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Fig. 1 in Unearthing the species diversity of a cryptozoic snake, Tantilla melanocephala, in its northern distribution with emphasis on the colonization of the Lesser Antilles

Fig. 1. (A) Tantilla melanocephala sample localities for this study (red circles) in the northern region of its distribution. (B) The distribution of Tantilla melanocephala in the Neotropics. Locality data are from VertNet and the GBIF databases, as well as the literature (Nogueira et al. 2019). Within the Lesser Antilles, Union Island and the Mustique islands are not shown. Red circles are T. melanocephala localities included in the phylogenetic analyses. The map suggests this species inhabits several different biomes.

Fig. 4 in Unearthing the species diversity of a cryptozoic snake, Tantilla melanocephala, in its northern distribution with emphasis on the colonization of the Lesser Antilles

Fig. 4. Bayesian time tree as inferred by BEAST for the data set of concatenated 12S and 16S rDNA, cytb, and c-mos sequences from Tantilla specimens (in red). Red values by nodes denote the median time estimates, whereas values in brackets denote 95% Highest Posterior Density ranges. Red and black nodes are posterior probabilities (1.00 and> 95–99%), respectively. Photo by J.C. Murphy.

Fig. 3 in Unearthing the species diversity of a cryptozoic snake, Tantilla melanocephala, in its northern distribution with emphasis on the colonization of the Lesser Antilles

Fig. 3. Best Maximum Likelihood tree based on the data set of concatenated 12S and 16S rDNA, cytb, and c-mos sequences. Red clade depicts the genus Tantilla. Values on the left and right sides of a slash (/), are the values indicated at nodes of Maximum Likelihood bootstraps (>70%) and Bayesian Posterior probability values (>95%), respectively. The Tantilla melanocephala pictured is from the western versant of the Occidental slopes in Ecuador (from the Rio Manduriacu Reserve). Photo by R. Maynard.

Fig. 2 in Unearthing the species diversity of a cryptozoic snake, Tantilla melanocephala, in its northern distribution with emphasis on the colonization of the Lesser Antilles

Fig. 2. Specimens of Tantilla melanocephala from (A) Tobago, Pigeon Point, (B) Trinidad, Bush Bush, Nariva Swamp, and (C) Venezuela, Caracas, Distrito Capital. Photos by J.C. Murphy (A–B) and L.A. Rodríguez (C).

Fig. 8 in Integrated evidence sheds light on the taxonomy of the widespread Tantilla melanocephala species complex (Serpentes: Colubridae) and indicates the existence of a new species from southern South America

Fig. 8 Overview of South American Tantilla species. a T. selmae; b T. boipiranga; c T. melanocephala, Surinam pattern (above), Brazilian Cerrado pattern (middle), and transAndean pattern (bellow); d T. capistrata; e T. petersi. Illustrations by Lucas Kias

Fig. 4 in Integrated evidence sheds light on the taxonomy of the widespread Tantilla melanocephala species complex (Serpentes: Colubridae) and indicates the existence of a new species from southern South America

Fig. 4 Boxplots for selected variables based on the dataset D1, demonstrating the morphological differences among OTUs of the Tantilla melanocephala complex. Number of ventral scales in (a) females and (b) males; number of subcaudal scales in (c) females and (d) males. The thin (red) horizontal line within the box indicates the mean; the thick (black) horizontal line within the box indicates the median; the open circles are data points

Fig. 5 in Integrated evidence sheds light on the taxonomy of the widespread Tantilla melanocephala species complex (Serpentes: Colubridae) and indicates the existence of a new species from southern South America

Fig. 5 Specimens of Tantilla melanocephala complex from Brazil. a T. aff. melanocephala 1 from Bagé, RS, Brazil, IBSP 91713; b T. boipiranga from Morro do Pilar, MG, Brazil, IBSP 79060; c T. cf. melanocephala from Atibaia, SP, Brazil, IBSP 19376; d T. cf. melanocephala from Palmas, TO, Brazil, IBSP 65185; e T. cf. melanocephala from Aquidauana, MS, Brazil, IBSP 26757; f T. melanocephala from Belém, PA, Brazil, IBSP 15047

