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opencc-by-4.0May 2022View details →

Replication Data & Code - Large-scale land acquisitions exacerbate local land inequalities in Tanzania

<h3>Reference</h3>Sullivan J.A., Samii, C., Brown, D., Moyo, F., Agrawal, A. 2023. Large-scale land acquisitions exacerbate local farmland inequalities in Tanzania. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 120, e2207398120. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2207398120">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2207398120</a> <h3>Abstract</h3>Land inequality stalls economic development, entrenches poverty, and is associated with environmental degradation. Yet, rigorous assessments of land-use interventions attend to inequality only rarely. A land inequality lens is especially important to understand how recent large-scale land acquisitions (LSLAs) affect smallholder and indigenous communities across as much as 100 million hectares around the world. This paper studies inequalities in land assets, specifically landholdings and farm size, to derive insights into the distributional outcomes of LSLAs. Using a household survey covering four pairs of land acquisition and control sites in Tanzania, we use a quasi-experimental design to characterize changes in land inequality and subsequent impacts on well-being. We find convincing evidence that LSLAs in Tanzania lead to both reduced landholdings and greater farmland inequality among smallholders. Households in proximity to LSLAs are associated with 21.1% (P = 0.02) smaller landholdings while evidence, although insignificant, is suggestive that farm sizes are also declining. Aggregate estimates, however, hide that households in the bottom quartiles of farm size suffer the brunt of landlessness and land loss induced by LSLAs that combine to generate greater farmland inequality. Additional analyses find that land inequality is not offset by improvements in other livelihood dimensions, rather farm size decreases among households near LSLAs are associated with no income improvements, lower wealth, increased poverty, and higher food insecurity. The results demonstrate that without explicit consideration of distributional outcomes, land-use policies can systematically reinforce existing inequalities.<h3>Replication Data</h3>We include anonymized household survey data from our analysis to support open and reproducible science. In particular, we provide i) an anoymized household dataset collected in 2018 (n=994) for households nearby (treatment) and far-away from (control) LSLAs and ii) a household dataset collected in 2019 (n=165) within the same sites. For the 2018 surveys, several anonymized extracts are provided including an imputed (n=10) dataset to fill in missing data that was used for the main analysis. This data can be found in the hh_data folder and includes:<ul><li>hh_imputed10_2018: anonymized household dataset for 2018 with variables used for the main analysis where missing data was imputed 10 times</li><li>hh_compensation_2018: anonymized household extract for 2018 representing household benefits and compensation directly received from LSLAs</li><li>hh_migration_2018: anonymized household extract for 2018 representing household migration behavior following LSLAs</li><li>hh_rsdata_2018: extracted remote sensing data at the household geo-location for 2018</li><li>hh_land_2019:  anonymized household extract for 2019 of land variables</li></ul>Our analysis also incorporates data from the Living Standards Measurement Survey (LSMS) collected by the World Bank (found in lsms_data folder). We've provide sub-modules from the LSMS dataset relevant to our analysis but the full datasets can be access through the World Bank's Microdata Library (https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/home). Across several analyses we use the LSLA boundaries for our four selected sites. We provide a shapefile for the LSLA boundaries in the gis_data folder.Finally, our data replication includes several model outputs (found in mod_outputs), particularly those that are lengthy to run in R. These datasets can optionally be loaded into R rather than re-running analysis using our main_analysis.Rmd script. <h3>Replication Code</h3>We provide replication code in the form of R Markdown (.Rmd) or R (.R) files. Alongside the replication data, this can be used to reproduce main figures, table, supplementary materials, and results reported in our article. Scripts include:<ul><li>main_analysis.Rmd: main analysis supporting the finding, graphs, and tables reported in our main manuscript</li><li>compensation.R: analysis of benefits and compensation received directly by households from LSLAs</li><li>landvalue.R: analysis of household land values as a function of distance from LSLAs</li><li>migration.R: analysis of migration behavior following LSLAs</li><li>selection_bias.R: analysis of LSLA selection bias between control and treatment enumeration areas</li></ul>

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2021View details →

Long term effects of payment for performance on maternal and child health outcomes– evidence from Tanzania

These are the datasets underpinning the paper entitled: Long term effects of payment for performance on maternal and child health outcomes– evidence from Tanzania. The datasets are provided in csv and Stata 16 format along with variable descriptions, and the Stata do file used for analysis.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2018View details →

Collaborative UAV-based Orthomosaic of Isimila, Tanzania

An UAV-based orthomosaic of the Middle-Pleistocene archaeological site of Isimila, Tanzania. This version is for the expressed purpose of fostering collaboration of research at the site. GPS coordinates of excavation trenches, surface finds, and other points of interest submitted by any researchers working at the site will be plotted on this regularly updated map.  Instructions for submission and contact are available here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/12O3TN7-NuqaszEsiHJ7YUBSztQb1hPfOmaFDy8Zw8BU/edit?usp=sharing

