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FIGURE 1 in Does polyxenous symbiosis promote sympatric divergence? A morphometric and phylogeographic approach based on Oxydromus okupa (Annelida, Polychaeta, Hesionidae)

FIGURE 1 Sampled localities of the host bivalves harbouring Oxydromus okupa in the Gulf of Cadiz region: (CI) Cádiz Intertidal (Scrobicularia plana); (CS) Cádiz Subtidal (Macomopsis pellucida); (CH) Chipiona intertidal (M. pellucida). Images obtained from Google Earth v. 7.3, © Google 2018.

FIGURE 6 in Does polyxenous symbiosis promote sympatric divergence? A morphometric and phylogeographic approach based on Oxydromus okupa (Annelida, Polychaeta, Hesionidae)

FIGURE 6 Maximum-likelihood tree of 16S haplotype data. Bootstrap values for node support>75 are represent- ed on the corresponding branches.

FIGURE 3 Principal Component Analyses plots. A in Does polyxenous symbiosis promote sympatric divergence? A morphometric and phylogeographic approach based on Oxydromus okupa (Annelida, Polychaeta, Hesionidae)

FIGURE 3 Principal Component Analyses plots. A: Based on size independent data. B: Based on character proportions. CI: Cadiz Intertidal (Scrobicularia plana); CS: Cadiz Subtidal (Macomopsis pellucida); CH: Chipiona intertidal (M. pellucida). Character abbreviations as in fig. 2.

FIGURE 8 in Does polyxenous symbiosis promote sympatric divergence? A morphometric and phylogeographic approach based on Oxydromus okupa (Annelida, Polychaeta, Hesionidae)

FIGURE 8 Juvenile phases of Oxydromus okupa. A: The smallest exemplar collected in the study (0.96 mm long) at CH. B: A juvenile (1.10 mm long) found at CI. C: A juvenile (1.54 mm long) collected at CH.

opencc-zeroMay 2024View details →

Selection drives divergence of eye morphology in sympatric Heliconius butterflies

When populations experience different sensory conditions, natural selection may favor sensory system divergence, affecting peripheral structures and/or downstream neural pathways. We characterized the outer eye morphology of sympatric Heliconius species from different forest types and their first-generation reciprocal hybrids to test for adaptive visual system divergence and hybrid disruption. In Panama, Heliconius cydno occurs in closed forests, whereas Heliconius melpomene resides at the forest edge. Among wild individuals, H. cydno has larger eyes than H. melpomene, and there are heritable, habitat-associated differences in the visual brain structures that exceed neutral divergence expectations. Notably, hybrids have intermediate neural phenotypes, suggesting disruption. To test for similar effects in the visual periphery, we reared both species and their hybrids in common garden conditions. We confirm that H. cydno has larger eyes and provide new evidence that this is driven by selection. Hybrid eye morphology is more H. melpomene-like despite body size being intermediate, contrasting with neural trait intermediacy. Overall, our results suggest that eye morphology differences between H. cydno and H. melpomene are adaptive, and that hybrids may suffer fitness costs due to a mismatch between the peripheral visual structures and previously described neural traits that could affect visual performance.

FIGURE 4 in Body mass divergence in sympatric deer species of Pleistocene Crete (Greece)

FIGURE 4. Diversification of cervid body mass across evolutionary time. The phenogram is a projection of the cervid tree into a space defined by body mass and time. The Candiacervus body masses are based on postcranial elements. Although the Cretan deer lineage diversified for a relatively short time, it achieved a significant size variation. Animal silhouettes from Phylopic.org.

FIGURE 2 in Body mass divergence in sympatric deer species of Pleistocene Crete (Greece)

FIGURE 2. Skeletons and postcranial elements of Cretan deer (a) two composite mounts of dwarf Candiacervus species (AMPG) (b) metatarsals of the six different size classes of the Cretan deer in dorsal view. Roman numbers indicate the size classes of de Vos (1979). Size class I: C. ropalophorus; size class II: C. devosi, C. listeri, and C. reumeri; size class III: C. cretensis; size class IV: C. rethymnensis; size class V: C. dorothensis; size class VI: C. major. Note that size class II includes three species, which cannot be distinguished on postcranial elements alone. AMPG (sizes I– IV) and MPUR (sizes V–VI).

FIGURE 1 in Body mass divergence in sympatric deer species of Pleistocene Crete (Greece)

FIGURE 1. Location map of the island of Crete and geographical position and views of Liko, Gerani and Bate caves.

FIGURE 3 in Body mass divergence in sympatric deer species of Pleistocene Crete (Greece)

FIGURE 3. Distribution of the calculated body sizes for each postcranial element. The body mass bins are arranged in 5 kg increments.

FIGURE 6 in Body mass divergence in sympatric deer species of Pleistocene Crete (Greece)

FIGURE 6. Body masses of living and fossil deer. The bars represent the body mass of each species. Similar shades of green unify congeneric taxa. Asterisks indicate insular taxa. The Candiacervus body masses are based on postcranial elements. The body masses are plotted along the phylogenetic tree of Cervidae (adapted from Carotenuto et al., 2015). Animal silhouettes from Phylopic.org.

