, and 3K and had 0.47, 0.63, and 0.62 heritability, respectively.</p> <p>The dataset contains five files describing the phenotype and genotype of each individual used in the quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis.</p> <ul> <li>'File 1' contains biomass yield, plant height, and clonal mass data for each genotype and parents evaluated at two locations in Tennessee; the Plateau Research and Education Center (PREC), Crossville and East Tennessee Research and Education Center (ETREC), Knoxville from 2019 to 2021. Plant height and biomass yield were measured at maturity, and clonal mass scores were evaluated after harvesting biomass.</li> <li>'File 2' has the genotype name, library, index, total reads, bases, and the Phred quality score (Q30). Young leaf tissue was collected from each F1 progeny and parent, and DNA was extracted using the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) procedure. The extracted DNA was genotyped at the USDA-ARS Western Regional Research Center laboratory in Albany, CA. Genotyping by sequencing (GBS) was performed on 951 lines (F1s and their parents) using the PstI-MspI GBS protocol. The quality of these sequences showed that 94.4% of the bases were at or above Q30. Reads were mapped to version 5.0 of the switchgrass reference genome. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) calling was performed, and redundant markers were filtered out for linkage map construction. 'File 3' has SNP ID numbers, SNP locations on chromosomes, map positions, and SNP scores. The cross was used as a four-way cross for QTL analysis, where the male parent Kanlow (K) was assigned as '1', and the female parent Alamo (A) was assigned as '2'.</li> <li>The phased output data from the four-way cross, i.e., 11, 12, 21, and 22, were represented by AC, BC, AD, and BD, respectively ('File 3').</li> <li>The progeny file ('File 4') contains the name of the parents used for making crosses and their progenies.</li> <li>A consensus linkage map ('File 5') was produced with Lep-Map3 software. The linkage map contains 18 linkage groups associated with 18 switchgrass chromosomes, marker size (bp), map position (cM) based on male and female maps, and map order.</li> </ul>
Cold acclimation threshold induction temperatures of switchgrass ecotypes grown under a long and short photoperiod
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Plants can cold-acclimate to enhance their freezing tolerance by sensing declining temperature and photoperiod cues. However, the factors influencing genotypic variation in the induction of cold acclimation are poorly understood among perennial grasses. We hypothesized that the more northern upland switchgrass (</span><em><span>Panicum virgatum</span></em><span> L.) ecotype develops a higher degree of freezing tolerance by initiating cold acclimation at higher temperatures as compared with the coastal and southern lowland ecotypes. First, we determined the optimal method for assessing freezing tolerance and the length of exposure to 8/4°C required to induce the maximum level of freezing tolerance in the most northern upland and most southern lowland genotypes. We characterized the maximum freezing tolerance of eight upland, three coastal and five lowland genotypes grown for 21 d at 8/4°C and a 10 or 16 h photoperiod. Next, we identified the temperature required to induce cold acclimation by exposing the 16 genotypes for 7 d at 20 to 6°C constant temperatures under a 10 or 16 h photoperiod. Cold acclimation initiated at temperatures 5 and 7°C higher in upland than coastal and lowland genotypes. Among upland genotypes the shorter photoperiod induced cold acclimation at a 1°C higher temperature. Genotypes originating from a more northern latitude initiate cold acclimation at higher temperatures and develop higher maximum freezing tolerances. An earlier response to declining temperatures may provide the upland ecotype with additional time to prepare for winter and provide an advantage when plants are subjected to the rapid changes in fall temperature associated with injurious frosts.</span></p>
Data from: Identification of anti-fungal bioactive terpenoids from the bioenergy crop switchgrass (Panicum virgatum)
<p>Plant derived bioactive small molecules have attracted attention of scientists across fundamental and applied scientific disciplines. We seek to understand the influence of these phytochemicals on functional phytobiomes. Increased knowledge of specialized metabolite bioactivities could inform strategies for sustainable crop production. We hypothesized that – consistent with accumulating evidence that switchgrass genotype impacts microbiome assembly – differential terpenoid accumulation contributes to switchgrass ecotype-specific microbiome composition. An initial in vitro plate-based disc diffusion screen of 18 switchgrass root derived fungal isolates revealed differential responses to upland- and lowland-isolated metabolites. To identify specific fungal growth-modulating metabolites, we tested fractions from root extracts on three ecologically important fungal isolates – <em>Linnemania elongata</em>, <em>Trichoderma</em> sp. and <em>Fusarium</em> sp. Saponins and diterpenoids were identified as the most prominent antifungal metabolites. Finally, analysis of liquid chromatography-purified terpenoids revealed fungal inhibition structure – activity relationships (SAR). Saponin antifungal activity was primarily determined by the number of sugar moieties – saponins glycosylated at a single core position were inhibitory whereas saponins glycosylated at two core positions were inactive. Saponin core hydroxylation and acetylation were also associated with reduced activity. Diterpenoid activity required the presence of an intact furan ring for strong fungal growth inhibition.</p>
