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Fig. 8A-J in Taxonomy of the spring dwelling amphipod Synurella ambulans (Crustacea: Crangonyctidae) in West Russia: with notes on its distribution and ecology

Fig. 8A-J. Synurella ambulans (F. Müller, 1846), ♀, 4.0 mm, FENU X34906/Cr-1406, KF. A. Lateralia. B. Antenna 2. C. Pereopod 5. D. Pereopod 6. E. Pereopod 7. F. Epimera 1-3. G. Uropod 1. H. Uropod 2. I. Uropod 3. J. Telson. Scale bars 0.2 mm.

Fig. 5A-E in Taxonomy of the spring dwelling amphipod Synurella ambulans (Crustacea: Crangonyctidae) in West Russia: with notes on its distribution and ecology

Fig. 5A-E. Synurella ambulans (F. Müller, 1846), Ƌ, 4.5 mm, FENU X34906/Cr-1406, MO. A. Pereopod 3. B. Pereopod 4. C. Pereopod 5. D. Pereopod 6. E. Pereopod 7. Scale bars 0.2 mm.

Fig. 3A-B in Taxonomy of the spring dwelling amphipod Synurella ambulans (Crustacea: Crangonyctidae) in West Russia: with notes on its distribution and ecology

Fig. 3A-B. Synurella ambulans (F. Müller, 1846), Ƌ, 4.5 mm, FENU X34906/Cr-1406, MO. A. Gnathopod 1. B. Gnathopod 2. Scale bars 0.2 mm.

Fig. 6A-H in Taxonomy of the spring dwelling amphipod Synurella ambulans (Crustacea: Crangonyctidae) in West Russia: with notes on its distribution and ecology

Fig. 6A-H. Synurella ambulans (F. Müller, 1846), Ƌ, 4.5 mm, FENU X34906/Cr-1406, MO. A. Pleopod 1. B. Pleopod 2. C. Pleopod 3. D. Epimera 1-3. E. Uropod 1. F. Uropod 2. G. Uropod 3. H. Telson. Scale bars 0.2 mm.

Fig. 4A-L in Taxonomy of the spring dwelling amphipod Synurella ambulans (Crustacea: Crangonyctidae) in West Russia: with notes on its distribution and ecology

Fig. 4A-L. Synurella ambulans (F. Müller, 1846), Ƌ, 4.5 mm, FENU X34906/Cr-1406, MO. A. Antenna 1. B. Antenna 2. C. Maxilla 1. D. Maxilla 2. E. Lower lip. F. Left mandible. G. Right mandible. H. Upper lip. I. Maxilliped. J. Maxilliped, inner plate. K. Maxilliped, outer plate. L. Distal part of maxilliped palp, female, 6.0 mm, FENU X34906/Cr-1406, PP. Scale bars 0.2 mm.

Fig. 2A-C in Taxonomy of the spring dwelling amphipod Synurella ambulans (Crustacea: Crangonyctidae) in West Russia: with notes on its distribution and ecology

Fig. 2A-C. Synurella ambulans (F. Müller, 1846). A. Yellow spot on the dorsal surface of the head of live specimens (front and left side), MO. B. Ƌ, 4.2 mm, FENU X34906/Cr-1406, KF. C. ♀, 5.5 mm, FENU X34906/Cr-1406, BN, left side (preserved specimens).

Fig. 1 in Taxonomy of the spring dwelling amphipod Synurella ambulans (Crustacea: Crangonyctidae) in West Russia: with notes on its distribution and ecology

Fig. 1. Map indicating the geographic distribution of Synurella ambulans (F. Müller, 1846) in western Russia. Legend: "empty" springs display undisturbed springs with a rich crenophilous fauna without S. ambulans. Literature data: Borutzky (1929), Chertoprud (2006a, 2006b). Source: Blank Mapping Tools, Moscow (2009).

Fig. 7A-B in Taxonomy of the spring dwelling amphipod Synurella ambulans (Crustacea: Crangonyctidae) in West Russia: with notes on its distribution and ecology

Fig. 7A-B. Synurella ambulans (F. Müller, 1846), ♀, 4.0 mm, FENU X34906/Cr-1406, KF. A. Gnathopod 1. B. Gnathopod 2. Scale bars 0.2 mm.