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2022View details →

2022 Rice Crop-type Data for Western Tanzania

Rice Crop-type data from Katavi Region Tanzania was collected by the NASA Harvest Program at the University of Maryland, the Sokoine University of Agriculture, and Flamingoo Food Limited under the Optimizing Crop Yield Data Collection for Supply Chain Enhancement project (more at: https://cropanalytics.net/optimizing-yield-data/)  funded by  ENABLING CROP ANALYTICS AT SCALE (ECAAS) is a multi-phase initiative that aims to catalyze the development, availability, and uptake of agricultural ground and remote sensing data and applications in smallholder production systems more at (https://cropanalytics.net/)

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2021View details →

CLDF dataset derived from Nurse and Philippson's "Tanzania Language Survey" from 1975

Cite the source of the dataset as: <blockquote> Nurse, Derek and Gérard Philippson (1975). The Tanzanian Language Survey. Department of Foreign Languages and Linguistics of the University of Dar es Salaam: Dar es Salaam. </blockquote>

opencc-zeroAug 2024View details →

National Checklists 2017: Tanzania Species List

Lists of taxa for each country and a few other administrative zones harvested from effechecka using simplified versions of geonames polygons. See https://github.com/diatomsRcool/checklists for detailsA list of species from Tanzania collected using effechecka and geonames polygons

opencc-zeroAug 2024View details →

National Checklists 2019: Tanzania Species List

Lists of taxa for each country and a few other administrative zones harvested from effechecka using simplified versions of geonames polygons. See https://github.com/diatomsRcool/checklists for details.A list of species from Tanzania collected using effechecka and geonames polygons

Fig.16. Aquattuor submajor Enghoff, 2015. A–D in A mountain of millipedes VIII. The genus Aquattuor Frederiksen, 2013 revisited - a new species from the Udzungwa Mts, Tanzania, another from the Nguru Mts, and introduction of the first pair of male legs as a source of taxonomic characters (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig.16. Aquattuor submajor Enghoff, 2015. A–D. Male from Udzungwa Mts National Park, Kidatu (NHMD 621653), left gonopod telopodite. A. Posterior view. B. Anterior view. C. Distal (ventral) view. D. Basal (dorsal) view. E–F. Male from Udzungwa Mts National Park, Kidatu (NHMD 621654), right gonopod telopodite, broken into two pieces. E. Basal part. F. Tip of telomere. Abbreviations: btl = basal telomeral lamella; mpl = meso-posterior telomeral lamella; slm = solenomere; tm = telomere. Scale bars: A–E = 0.1 mm; F = 0.02 mm.

Fig. 13 in A mountain of millipedes VIII. The genus Aquattuor Frederiksen, 2013 revisited - a new species from the Udzungwa Mts, Tanzania, another from the Nguru Mts, and introduction of the first pair of male legs as a source of taxonomic characters (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 13. Aquattuor mollilobus sp. nov., paratype, ♂ (NHMD 621648). Left gonopod telopodite. A. Anterior view. B. Posterior view. C. Submesal view. D. Distal (ventral) view. E–F. Tip of telomere. Abbreviations: slm = solenomere; tm = telomere. Scale bars: A–D = 0.1 mm; E–F = 0.02 mm.

Fig. 8 in A mountain of millipedes VIII. The genus Aquattuor Frederiksen, 2013 revisited - a new species from the Udzungwa Mts, Tanzania, another from the Nguru Mts, and introduction of the first pair of male legs as a source of taxonomic characters (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 8. Aquattuor spp., males, left leg of first pair. A. A. stereosathe Enghoff, 2015, paratype, ♂ (NHMD 621650): setae same length as in normal walking legs. B. A. longipala Enghoff, 2015, specimen from Udzungwa Mts National Park, Mito Mitatu (NHMD 621642): setae of femur shortened. C. A. mollilobus sp. nov., paratype, ♂ (NHMD 621646): all setae shortened. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 4. A–C in A mountain of millipedes VIII. The genus Aquattuor Frederiksen, 2013 revisited - a new species from the Udzungwa Mts, Tanzania, another from the Nguru Mts, and introduction of the first pair of male legs as a source of taxonomic characters (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 4. A–C. Aquattuor nguruensis sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (VMNH110617), first pair of legs. Notice mite larva ("hypopus") on left femur. D–F. A. denticulatus Frederiksen, 2013, paratype, ♂ (NHMD 621640), left leg of first pair. A, D. Anterior view. B, E. Sublateral view. C, F. Sub-ventral view. Abbreviation: pfd = prefemoral depression. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 2. Aquattuor udzungwensis Enghoff, 2015 in A mountain of millipedes VIII. The genus Aquattuor Frederiksen, 2013 revisited - a new species from the Udzungwa Mts, Tanzania, another from the Nguru Mts, and introduction of the first pair of male legs as a source of taxonomic characters (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 2. Aquattuor udzungwensis Enghoff, 2015, specimens from Chita, heads, lateral view. A. Male (NHMD 621667). B. Female (NHMD 621667). Scale bars = 0.1 mm. The arrow points at the distoventral stipital expansion lobe in the male.

