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43 results for “Symbiodinium”
MCR LTER: Coral Reef: Population Dynamics: Symbiodinium population initial sampling conditions in corals of Moorea
These data consist of sample collection locations and conditions only, not the results of sequencing. These data were an initial collection of an expected time series which was not repeated. Clade data derived from the sample collection described here are archived on GeoSymbio. Coral are symbiotic with photosynthetic dinoflagellates from the genus Symbiodinium. There are eight divergent clades (A-H) within the genus which each contain many genetic varieties. Different types of Symbiodinium have been shown to affect the growth rate and thermal tolerance of the coral. The diversity and population structure of Symbiodinium on a reef and how it changes over time is therefore critical to the stability and resilience of coral reefs. Our research conducted through the MCR LTER project aims at defining the population structure of Symbiodinium present in the corals of Moorea and documenting changes over time. This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE 16-37396 (and earlier awards) as well as a generous gift from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. Research was completed under permits issued by the French Polynesian Government (Délégation à la Recherche) and the Haut-commissariat de la République en Polynésie Francaise (DTRT) (Protocole d'Accueil 2005-2022). This work represents a contribution of the Moorea Coral Reef (MCR) LTER Site.
Moderate levels of dissolved iron stimulate cellular growth and increase lipid storage in Symbiodinium sp.
<p>Dataset and code for analysis in R of the manuscript entitled "Moderate levels of dissolved iron stimulate cellular growth and increase lipid storage in Symbiodinium sp.".</p>
FIG. 3 in Chemical communication in the symbiotic interaction between the anemone Exaiptasia diaphana (ex Aiptasia pallida) Rapp and the dinoflagellate Symbiodinium spp.
FIG. 3. — Iron (A), Manganese (B), Magnesium (C), Copper (D), Zinc (E) mean contents in bleached Exaiptasia diaphana Rapp samples. The error bars represent the standard deviation (n ≥ 3). Abbreviations: C, Aposymbiotic Exaiptasia samples exposed to an empty dialysis tube (control group); E, Aposymbiotic Exaiptasia samples exposed to a dialysis tube containing the holobionts; S, Aposymbiotic Exaiptasia samples exposed to a dialysis tube containing Symbiodinium cells.
FIG. 2 in Chemical communication in the symbiotic interaction between the anemone Exaiptasia diaphana (ex Aiptasia pallida) Rapp and the dinoflagellate Symbiodinium spp.
FIG. 2. — Carbon (A), Nitrogen (B), Phosphorus (C), Sulphur (D) mean contents in bleached Exaiptasia diaphana Rapp samples. The error bars represent the standard deviation (n ≥ 3). Abbreviations: C, Aposymbiotic Exaiptasia samples exposed to an empty dialysis tube (control group); E, Aposymbiotic Exaiptasia samples exposed to a dialysis tube containing the holobionts; S, Aposymbiotic Exaiptasia samples exposed to a dialysis tube containing Symbiodinium cells.
FIG. 1 in Chemical communication in the symbiotic interaction between the anemone Exaiptasia diaphana (ex Aiptasia pallida) Rapp and the dinoflagellate Symbiodinium spp.
FIG. 1. — Organic composition in bleached Exaiptasia diaphana Rapp samples. The error bars represent the standard deviation (n ≥ 3). Abbreviations: C, Aposymbiotic Exaiptasia samples exposed to an empty dialysis tube (control group); E, Aposymbiotic Exaiptasia samples exposed to a dialysis tube containing the holobionts; S, Aposymbiotic Exaiptasia samples exposed to a dialysis tube containing Symbiodinium cells.
Data from: Sibling species of mutualistic Symbiodinium clade G from bioeroding sponges in the western Pacific and western Atlantic oceans
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Data from: Symbiodinium glynnii sp. nov., a species of stress-tolerant symbiotic dinoflagellates from pocilloporid and montiporid corals in the Pacific Ocean
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Data from: Spatial and temporal genetic structure of Symbiodinium populations within a common reef-building coral on the central Great Barrier Reef
The dinoflagellate photosymbiont Symbiodinium plays a fundamental role in defining the physiological tolerances of coral holobionts, but little is known about the dynamics of these endosymbiotic populations on coral reefs. Sparse data indicate that Symbiodinium populations show limited spatial connectivity; however, no studies have investigated temporal dynamics for in hospite Symbiodinium populations following significant mortality and recruitment events in coral populations. We investigated the combined influences of spatial isolation and disturbance on the population dynamics of the generalist Symbiodinium type C2 (ITS1 rDNA) hosted by the scleractinian coral Acropora millepora in the central Great Barrier Reef. Using eight microsatellite markers, we genotyped Symbiodinium in a total of 401 coral colonies, which were sampled from seven sites across a 12-year period including during flood plume–induced coral bleaching. Genetic differentiation of Symbiodinium was greatest within sites, explaining 70–86% of the total genetic variation. An additional 9–27% of variation was explained by significant differentiation of populations among sites separated by 0.4–13 km, which is consistent with low levels of dispersal via water movement and historical disturbance regimes. Sampling year accounted for 6–7% of total genetic variation and was related to significant coral mortality following severe bleaching in 1998 and a cyclone in 2006. Only 3% of the total genetic variation was related to coral bleaching status, reflecting generally small (8%) reductions in allelic diversity within bleached corals. This reduction probably reflected a loss of genotypes in hospite during bleaching, although no site-wide changes in genetic diversity were observed. Combined, our results indicate the importance of disturbance regimes acting together with limited oceanographic transport to determine the genetic composition of Symbiodinium types within reefs.
