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FIGURE 5 in A comprehensive and integrative re-description of Synchaeta tremula (Müller, 1786) and the newly rediscovered Synchaeta tremuloida Pourriot, 1965 (Rotifera: Synchaetidae)

FIGURE 5. Medium-joining network of individuals of Synchaeta tremula and Synchaeta tremuloida from Haarenstau (HS), Haarenniederung (HN), Schlossteich (ST) and Löschteich (LT) for 18S (A) and COI (B). Individual haplotypes are represented as circles, the size of which expresses the number of individuals found per haplotype; black squares represent hypothetical, missing haplotypes. The number of mutations separating haplotypes is given by the dashes. All sequences and positions were included in each analysis, regardless of their length and amount of missing or ambiguous data (i.e. gaps or IUPAC codes).

FIGURE 1 in A comprehensive and integrative re-description of Synchaeta tremula (Müller, 1786) and the newly rediscovered Synchaeta tremuloida Pourriot, 1965 (Rotifera: Synchaetidae)

FIGURE 1. LM images of the habitus of A, B S. tremula and C, D S. tremuloida (A, C, dorsal; B, D, lateral). Scale bars: 60 µm. au, auricle; c, cloaca; da, dorsal antenna; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; in, intestine; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium.

FIGURE 2 in A comprehensive and integrative re-description of Synchaeta tremula (Müller, 1786) and the newly rediscovered Synchaeta tremuloida Pourriot, 1965 (Rotifera: Synchaetidae)

FIGURE 2. SEM photographs of the habitus of A–C S. tremula and D–F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsally; B, E, apically; C, F, anal-pseudosegment and foot with toes, lateral view). Scale bars: 10 µm. aps, anal-pseudosegment; ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; gm, gland meatus; la, lateral antennae; lcf, lateral ciliary field; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1–3, mouth receptors; and vlcf, ventrolateral ciliary field.

FIGURE 3 in A comprehensive and integrative re-description of Synchaeta tremula (Müller, 1786) and the newly rediscovered Synchaeta tremuloida Pourriot, 1965 (Rotifera: Synchaetidae)

FIGURE 3. Drawings of the habitus of A–C S. tremula and D–F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsal; B, E, lateral; C, F, apical). Scale bars: 20 µm. ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; br, brain; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; gg, gastric gland; gm, gland meatus; in, intestine; la, lateral antennae; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1–3, mouth receptors; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; pg, pedal glands; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium.

FIGURE 6 in A comprehensive and integrative re-description of Synchaeta tremula (Müller, 1786) and the newly rediscovered Synchaeta tremuloida Pourriot, 1965 (Rotifera: Synchaetidae)

FIGURE 6. Maximum-likelihood trees derived from the four-times analyses (Birky et al. 2010) for 18S (A) and COI (B). Bootstrap frequencies (n = 1000) are shown above the major nodes. Bars to the right of the tree indicate the different species inferred by the four-times rule, the ABGD method at the highest cut-off criterion, and the maximum-likelihood based bPTP analyses, respectively. Provenance of the samples is abbreviated as in Fig. 5. Trees were rooted using Polyarthra remata. The scale bar indicates the average number of substitutions per site per unit time.

FIGURE 4 in A comprehensive and integrative re-description of Synchaeta tremula (Müller, 1786) and the newly rediscovered Synchaeta tremuloida Pourriot, 1965 (Rotifera: Synchaetidae)

FIGURE 4. SEM photographs of the trophi of A–E S. tremula and F–J S. tremuloida (A, F, ventral; B, G dorsal; C, H lateral with the ventral rami pointing upwards; D, I unci, apical view with the ventral side of the trophus pointing upwards; E, J unci, frontal hooks and triangular platelet, latero-apical detail with the ventral side of the trophus pointing upwards). ca, cauda; cl, clava; clt, toothlike clava-lamella; dfh, dorsal frontal hook; hyp, hypopharynx; fu, fulcrum; ra, ramus; rdr, ramus distal ridge; rir, ramus inner ridge; rmr, ramus median ridge; tp, triangular platelet; un, uncus; and vfh, ventral frontal hook.