Fig. 3 in A mountain of millipedes VIII. The genus Aquattuor Frederiksen, 2013 revisited - a new species from the Udzungwa Mts, Tanzania, another from the Nguru Mts, and introduction of the first pair of male legs as a source of taxonomic characters (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 3. Aquattuor spp., first pair of male legs. A–C. A. fasciatus (Attems, 1896), non-type male from Zanzibar (NHMD 621641). D–F. A. claudiahempae Enghoff & Frederiksen, 2015, paratype from Kilimanjaro (NHMD 621638). G–I. A. claudiahempae, specimen from Udzungwa Mts (NHMD 621639). A, D, G. Anterior view. B, E, H. Sublateral view. C, F, I. Ventral view. Abbreviation: pfp = prefemoral process. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 1 in A mountain of millipedes VIII. The genus Aquattuor Frederiksen, 2013 revisited - a new species from the Udzungwa Mts, Tanzania, another from the Nguru Mts, and introduction of the first pair of male legs as a source of taxonomic characters (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 1. Collecting sites for Aquattuor spp. in the Udzungwa Mts. Based on Marshall et al. (2010: fig. 1); inset by permission of the Eastern Arc Mountains Conservation Endowment Fund.

Fig. 6 in A mountain of millipedes VIII. The genus Aquattuor Frederiksen, 2013 revisited - a new species from the Udzungwa Mts, Tanzania, another from the Nguru Mts, and introduction of the first pair of male legs as a source of taxonomic characters (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 6. Aquattuor spp., first pair of male legs. A–C. A. mollilobus sp. nov., paratype, ♂ (NHMD 621647). D–F. A. stereosathe Enghoff, 2015, paratype, ♂ (NHMD 621650). A, D. Anterior view. B, E. (Sub)- lateral view. C, F. (Sub)-ventral view. Abbreviations: dpl = distal prefemoral lobe; pfp = prefemoral process. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 13 in A mountain of millipedes II: The genus Aquattuor Frederiksen, 2013 - five new species from the Udzungwa Mountains and one from Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 13. Map of the Udzungwa Mts showing the forest reserves where Aquattuor species have been found, and the epithets of the species found. Based on Marshall et al. (2010: fig. 1).

Fig. 11. Aquattuor denticulatus Frederiksen, 2013, paratype. A. Gonopods, posterior view. B in A mountain of millipedes II: The genus Aquattuor Frederiksen, 2013 - five new species from the Udzungwa Mountains and one from Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 11. Aquattuor denticulatus Frederiksen, 2013, paratype. A. Gonopods, posterior view. B. Telomere, distal part, lateral view. C. Gonopods, anterior view. D. Telomere tip. li = lateral incision; bs = basomeral spine; pa = palette; mpl = mesal-posterior lamella of telomere. Scale bars: A, C = 0.1 mm; B = 0.02 mm; D = 0.01 mm.

Fig. 10 in A mountain of millipedes II: The genus Aquattuor Frederiksen, 2013 - five new species from the Udzungwa Mountains and one from Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 10. Aquattuor claudiahempae sp. nov., paratype. A. Gonopods, anterior view. B. Right palette, showing well developed meso-basal lobe. C. Telomere tip. D. Margin of telomere tip. E. Gonopods, poterior view. mbl = mesobasal lobe of palette; pa = palette; st9 = sternum of rudimentary 9th leg-pair. Scale bars: A, E = 0.1 mm; B = 0.05 mm; C = 0.02 mm; D = 0.01 mm.

Fig. 8 in A mountain of millipedes II: The genus Aquattuor Frederiksen, 2013 - five new species from the Udzungwa Mountains and one from Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 8. Aquattuor udzungwensis Enghoff sp. nov. A–B, D. Paratype. C. Specimen from West Kilombero Scarp FR. A. Gonopods in situ. B. Telopodite, ventral view. C. Right gonopod, anterior view. D. Telomere tip. li = lateral incision; pa = palette; mpl = mesal-posterior lamella of telomere. Scale bars: A–C = 0.1 mm; D = 0.05 mm.

Fig. 12 in A mountain of millipedes II: The genus Aquattuor Frederiksen, 2013 - five new species from the Udzungwa Mountains and one from Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 12. Map of part of Tanzania showing the mountains where Aquattuor species have been found. Based on Burgess et al. (2007: fig. 1).