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FIGURE 5 in Timaviella dunensis sp. nov. from sand dunes of the Baltic Sea, Germany, and emendation of Timaviella edaphica (Elenkin) O.M. Vynogr. & Mikhailyuk (Synechococcales, Cyanobacteria) based on an integrative approach

FIGURE 5. Timaviella dunensis (Us-6-3): A—overview of colony on the surface of agarized medium: thallus prostrate and in growing inside the medium; B, K—filaments in firm hyaline sheath; C—trichome without sheath; D—fragment of trichome with necridia; note elongated, discoid and obliquely dividing cells; E, G—loosely arranged filaments with geminate false branching; F—consecutive single and geminate false branching; H, I—fragments of filaments with trichomes twisted in the sheath; J—formation of hormogonia, cells with granulations. Scale bars: A—50 μm, B–K—10 μm.

FIGURE 2 in Timaviella dunensis sp. nov. from sand dunes of the Baltic Sea, Germany, and emendation of Timaviella edaphica (Elenkin) O.M. Vynogr. & Mikhailyuk (Synechococcales, Cyanobacteria) based on an integrative approach

FIGURE 2. Molecular phylogeny of Timaviella based on the 16S rRNA gene concatenated with the 16S-23S ITS sequence comparisons. A phylogenetic tree was inferred by the Maximum Likelihood method with Maximum Likelihood bootstrap support (BP) and Bayesian Posterior Probabilities (PP). From left to right, support values correspond to Maximum Likelihood BP and Bayesian PP; BP values lower than 50% and PP lower than 0.8 not shown. Strain in bold represents newly sequenced cyanobacteria. Authentic strains marked with asterisk.

FIGURE 3 in Timaviella dunensis sp. nov. from sand dunes of the Baltic Sea, Germany, and emendation of Timaviella edaphica (Elenkin) O.M. Vynogr. & Mikhailyuk (Synechococcales, Cyanobacteria) based on an integrative approach

FIGURE 3. Secondary structure of the main informative helices of region 16S-23S ITS of cultured strains of Timaviella. All differences between strains of T. edaphica (KZ-7-1) and T. dunensis (Us-6-3) are presented in comparison with the authentic strain of T. circinata (GR4). Variable bases are shown with arrows, places of insertions/deletions of base pairs are marked with arrowheads, homological base pairs among different strains are indicated with gray lines. Intraspecific variation inside T. edaphica are shown with the asterisk.

FIGURE 1 in Timaviella dunensis sp. nov. from sand dunes of the Baltic Sea, Germany, and emendation of Timaviella edaphica (Elenkin) O.M. Vynogr. & Mikhailyuk (Synechococcales, Cyanobacteria) based on an integrative approach

FIGURE 1. Molecular phylogeny of Oculatellaceae (Synechococcales) based on 16S rRNA sequence comparisons. A phylogenetic tree was inferred by the Maximum Likelihood method with Maximum Likelihood bootstrap support (BP) and Bayesian Posterior Probabilities (PP). From left to right, support values correspond to Maximum Likelihood BP and Bayesian PP; BP values lower than 50% and PP lower than 0.8 not shown. Strain in bold represents newly sequenced cyanobacteria. Authentic strains marked with asterisk.

FIGURE 6 in Timaviella dunensis sp. nov. from sand dunes of the Baltic Sea, Germany, and emendation of Timaviella edaphica (Elenkin) O.M. Vynogr. & Mikhailyuk (Synechococcales, Cyanobacteria) based on an integrative approach

FIGURE 6. Ultrastructure of original strains of Timaviella with characteristic position of thylakoids arranged more or less parallel in a parietal position. T. edaphica (KZ 7-1-2): fragments of trichomes without sheath (A), in multilayered sheath (B), constricted at cross walls, with cyanophycin granules; cells barrel-shaped, isodiametric (A) to elongated (G), end cells (D), trichomes in longitudinal section (E). T. edaphica (KZ 23-2): end cells (C), trichomes in longitudinal section (F). Timaviella dunensis (Us-6-3): fragments of trichomes in thick sheath (H, I), weakly constricted at cross walls; cells cylindrical, elongated, end cells (J–L); formation of necridia (M). S, sheath, Cy, cyanophycin granules, T, thylakoids. Scale bars = 1µm.