Data from: Ecologically differentiated, stress tolerant endosymbionts in the dinoflagellate genus Symbiodinium (Dinophyceae) Clade D are different species.
We used an integrative genetics approach using sequences of (1) nuclear ribosomal rDNA (internal transcribed spacers and partial large subunit rDNA), (2) single-copy microsatellite nuclear DNA, (3) chloroplast-encoded 23S rDNA, (4) mitochondrial cytochrome b, and (5) repeat variation at eight microsatellite markers, to test the hypothesis that the stress-tolerant, 'morphologically cryptic' Clade D Symbiodinium (Dinophyceae) was composed of more than one species. Concordant phylogenetic and population genetic evidence clearly differentiate separately evolving, reproductively isolated lineages. We describe Symbiodinium boreum sp. nov. and S. eurythalpos sp. nov., two symbionts known to occur in colonies of the zebra coral, Oulastrea crispata (Scleractinia), which lives in turbid, marginal habitats extending from equatorial Southeast Asia to the main islands of Japan in the temperate northwest Pacific Ocean. Symbiodinium boreum was associated with O. crispata in temperate latitudes and S. eurythalpos was common to colonies in the tropics. The geographical ranges of both symbiont species overlapped in the subtropics where they sometimes co-occurred in the same host colony. Symbiodinium trenchii sp. nov. is also described. As a host-generalist symbiont, it often occurs in symbiosis with various species of Scleractinia possessing open (horizontal) modes of symbiont acquisition and is common to reef coral communities thriving in warm turbid reef habitats in the western Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Arabian/Persian Gulf, Red Sea and western Atlantic (Caribbean). As is typical for dinoflagellates, S. boreum and S. eurythalpos were haploid, but microsatellite loci from field-collected and cultured S. trenchii often possessed two alleles, implying that a genome-wide duplication occurred during the evolution of this species. The recognition that Clade D Symbiodinium contains species exhibiting marked differences in host specificity and geographical distribution will yield greater scientific clarity about how stress-tolerant symbionts function in the ecological response of coral–dinoflagellate symbioses to global climate change.
Data from: Exploring Symbiodinium diversity and host specificity in Acropora corals from geographical extremes of Western Australia with 454 amplicon pyrosequencing
Scleractinian corals have demonstrated the ability to shuffle their endosymbiotic dinoflagellate communities (genus Symbiodinium) during periods of acute environmental stress. This has been proposed as a mechanism of acclimation, which would be increased by a diverse and flexible association with Symbiodinium. Conventional molecular techniques used to evaluate Symbiodinium diversity lack the sensitivity to capture accurate estimates of diversity and are unable to identify genetic lineages present at background levels below 10%. Next generation sequencing (NGS) offers a solution to this problem and can resolve microorganism diversity at much finer scales. Here we apply NGS to evaluate Symbiodinium diversity and host specificity in Acropora corals from contrasting regions of Western Australia. The application of 454 pyrosequencing allowed for detection of Symbiodinium operational taxonomic units (OTUs) occurring at frequencies as low as 0.001%, offering a 10 000-fold increase in sensitivity compared to traditional methods. All coral species from both regions were overwhelmingly dominated by a single clade C OTU (accounting for 98% of all recovered sequences). Only 8.5% of colonies associated with multiple clades (clades C and D, or C and G), suggesting a high level of symbiont specificity in Acropora assemblages in Western Australia. This contrasts with recent literature that have applied highly-sensitive molecular techniques and identified widespread flexibility in symbiont associations across a number of coral taxa in other geographic regions. While only 40% of the OTUs were shared between regions, the dominance of a single OTU resulted in no significant difference in Symbiodinium community structure, demonstrating that the coral-algal symbiosis can remain stable across more than 15° of latitude and a range of sea surface temperature profiles. This study validates the use of NGS platforms as tools for providing fine-scale estimates of Symbiodinium diversity and can offer critical insight into the flexibility of the coral-algal symbiosis.