FIGURE 5 in Morphological divergences as drivers of diet segregation between two sympatric species of Serrapinnus (Characidae: Cheirodontinae) in macrophyte stands in a neotropical floodplain lake

FIGURE 5 | Graph of Spearman's correlation coefficient calculated between the morphological traits indicated by CVA and main food items consumed by Serrapinnus notomelas and Serrapinnus sp.1 in a lake in the upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil. Values of r and p indicate the correlation and statistical significance, respectively. Positive correlations are represented by blue color and negative correlations by red color. ALG – algae; ZOO – zooplankton; DI – Depression index; CI – Compression index; RLPd – Relative lenght of caudal peduncule; RHPd – Relative height of caudal peduncule; RWPd – Relative width of caudal peduncule; RAD – Relative area of dorsal fin; ARC – Aspect ratio of caudal fin; ARA – Aspect ratio of anal fin; ARPt – Aspect ratio of pectoral fin; ARPv – Aspect ratio of pelvic fin; RLHd – Relative length of head; RHHd – Relative height of head; RWHd – Relative width of head; RHM – Relative height of mouth; RWM – Relative width of mouth; EP – Relative position of eye; MT – multicuspid teeth; PT – pentacuspid teeth; ICO – Intestinal coefficient; GRL – Gill raker length.

FIGURE 4 in Morphological divergences as drivers of diet segregation between two sympatric species of Serrapinnus (Characidae: Cheirodontinae) in macrophyte stands in a neotropical floodplain lake

FIGURE 4 | Canonical variate analysis illustrating differences in morphological traits for the Serrapinnus notomelas and Serrapinnus sp.1 in a lake in the upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil. CI – Compression index; DI – Depression index; RLPd – Relative lenght of caudal peduncule; RHPd – Relative height of caudal peduncule; RWPd –Relative width of caudal peduncule; RAD – Relative area of dorsal fin; ARC – Aspect ratio of caudal fin; ARA – Aspect ratio of anal fin; ARPt – Aspect ratio of pectoral fin; ARPv – Aspect ratio of pelvic fin; RLHd – Relative length of head; RHHd – Relative height of head; RWHd – Relative width of head; RHM – Relative height of mouth; RWM – Relative width of mouth; EP – Relative position of eye; MT – multicuspid teeth; PT – pentacuspid teeth; ICO – Intestinal coefficient; GRL – Gill raker length.

FIGURE 2 in Morphological divergences as drivers of diet segregation between two sympatric species of Serrapinnus (Characidae: Cheirodontinae) in macrophyte stands in a neotropical floodplain lake

FIGURE 2 | Number of individuals from Serrapinnus notomelas and Serrapinnus sp.1 sampled concerning precipitation (mm) between October/2010 and March/2012 in a lake in the upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil. SnA = S. notomelas Adult; SnJ = S. notomelas juvenile; Sp1A = Serrapinnus sp.1 adult; Sp1J = Serrapinnus sp.1 juvenile.

FIGURE 3 in Morphological divergences as drivers of diet segregation between two sympatric species of Serrapinnus (Characidae: Cheirodontinae) in macrophyte stands in a neotropical floodplain lake

FIGURE 3 | Variation in the diet breadth of Serrapinnus notomelas and Serrapinnus sp.1 using PERMDISP, for the juveniles and adults in a lake in the upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil. Boxes represent the 25th and 75th quartiles and demonstrate the individual variation of the trophic niche. The horizontal bars in each box represent the average niche breadth. Whiskers indicate the range and individual symbols indicate outliers. J=juveniles; A= adults.

FIGURE 1 in Morphological divergences as drivers of diet segregation between two sympatric species of Serrapinnus (Characidae: Cheirodontinae) in macrophyte stands in a neotropical floodplain lake

FIGURE 1 | Study area: location of sampling site in the upper Paraná River floodplain, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil.

opencc-zeroDec 2020View details →

Growth genes are implicated in the evolutionary divergence of sympatric piscivorous and insectivorous rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Identifying ecologically significant phenotypic traits and the genomic mechanisms that underly them are crucial steps in understanding the traits associated with population divergence. We used genome-wide data to identify genomic regions associated with a key trait that distinguishes two ecotypes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) – insectivores and piscivores – that coexist in Kootenay Lake, southeastern British Columbia, for the non-breeding portion of the year. "Gerrards" are large-bodied (breeding maturity at >60cm) piscivores that spawn 50km north of Kootenay Lake in the Lardeau River, in contrast to the insectivorous populations that are on average smaller in body size, mainly forage on aquatic insects, and spawn in tributaries immediately surrounding Kootenay Lake. We used pool-seq data covering 60 percent of the genome to assess the level of genomic divergence between ecotypes, test for genotype-phenotype associations, and identify loci that may play functional or selective roles in their divergence. Analysis of nearly seven million SNPs provided a genome-wide mean FST estimate of 0.18, indicating a high level of reproductive isolation between populations. The window-based FST analysis did not reveal "islands" of genomic differentiation; however, the window with highest FST estimate did include a gene associated with insulin secretion. Although we explored the use of the "Local score" approach to identify genomic outlier regions, this method was ultimately not used because simulations revealed a high false discovery rate (20 percent). Gene Ontology (GO) analysis identified several growth processes as enriched in genes occurring in the 200 most divergent genomic windows, indicating the importance of genetically-based growth and growth-related metabolic functions in the divergence of these ecotypes. In spite of their sympatric coexistence, a high degree of genomic differentiation separates the populations of piscivores and insectivores, indicating little to no contemporary genetic exchange between ecotypes. Our results further indicate that the large body piscivorous 27 phenotype is likely not due to one or a few loci of large effect, rather it may be controlled by several loci of small effect, thus highlighting the power of whole-genome low-coverage sequencing in phenotypic association studies.

publicDec 2025View details →

Data and code from: DNA metabarcoding reveals dietary divergence among sympatric swallows and flycatchers

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publicAug 2021View details →

Growth genes are implicated in the evolutionary divergence of sympatric piscivorous and insectivorous rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

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publicMay 2024View details →

Selection drives divergence of eye morphology in sympatric Heliconius butterflies

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