Fig. 6 in A comprehensive and integrative re-description of Synchaeta oblonga and its relationship to Synchaeta tremula, Synchaeta rufina and Synchaeta littoralis (Rotifera: Monogononta)

Fig. 6 Illustrations of a, b S. rufina and c S. littoralis. Drawings of S. rufina and S. littoralis are from Hollowday (2002) and represent original drawings (a, b) by Kutikova and Vasiljeva (1982) and (c) by Rousselet (1902)

Fig. 3 in A comprehensive and integrative re-description of Synchaeta oblonga and its relationship to Synchaeta tremula, Synchaeta rufina and Synchaeta littoralis (Rotifera: Monogononta)

Fig. 3 SEM photographs of the habitus of S. oblonga. a Dorsally. b Laterally. c Detail of the lateral antenna. d Frontally (arrow, ciliary fields surrounding the mouth). aps, anal pseudosegment; ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; fo, foot orientation; go, gland opening; la, lateral antenna; lcf, lateral ciliary field; lst, lateral stylus; mr1–3, mouth receptors; sm, stylus mount; vlcf, ventrolateral ciliary field

Fig. 4 in A comprehensive and integrative re-description of Synchaeta oblonga and its relationship to Synchaeta tremula, Synchaeta rufina and Synchaeta littoralis (Rotifera: Monogononta)

Fig. 4 SEM photographs of the trophi of S. oblonga. a Dorsally. b Ventrally. c Laterally. d Apically. e Detail of the uncus latero- apically (dashed arrow, gap separating the frontal hooks from the uncus plate; normal arrow, sulcus separating the uncus teeth into groups). ca, cauda; cl, clava; clt, tooth-like clava-lamella; dfh, dorsal frontal hook; fu, fulcrum; hyp, hypopharynx; lcf, lateral ciliary field; ra, ramus; rdr, ramus distal ridge; rir, ramus inner ridge; rmr, ramus median ridge; tp, triangular platelet; un, uncus; vfh, ventral frontal hook

Fig. 2 in A comprehensive and integrative re-description of Synchaeta oblonga and its relationship to Synchaeta tremula, Synchaeta rufina and Synchaeta littoralis (Rotifera: Monogononta)

Fig. 2 Illustrations of S. oblonga. a–c Habitus (a dorsally, b frontally, c laterally with the foot being outstretched). d–f Trophi (d ventral trophi, e lateral fulcrum (normal arrow, slight dorsal reinforcement; dashed arrow, ridges), f right manubrium). ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; ca, cauda; cl, clava; clt, clava tooth; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dfh, dorsal frontal hook; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; fo, foot orientation; fu, fulcrum; gg, gastric gland; go, gland opening; hm, hypopharynx muscle; hyp, hypopharynx; in, intestine; la, lateral antenna; lst, lateral stylus; ma, manubrium; mo, mouth opening; mr 1–3, mouth receptors; mx, mastax; n, nucleus; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; pg, pedal glands; pv, proventriculus; rdr, ramus distal ridge; rir, ramus inner ridge; rmr, ramus median ridge; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; vfh, ventral frontal hook; vit, vitellarium

Fig. 1 in A comprehensive and integrative re-description of Synchaeta oblonga and its relationship to Synchaeta tremula, Synchaeta rufina and Synchaeta littoralis (Rotifera: Monogononta)

Fig. 1 LM images of S. oblonga. a Habitus dorsally (arrow, dumbbellshaped regions of the stomach). b Two brown circular regions in the anterior part of the stomach. c, d Cerebral eye morphology. e Central elevation of the apical field. f Foot retracted. g Foot not retracted. Scale

Fig. 5 in A comprehensive and integrative re-description of Synchaeta oblonga and its relationship to Synchaeta tremula, Synchaeta rufina and Synchaeta littoralis (Rotifera: Monogononta)

Fig. 5 Illustrations of S. tremula with respect to morphological differences to S. oblonga (highlighted as thick, black lines; see Tables 2 and 3). a–c Habitus (a dorsally, b frontally, c laterally). d–f Trophi (d ventral trophi, e lateral fulcrum (arrow, distal narrowing ventrally), f right manubrium). ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; ca, cauda; cl, clava; clt, clava tooth; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dfh, dorsal frontal hook; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; fo, foot orientation; fu, fulcrum; gg, gastric gland; go, gland opening; hyp, hypopharynx; in, intestine; la, lateral antenna; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1–3, mouth receptors; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; pg, pedal glands; pv, proventriculus; rdr, ramus distal ridge; rir, ramus inner ridge; rmr, ramus median ridge; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; vfh, ventral frontal hook; vit, vitellarium. a–c Modified from Wilke et al. (2017)