Data from: Variability of Symbiodinium communities in waters, sediments, and corals of thermally distinct reef pools in American Samoa
Reef-building corals host assemblages of symbiotic algae (Symbiodinium spp.) whose diversity and abundance may fluctuate under different conditions, potentially facilitating acclimatization to environmental change. The composition of free-living Symbiodinium in reef waters and sediments may also be environmentally labile and may influence symbiotic assemblages by mediating supply and dispersal. The magnitude and spatial scales of environmental influence over Symbiodinium composition in different reef habitat compartments are, however, not well understood. We used pyrosequencing to compare Symbiodinium in sediments, water, and ten coral species between two backreef pools in American Samoa with contrasting thermal environments. We found distinct compartmental assemblages of clades A, C, D, F, and/or G Symbiodinium types, with strong differences between pools in water, sediments, and two coral species. In the pool with higher and more variable temperatures, abundance of various clade A and C types differed compared to the other pool, while abundance of D types was lower in sediments but higher in water and in Pavona venosa, revealing an altered habitat distribution and potential linkages among compartments. The lack of between-pool effects in other coral species was due to either low overall variability (in the case of Porites) or high within-pool variability. Symbiodinium communities in water and sediment also showed within-pool structure, indicating that environmental influences may operate over multiple, small spatial scales. This work suggests that Symbiodinium composition is highly labile in reef waters, sediments, and some corals, but the underlying drivers and functional consequences of this plasticity require further testing with high spatial resolution biological and environmental sampling.
Data from: Host specificity of Symbiodinium variants revealed by an ITS2 metahaplotype approach
Analysis of the widely used ITS region is confounded by the presence of intragenomic variants (IGVs). In Symbiodinium, the algal symbionts of reef building corals, deep-sequencing analyses are used to characterise communities within corals, yet these analyses largely overlook IGVs. Here we consider that distinct ITS2 sequences could represent IGVs rather than distinct symbiont types and argue that symbionts can be distinguished by their proportional composition of IGVs, described as their ITS2 metahaplotype. Using our metahaplotype approach on Minimum Entropy Decomposition (MED) analysis of ITS2 sequences from the corals Acropora downingi, Cyphastrea microphthalma and Playgyra daedalea, we show the dominance of a single species-specific Symbiodinium C3 variant within each coral species. We confirm the presence of these species-specific symbionts using the psbA non-coding region. Our findings highlight the importance of accounting for IGVs in ITS2 analyses and demonstrate their capacity to resolve biological patterns that would otherwise be overlooked.
Data from: Symbiodinium thermophilum sp. nov., a thermotolerant symbiotic alga prevalent in corals of the world's hottest sea, the Persian/Arabian Gulf
Coral reefs are in rapid decline on a global scale due to human activities and a changing climate. Shallow water reefs depend on the obligatory symbiosis between the habitat forming coral host and its algal symbiont from the genus Symbiodinium (zooxanthellae). This association is highly sensitive to thermal perturbations and temperatures as little as 1°C above the average summer maxima can cause the breakdown of this symbiosis, termed coral bleaching. Predicting the capacity of corals to survive the expected increase in seawater temperatures depends strongly on our understanding of the thermal tolerance of the symbiotic algae. Here we use molecular phylogenetic analysis of four genetic markers to describe Symbiodinium thermophilum, sp. nov. from the Persian/Arabian Gulf, a thermally tolerant coral symbiont. Phylogenetic inference using the non-coding region of the chloroplast psbA gene resolves S. thermophilum as a monophyletic lineage with large genetic distances from any other ITS2 C3 type found outside the Gulf. Through the characterisation of Symbiodinium associations of 6 species (5 genera) of Gulf corals, we demonstrate that S. thermophilum is the prevalent symbiont all year round in the world's hottest sea, the southern Persian/Arabian Gulf.
FIGURE 5 in Cliona tumula sp. nov., a conspicuous, massive Symbiodinium-bearing clionaid from the lower Florida Keys (USA) (Demospongiae: Hadromerida: Clionaidae)
FIGURE 5. Microscleres from Cliona orientalis, Cervicornia cuspidifera, and C. varians. A. C. orientalis spiraster; B. Cervicornia cuspidifera spiraster; C. Cliona varians (encrusting) spiraster; D. Cliona varians (encrusting) anthosigma; E. Cliona varians (encrusting) diplaster; F. Cliona varians (massive) spiraster; G. Cliona varians (massive) anthosigma; H. Cliona varians (massive) diplaster. Scales: A, C–D, F, 5 µm; B, G, 2 µm; E, H, 10 µm.