FIGURE 4 in Timaviella dunensis sp. nov. from sand dunes of the Baltic Sea, Germany, and emendation of Timaviella edaphica (Elenkin) O.M. Vynogr. & Mikhailyuk (Synechococcales, Cyanobacteria) based on an integrative approach

FIGURE 4. Timaviella edaphica: A, B—overview of colonies on the surface of agarized medium (A—thallus with wooly surface (freshly isolated strain), B—thallus prostrate and in growing inside the medium); C—loosy aggregated filaments; F, H—filaments with single and geminate pseudobranches; D—bundle of filaments; E—trichomes slightly constricted and granulated at the cross walls; G—trichomes with obliquely dividing cells; I—trichomes with necridia; J—hormogonia. KZ-7-1-2: A–C, D–E, J, Golos-9-1: F, G, KZ-23-2: H, I. Scale bars: A, B—50 μm, C–J—10 μm.

FIGURE 16. Drouetiella hepatica. A in Revision of the Synechococcales (Cyanobacteria) through recognition of four families including Oculatellaceae fam. nov. and Trichocoleaceae fam. nov. and six new genera containing 14 species

FIGURE 16. Drouetiella hepatica. A. Heterogeneity in trichome width between young and mature filaments, young filaments isodiametric to slightly cylindrical. B–C. False-branching very rare in young trichomes, only single false-branches observered. D–F. Sheath sometimes elongated and lamellate as in (E). G. Rapid cell division in meristematic zones sometimes caused twisted trichomes. H. Frequent necridia occur along actively dividing trichomes. Scale bar 10μm in 1000X magnification.

FIGURE 23. Kaiparowitsia implicata.A in Revision of the Synechococcales (Cyanobacteria) through recognition of four families including Oculatellaceae fam. nov. and Trichocoleaceae fam. nov. and six new genera containing 14 species

FIGURE 23. Kaiparowitsia implicata.A. Fasicles of trichomes without common sheath. B–C. Tightly entangled filaments forming compact coils. D. Disintegration of trichomes within common sheath occasionally observed. E–F. Nodule formation common. F–H. Distinctively longer than width common cells and crooked, Arthronema-like involution from cells along trichomes. G–I. Multiple trichomes entangled within one common sheath also observed. Scale bar 10μm in 1000X magnification.

FIGURE 13. Pegethrix indistincta. A–B in Revision of the Synechococcales (Cyanobacteria) through recognition of four families including Oculatellaceae fam. nov. and Trichocoleaceae fam. nov. and six new genera containing 14 species

FIGURE 13. Pegethrix indistincta. A–B. Double and single-false branching filaments. C. Multiple trichomes coiling in one common sheath. D. Thick and firm sheath observed in mature trichomes. E–F. Hormogonia released from bundles of trichome undergoing rapid disintegration (note necridia). Scale bar 10μm in 1000X magnification.

FIGURE 10. Pegethrix bostrychoides. A. Nodule formation. B in Revision of the Synechococcales (Cyanobacteria) through recognition of four families including Oculatellaceae fam. nov. and Trichocoleaceae fam. nov. and six new genera containing 14 species

FIGURE 10. Pegethrix bostrychoides. A. Nodule formation. B. Existence of multiple trichomes within common sheath. C–G. Variation in the degree of filament coiling, from flexuous to spiral coils. H–I. Double false-branches and single false-branches. J–K. Sheath tightly embraces trichome or expands from trichome. L. Heterogeneity in cell shape and trichome width between young and mature trichomes. Meristematic zone of cell division shown on mature trichome. Scale bar 10μm in 1000X magnification.

FIGURE 19. Cartusia fontana. A in Revision of the Synechococcales (Cyanobacteria) through recognition of four families including Oculatellaceae fam. nov. and Trichocoleaceae fam. nov. and six new genera containing 14 species

FIGURE 19. Cartusia fontana. A. Fasicle of trichomes within one common sheath. B. Expanded and lamellate sheath. C. Variation in width between young and mature trichome, with cell division in meristematic zones. D. Meristematic zone of cell division in mature trichomes, with necridia; necridia in both young and senescing trichomes, filaments in mature trichomes occasionally with thick, slightly layered sheath. Scale bar 10μm in 1000X magnification.

FIGURE 9. V3 in Revision of the Synechococcales (Cyanobacteria) through recognition of four families including Oculatellaceae fam. nov. and Trichocoleaceae fam. nov. and six new genera containing 14 species

FIGURE 9. V3 helices of species described in Oculatellaceae. All species described have this structure. The V3 helix of Cartusia aeruginosa is missing because we do not have the full length of its ITS region.