Photosynthesis and rhizome carbohydrate concentrations of switchgrass grown from reserve-depleted rhizomes
<p class="MsoNormal">A long-standing question in perennial grass breeding and physiology is whether yield improvement strategies could compromise winter survival. Perennial grasses rely on the pool of carbohydrates accumulated in storage organs from the previous growing season for winter maintenance and spring regrowth. Yield improvement strategies could reduce winter survival if they increase biomass and grain yields at the expense of carbon allocation to storage. Therefore, it is crucial to better understand the dependence of regrowth on storage reserves. We experimentally depleted switchgrass (<em>Panicum virgatum</em> L.) rhizome reserves by storing rhizomes for two weeks at 5 °C (control treatment) and 25 °C (reserve-depleted treatment). During the storage period rhizome respiration was 5.3x higher at 25 °C (0.010 <span>μ</span>mol CO<sub>2</sub> g<sup>-1</sup> min<sup>-1</sup> at 5 °C vs. 0.054 <span>μ</span>molCO<sub>2</sub> g<sup>-1</sup> min<sup>-1</sup> at 25 °C; P < 0.0001) and the starch content was depleted by 30% by the end of storage. Surprisingly, reserve-depleted switchgrass had 60 % larger leaf area, and produced ~40% more aboveground biomass than control plants. In addition, it restored its rhizome starch reserves to pre-storage levels. Switchgrass showed a large plasticity amongst its source-sink components to buffer the imposed reserve depletion. It increased plant photosynthesis by increasing the photosynthetic leaf area while keeping photosynthesis constant on a leaf area basis and readjusted the timing and activity of sink organs to maintain a constant allocation of carbon to storage that was greater than the control treatment. These results suggest that switchgrass, and potentially other perennial grasses, largely over-invest in storage reserves, therefore, current breeding strategies in perennial grasses aimed to extend the growing season should not compromise crop persistence. Our study also has implications on long-term yield dynamics as it highlights sink-limitations as potential driver of the yield decline commonly observed in perennial grasses 5+ years after cultivation.</p>
Integrating perennial biomass crops into crop rotations: How to remove miscanthus and switchgrass without glyphosate
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Perennial energy grasses have gained attention in recent years as a promising resource for the bioeconomy because of their benign environmental profile, high stress tolerance, high biomass yields and low input requirements. Currently, strong breeding efforts are being made to extend the range of commercially available miscanthus and switchgrass genotypes. In order to foster farmers' acceptance of these crops, and especially of novel hybrids, more information is required about how they can be efficiently integrated into cropping rotations, how they can be removed at the end of their productive lifespan, and what effect they have on subsequently grown crops. Farmers in Europe are meanwhile increasingly constrained in the methods available to them to remove these crops, and there is a risk that the herbicide glyphosate, which has been used in many studies to remove them, will be banned in coming years. This study looks at the removal of seven-year-old stands of miscanthus and switchgrass over one year at an experimental site in Southern-Germany. Three novel miscanthus genotypes were studied, alongside one variety of switchgrass, and the impact of each crop's removal on the yield of maize grown as a follow-on crop was examined. A combination of soil tillage and grass herbicides for maize cultivation was successful in controlling miscanthus regrowth, such that yields of maize grown after miscanthus did not differ significantly from yields of maize grown in monoculture rotation (18.1 t dry biomass ha<sup>-1</sup>). Yields of maize grown after switchgrass (14.4 t dry biomass ha<sup>-1</sup>) were significantly lower than maize in monoculture rotation caused by insufficient control of switchgrass regrowth by the applied maize herbicide. Although some regrowth of miscanthus and switchgrass was observed in the follow-on crop maize, complete eradication of both crops was achieved by subsequent winter wheat cultivation.</span></p>
Switchgrass flowering time measurements for genomic prediction
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Data from: Inorganic N addition replaces N supplied to switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
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Photosynthesis and rhizome carbohydrate concentrations of switchgrass grown from reserve-depleted rhizomes
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