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Supplementary material 1 from: Wilke T, Ahlrichs WH, Bininda-Emonds ORP (2019) A weighted taxonomic matrix key for species of the rotifer genus Synchaeta (Rotifera, Monogononta, Synchaetidae). ZooKeys 871: 1-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.871.36435

: Data type: Microsoft Word file

Figure 8 from: Wilke T, Ahlrichs WH, Bininda-Emonds ORP (2019) A weighted taxonomic matrix key for species of the rotifer genus Synchaeta (Rotifera, Monogononta, Synchaetidae). ZooKeys 871: 1-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.871.36435

Figure 8 Foot shape. A–C Orientation of the foot (grey areas and arrows) A directed dorsally (S. tremula) B coplanar with the longitudinal axis (S. grimpei) C directed ventrally (S. longipes) D–I Shape and size of the foot (grey areas) D minute, shorter than the toes (S. atlantica) E triangular, medium (S. triophthalma) F conical, medium (S. tremula) G slender, long (S. longipes) H broad, long (S. johanseni) I massive, cylindrical (S. pachypoda). Drawings modified from: DZelinka (1907)HHarring (1921)IKutikova and Vassiljeva (1982). Scale bar: 50 µm.

Figure 9 from: Wilke T, Ahlrichs WH, Bininda-Emonds ORP (2019) A weighted taxonomic matrix key for species of the rotifer genus Synchaeta (Rotifera, Monogononta, Synchaetidae). ZooKeys 871: 1-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.871.36435

Figure 9 Foot, pedal glands and toes. A–I Presence of pseudosegments (arrows) and morphology of pedal glands (grey areas) A foot pseudosegmented, pedal gland single and of foot-length (S. neapolitana) B glands asymmetrical with the larger one being of foot-length, glands terminating in the toes (S. triophthalma) C glands asymmetrical with one gland terminating in the toe and one in the dorsal spur (S. hutchingsi) D symmetrical glands of foot-length, voluminous proximally and decreasing gradually in width moving caudally (S. tremula) E glands shorter than the foot, each spherical proximally and abruptly decreasing caudally before widening again to form a reservoir (S. oblonga) F glands longer than the foot (S. prominula), G glands of foot-length and tubular (S. longipes) H foot with wrinkles, glands tubular, suspended from the trunk (S. pachypoda) I foot pseudosegmented, each gland with two voluminous sections, suspended from the trunk, glands terminate proximally to the toes (S. pachypoida) J–Q Symmetry, size and separation of the toes J single toe (S. triophthalma) K asymmetrical, toes of different shape (S. cecilia) L symmetrical toes of medium size, bases of the toes are in contact (arrow), tips are close to one another or very slightly divergent (dashed arrows; S. tremula) M toes symmetrical, minute to small (S. grandis) N toes symmetrical, very large (S. pachypoda) N, O Bases of the toes widely separated (arrow; S. pachypoda, S. baltica) P bases of the toes in contact, tips distinctly divergent (dashed arrows; S. gyrina) Q toes without tips, squamate (S. squamadigitata) R, S Additional appendages of the foot (grey areas) R dorsolateral spur (dorsal view; S. neapolitana) S ventral spine and dorso-lateral spur (lateral view; S. hutchingsi). Drawings modified from: A, RLie-Pettersen (1905)KRousselet (1902)F, H–I, NKutikova and Vassiljeva (1982)QDe Smet (2006).

Figure 7 from: Wilke T, Ahlrichs WH, Bininda-Emonds ORP (2019) A weighted taxonomic matrix key for species of the rotifer genus Synchaeta (Rotifera, Monogononta, Synchaetidae). ZooKeys 871: 1-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.871.36435

Figure 7 LM images of species of Synchaeta. A Presence of violet globules in the body cavity (arrow; S. baltica) B, CLM images of the habitus showing different morphologies of the oesophagus (arrows) B oesophagus widens to form a proventriculus (S. tremuloida) C oesophagus highly tensile with numerous longitudinal striae (S. pectinata). Scale bar: 50 µm.

Figure 5 from: Wilke T, Ahlrichs WH, Bininda-Emonds ORP (2019) A weighted taxonomic matrix key for species of the rotifer genus Synchaeta (Rotifera, Monogononta, Synchaetidae). ZooKeys 871: 1-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.871.36435

Figure 5 Head and neck region. A–CLM images showing different colours in the head region A colourless / transparent (S. pectinata) B mastax moderately yellow or orange (S. longipes) C parts of rotatory organ or auricles slightly yellow to orange (S. grandis). Scale bar: 25 µm.