Fig. 7 in Integrated evidence sheds light on the taxonomy of the widespread Tantilla melanocephala species complex (Serpentes: Colubridae) and indicates the existence of a new species from southern South America

Fig. 7 Holotype of Tantilla selmae (IBSP 92724). Head views on the (a) dorsal, (b) right lateral, (c) left lateral, and (d) ventral. Body views on the (e) dorsal and (f) ventral. Horizontal scale bar: 2 mm. Vertical scale bar: 10 mm

Fig. 10 in Integrated evidence sheds light on the taxonomy of the widespread Tantilla melanocephala species complex (Serpentes: Colubridae) and indicates the existence of a new species from southern South America

Fig. 10 Specimens of Tantilla selmae in life. a Adult male from Lages, SC, Brazil *IBSP 92724; b adult male from Jari, RS, Brazil **IBSP 91838; c adult female from Capão Alto, SC, Brazil **CHUFSC 1165; d adult female from Bagé, RS, Brazil **IBSP91713; e adult from

Fig. 9 in Integrated evidence sheds light on the taxonomy of the widespread Tantilla melanocephala species complex (Serpentes: Colubridae) and indicates the existence of a new species from southern South America

Fig. 9 Overview of South American Tantilla species. a T. alticola Colombian pattern; b T. miyatai; c T. nigra; d T. insulamontana; e T. andinista; f T. semicincta; g T. supracincta; h T. tjiasmantoi. Illustrations by Lucas Kias

Fig. 6 in Integrated evidence sheds light on the taxonomy of the widespread Tantilla melanocephala species complex (Serpentes: Colubridae) and indicates the existence of a new species from southern South America

Fig. 6 Geographical distribution of taxa corresponding to the individuals examined in this study. Stars correspond to types localities of valid species; circles represent the distribution of analyzed individuals; triangles correspond to sequenced samples; crosses and question marks symbolize the type localities of the synonyms of T. melanocephala species; the question marks represent the approximate type locality according to Wilson and Mena (1980). The brown dashed polygon represents the known distribution of the T. melanocephala complex according to Nogueira et al. (2019); the other non-dashed polygons represent the distribution of evolutionary units recognized within the T. melanocephala complex. Acro- nyms of the Brazilian states: AM, Amazonas; PA, Pará; PB, Paraíba; PE, Pernambuco; MT, Mato Grosso; MG, Minas Gerais; SP, São Paulo; PR, Paraná; SC, Santa Catarina; RS, Rio Grande do Sul

Fig. 2 in Integrated evidence sheds light on the taxonomy of the widespread Tantilla melanocephala species complex (Serpentes: Colubridae) and indicates the existence of a new species from southern South America

Fig. 2 Calibrated Bayesian tree showing divergence times for Tantilla. "N" represents the nodes. Values near the nodes of the calibrated tree indicate the estimated age in millions of years, and the

Fig. 1 in Integrated evidence sheds light on the taxonomy of the widespread Tantilla melanocephala species complex (Serpentes: Colubridae) and indicates the existence of a new species from southern South America

Fig. 1 Maximum likelihood (ML) tree estimated using RAxML, showing the relationships of Tantilla, focusing on the T. melanocephala species complex. The bootstrap support values are shown on each node. Bootstrap values below 70% are not shown. Terminals in bold correspond to samples sequenced in this study. Photographs by A. Abegg (T. melanocephala and T. aff. melanocephala), T. Castro (T. boipiranga), and W. Azevedo (T. cf. melanocephala)

Fig. 11 in Integrated evidence sheds light on the taxonomy of the widespread Tantilla melanocephala species complex (Serpentes: Colubridae) and indicates the existence of a new species from southern South America

Fig. 11 Hemipenis of Tantilla selmae (IBSP 91838). Asulcate (a), lateral (b), and sulcate (c) views. Vertical scale bar: 2 mm

Fig. 12 in Integrated evidence sheds light on the taxonomy of the widespread Tantilla melanocephala species complex (Serpentes: Colubridae) and indicates the existence of a new species from southern South America

Fig. 12 Lectotype of Coluber melanocephalus (NRM 86). Head views on the (a) dorsal, (b) right lateral, (c) left lateral, and (d) ventral. Body views on the (e) dorsal and (f) ventral. Horizontal scale bar: 2 mm. Vertical scale bar: 10 mm