FIGURE 15. Drouetiella fasciculata. A. Fasiculated filaments with individual sheath. B in Revision of the Synechococcales (Cyanobacteria) through recognition of four families including Oculatellaceae fam. nov. and Trichocoleaceae fam. nov. and six new genera containing 14 species

FIGURE 15. Drouetiella fasciculata. A. Fasiculated filaments with individual sheath. B. Mature trichomes with one to two large central granules. B–C. Different coiling patterns of filaments. D. Hormogonia. E–G. Cells barrel-shaped, not constricted and separated by somewhat translucent cross-walls. Scale bar 10μm in 400X (A) and 1000X magnification (B–J).

FIGURE 7. Box B in Revision of the Synechococcales (Cyanobacteria) through recognition of four families including Oculatellaceae fam. nov. and Trichocoleaceae fam. nov. and six new genera containing 14 species

FIGURE 7. Box B helices of species described in Oculatellaceae. The structures of genera described previously in other publications (Oculatella, Thermoleptolyngbya, Timaviella) or in publications under provision (Trichotorquatus) are not shown here.

FIGURE 3. 16S in Revision of the Synechococcales (Cyanobacteria) through recognition of four families including Oculatellaceae fam. nov. and Trichocoleaceae fam. nov. and six new genera containing 14 species

FIGURE 3. 16S rRNA phylogeny of the filamentous group of Synechococcales cyanobacteria, showing Prochlorotrichaceae, Trichocoleaceae and Pseudanabaenaceae. Black polygons represent genera that have been described, with length correspond to the distance from the most basal OTU to the most diverged OTU of the genus. Posterior probabilities for the BI analysis are given above the nodes. Taxa which we consider to be incorrectly named in NCBI or requiring revisionary work are in quotation marks.

FIGURE 1. 16S in Revision of the Synechococcales (Cyanobacteria) through recognition of four families including Oculatellaceae fam. nov. and Trichocoleaceae fam. nov. and six new genera containing 14 species

FIGURE 1. 16S rRNA Bayesian Inference analysis of the filamentous group of Synechococcales cyanobacteria, showing Leptolyngbyaceae. Black polygons represent genera that have been described or are named in provision (e.g., "Myxacorys"), with length corresponding to the distance from the most basal OTU to the most diverged OTU of the genus. Posterior probabilities for the BI analysis are given above the nodes. Taxa which we consider to be incorrectly named in NCBI or requiring revisionary work are in quotation marks.

FIGURE 4. rpoC1 in Revision of the Synechococcales (Cyanobacteria) through recognition of four families including Oculatellaceae fam. nov. and Trichocoleaceae fam. nov. and six new genera containing 14 species

FIGURE 4. rpoC1 Bayesian Inference analysis of the filamentous Synechococcales cyanobacteria with representatives of family Leptolyngbyaceae, Oculatellaceae. Prochlorotrichaceae and Pseudanabaenaceae. OTUs demonstrated to be within specific families defined in 16S rRNA phylogenies are anotated accordingly. The Oculatellaceae (top clade) has the same composition as the family in the 16S rRNA gene phylogeny, except for Tildeniella nuda, which is in the Leptolyngbyaceae clade in this analysis. Several OTUs previously listed under Leptolyngbyaceae and Prochlorotrichaceae have changed their positions with respect to the 16S rRNA gene phylogeny. Taxa which we consider to be incorrectly named in NCBI or requiring revisionary work are in quotation marks.

FIGURE 5 in Revision of the Synechococcales (Cyanobacteria) through recognition of four families including Oculatellaceae fam. nov. and Trichocoleaceae fam. nov. and six new genera containing 14 species

FIGURE 5. Molecular diagnosis of the families proposed or described in this study. Only helices 23 and 27 are shown as they are considered to be the most straightforward and useful for family distinction.

FIGURE 12. Pegethrix convoluta. A. Consecutively false-branching filaments. B–C in Revision of the Synechococcales (Cyanobacteria) through recognition of four families including Oculatellaceae fam. nov. and Trichocoleaceae fam. nov. and six new genera containing 14 species

FIGURE 12. Pegethrix convoluta. A. Consecutively false-branching filaments. B–C. Compact nodules formed by rapid cell division in local region of trichomes. D–E. Sheath rarely irregular and stratified, more commonly tightly attached to trichomes. F. Necridia abundant in mature trichomes. Scale bar 10μm in 1000X magnification.

FIGURE 14. Drouetiella lurida. A in Revision of the Synechococcales (Cyanobacteria) through recognition of four families including Oculatellaceae fam. nov. and Trichocoleaceae fam. nov. and six new genera containing 14 species

FIGURE 14. Drouetiella lurida. A. Olive-greenish trichome coloration of mature culture. B. Liver-brown filament coloration in healthy culture. C–D. Filaments with thin, attached sheath, indistinct with no diacritical characters. Scale bar 10μm in 400X (A) and 1000X magnification (B–D).