Figure 8 in Phylogenetic analyses of a new freshwater amphipod reveal polyphyly within the Holarctic family Crangonyctidae, with revision of the genus Synurella

Figure 8. Sicifera cahawba; holotype male, Old Cahawba Prairie, Dallas County, AL, USA (USNM 1660542), 6.38 mm. A, pleopod 1 (coupling spines and clothes-pin setae enlarged). B, pleopod 2 coupling spines. C, pleopod 3 coupling spines. D, epimera. E, uropod 1. F, uropod 2. G, uropod 3. H, telson. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 3 in Phylogenetic analyses of a new freshwater amphipod reveal polyphyly within the Holarctic family Crangonyctidae, with revision of the genus Synurella

Figure 3. Habitus photographs of Sicifera cahawba. A, holotype, male (USNM 1660542), 6.38 mm, Old Cahawba Prairie, Dallas County, AL, USA. B, allotype, female (USNM 1660543), 8.27 mm, Old Cahawba Prairie, Dallas County, AL, USA. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figure 6 in Phylogenetic analyses of a new freshwater amphipod reveal polyphyly within the Holarctic family Crangonyctidae, with revision of the genus Synurella

Figure 6. Sicifera cahawba; holotype male, Old Cahawba Prairie, Dallas County, AL (USNM 1660542), 6.38 mm. A, gnathopod 1 (palmar margin and dactylus enlarged). B, gnathopod 2 (palmar margin and dactylus enlarged). Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figure 2 in Phylogenetic analyses of a new freshwater amphipod reveal polyphyly within the Holarctic family Crangonyctidae, with revision of the genus Synurella

Figure 2. Recorded distribution of 'synurellids' in North America. Symbols with outlines denote type localities for the respective taxa.

Figure 1 in Phylogenetic analyses of a new freshwater amphipod reveal polyphyly within the Holarctic family Crangonyctidae, with revision of the genus Synurella

Figure 1. Maximum- likelihood phylogeny acquired from concatenated dataset (18S ribosomal DNA and COI) using IQTREE. Node support for each of the three support methodologies used is indicated by shaded circles placed on nodes; weakly supported nodes are not marked. Results of four species delimitation analyses (bPTP, GMYC, ASAP and ABGD) are presented to the right of the tree for members of the genus Sicifera. Vertical lines to the right of the tree illustrate both major clades within the family and biogeographical realms occupied by members of the Crangonyctidae. The line illustration depicts a male Sicifera cahawba. Abbreviations: ABGD, automatic barcode gap discovery; ASAP, assemble species by automatic partitioning; bPTP, Bayesian Poisson tree processes; GMYC, generalized mixed Yule coalescent; PP, posterior probability; SHaLRT, Shimodaria–Hasegawa approximate likelihood ratio test; UFBS, ultrafast bootstrap. New taxa and new combinations indicated.

Figure 5 in Phylogenetic analyses of a new freshwater amphipod reveal polyphyly within the Holarctic family Crangonyctidae, with revision of the genus Synurella

Figure 5. Sicifera cahawba; holotype male, Old Cahawba Prairie, Dallas County, AL, USA (USNM 1660542), 6.38 mm. A, upper lip. B, lower lip. C, maxilla 1 (outer plate spine teeth enlarged). D, maxilla 2. E, maxilliped (apical margin of inner plate enlarged). Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Figure 4 in Phylogenetic analyses of a new freshwater amphipod reveal polyphyly within the Holarctic family Crangonyctidae, with revision of the genus Synurella

Figure 4. Sicifera cahawba; holotype male, Old Cahawba Prairie, Dallas County, Alabama (USNM 1660542), 6.38 mm. A, antenna 1 (single aesthetasc enlarged). B, antenna 2 (single calceolus enlarged). C, left mandible (lacinia mobilis enlarged). D, right mandible (palp omitted, lacinia mobilis enlarged). Scale bars: 1 mm in A, B; 0.5 mm in C, D.

Figure 7 in Phylogenetic analyses of a new freshwater amphipod reveal polyphyly within the Holarctic family Crangonyctidae, with revision of the genus Synurella

Figure 7. Sicifera cahawba; holotype male, Old Cahawba Prairie, Dallas County, AL, USA (USNM 1660542), 6.38 mm. A, pereopod 3. B, pereopod 4. C, pereopod 5. D, pereopod 6. E, pereopod 7. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figure 10 in Phylogenetic analyses of a new freshwater amphipod reveal polyphyly within the Holarctic family Crangonyctidae, with revision of the genus Synurella

Figure 10. Sicifera cahawba; allotype female, Old Cahawba Prairie, Dallas County, AL, USA (USNM 1660543), 8.27 mm. A, uropod 1. B, uropod 2. C, uropod 3. D, telson. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 9 in Phylogenetic analyses of a new freshwater amphipod reveal polyphyly within the Holarctic family Crangonyctidae, with revision of the genus Synurella

Figure 9. Sicifera cahawba; allotype female, Old Cahawba Prairie, Dallas County, AL, USA (USNM 1660543), 8.27 mm. The arrows in this figure associate the enlargement of the palmar margin/dactylus with the respective gnathopod. A, gnathopod 1 (palmar margin and dactylus enlarged). B, gnathopod 2 (palmar margin and dactylus enlarged). Scale bar: 1 mm.

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Fig. 9 in Taxonomy of the spring dwelling amphipod Synurella ambulans (Crustacea: Crangonyctidae) in West Russia: with notes on its distribution and ecology

Fig. 9. Variability of (A) lateral cephalic lobe of Synurella ambulans (F. Müller, 1846) from different populations; (B) posterior margin of pereopod 7 basis; (C) epimera 2 and 3. (Digital Photomicrography).