FIGURE 2 in Cliona tumula sp. nov., a conspicuous, massive Symbiodinium-bearing clionaid from the lower Florida Keys (USA) (Demospongiae: Hadromerida: Clionaidae)
FIGURE 2. Camera lucida drawing of thin section of Cliona tumula sp. nov. showing embedded calcareous fragments (in bold) in the choanosome (scale = 1 mm). Inset: choanosome of ethanol preserved specimen highlighting tracts of sediment that the sponge incorporates in its mesohyl. The tracts run perpendicular to the ectosome.
FIGURE 3 in Cliona tumula sp. nov., a conspicuous, massive Symbiodinium-bearing clionaid from the lower Florida Keys (USA) (Demospongiae: Hadromerida: Clionaidae)
FIGURE 3. Micrographs of calcium carbonate fragments extracted from Cliona tumula sp. nov. choanosome tissue. A. Mollusc shell with clear evidence of sponge bioerosion (scale = 200 µm); B. Evidence of cellular etching and calcareous chip removal by C. tumula sp. nov. (scale = 100 µm); C–D. Unidentified calcareous fragments found in the choanosome that are clearly derived from calcareous tests of organisms on the reef. That is, the material is not remnant skeleton from a scleractinian coral that this species out-grew as can be found with some gamma-stage clionaids (scale = 200 µm).
FIGURE 1. A in Cliona tumula sp. nov., a conspicuous, massive Symbiodinium-bearing clionaid from the lower Florida Keys (USA) (Demospongiae: Hadromerida: Clionaidae)
FIGURE 1. A. In situ photograph of Cliona tumula sp. nov. B. Preserved holotype (scale = 10 cm); C. Micrograph of representative subtylostyle from C. tumula sp. nov. (scale = 100 µm); D-G. Micrographs of variability in C. tumula sp. nov. tylostyle head shapes (scale = 10 µm); H–K. Micrographs of C. tumula sp. nov. spirasters (scale = 5 µm).
Characterisation and Bioactivity Analysis of Peridinin-Chlorophyll a-Protein (PCP) Isolated form Symbiodinium tridacnidorum CS-73
<p>Peridinin-Chlorophyll <em>a</em>-Proteins (PCPs) are the major light harvesting proteins in photosynthetic dinoflagellates. PCP shows great variation in protein length, pigment ratio, sequence and spectroscopic properties. PCP conjugates (PerCP) are widely used as fluorescent-probes for cellular and tissue analysis in the biomedical field. PCP consists of a peridinin carotenoid, thereby it can potentially be used as a bioactive compound in pharmaceutical applications. However, biological activities of PCPs are yet to be explored. In this study, we extracted, purified and partially characterised the PCP from<em> Symbiodinium tridacnidorum </em>(CS-73) and explored its antioxidant, anti-cancer and anti-inflammation bioactivities. The PCP was purified using an ÄKTA™ PURE system and predicted to be of 17.3 kDa molecular weight (confirmed as a single band on SDS-PAGE) with an isoelectric point (pI) 5.6. LC-MS/MS and bioinformatic analysis of purified PCP digested with trypsin indicated it was 164 amino acids long with >90% sequence similarity to PCP of SymA3.s6014_g3 (belonging to clade A of <em>Symbiodinium </em>sp.) confirmed with 59 peptide combinations matched across its protein sequence. The spectroscopic properties of purified PCP showed a slight shift in absorption and emission spectra to previously documented analysis in <em>Symbiodinium</em> species. Purified PCP consisted of a 19 amino acid long signal peptide at its N terminal and 9 helixes in its secondary structure with several protein binding sites and no DNA/RNA binding sites. Further, purified PCP at a concentration of 0.1 - 0.8 mg/mL exhibited moderate to high antioxidant, anti-cancer and anti-inflammation bioactivities against tumor macrophage (RAW 264.7), human metastatic breast adenocarcinoma (MDA-MB-231) and human colorectal (HTC-15) cancer cell lines. Together, all these findings present PCP as a promising candidate for continued investigations for pharmaceutical applications to cure chronic diseases, apart from its existing application as a fluorescent-probe.</p>
Data from: Genotypic diversity and spatial-temporal distribution of Symbiodinium clones in an abundant reef coral
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Data from: Variability of Symbiodinium communities in waters, sediments, and corals of thermally distinct reef pools in American Samoa
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