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Fig. 6 in Allometric growth in the frontals of the Mongolian theropod dinosaur Tarbosaurus bataar

Fig. 6. Björk method of superimposition of the frontals in dorsal/ventral views. A. Scaled to same length between prefrontonasal process and the frontoparietal suture. B. Smallest and largest specimen superimposed. C. Smallest and second largest specimen superimposed. D. Scaled to same width between medial edge of the orbital slot and the midline. E. Smallest and largest specimen superimposed. F. Smallest and second largest specimen superimposed. Largest specimens preserve entire nasal process, which emphasize relative shortening during growth. Not to scale.

Fig. 7 in Allometric growth in the frontals of the Mongolian theropod dinosaur Tarbosaurus bataar

Fig. 7. Björk method of superimposition of the frontals in lateral/medial views. A. Scaled to same length between prefrontonasal process and the frontoparietal suture. B. Smallest and largest specimen superimposed. C. Scaled to same depth near the lacrimal socket region. D. Smallest and largest specimen superimposed. Largest specimens preserve entire nasal process, which emphasize relative shortening during growth. Not to scale.

Fig. 5 in Allometric growth in the frontals of the Mongolian theropod dinosaur Tarbosaurus bataar

Fig. 5. Bivariate allometric results of different parts of Tarbosaurus bataar frontals. A. Length of the frontal between prefrontonasal process and the frontoparietal suture (pfn-pl length, 4) and the length of the postorbital suture (ps length, 10). B. Length of the frontal between prefrontonasal process and the frontoparietal suture (4) and the depth of the anterior part of the postorbital suture (rps depth, 11). C. Length of the frontal between prefrontonasal process and the frontoparietal suture (4) and the depth of the posterior part of the postorbital suture (cps depth, 12). D. Depth of the anterior part of the postorbital suture (11) and the depth of the posterior part of the postorbital suture (12). E. Depth of the frontal at the region that is immediately anterior to the most anterior point of the sagittal crest (depth, 9) and the depth of the anterior part of the postorbital suture (11). F. Depth of the frontal at the region that is immediately anterior to the most anterior point of the sagittal crest (9) and the depth of the posterior part of the postorbital suture (12). G. Length of the frontal between prefrontonasal process and the frontoparietal suture (4) and the length of the dorsotemporal fossa (dtf length, 7). H. Width of the frontal between medial edge of the orbital slot and the midline (os-mid width, 5) and the length of the dorsotemporal fossa (7).

Fig. 1. Tyrannosaurid theropod Tarbosaurus bataar Maleev, 1955a in Allometric growth in the frontals of the Mongolian theropod dinosaur Tarbosaurus bataar

Fig. 1. Tyrannosaurid theropod Tarbosaurus bataar Maleev, 1955a from Mongolia, Nemegt Formation, Maastrichtian; frontals used to create bone silhouettes for superimposition. A. MPC-D 107/10, from Bugiin Tsav, in dorsal (A1) and lateral (A2) views. B. MPC-D 107/09, Bugiin Tsav, in dorsal (B1) and lateral (B2) views. C. MPC-D 107/05, Nemegt, in dorsal view. D. MPC-D 107/11, Bugiin Tsav, in dorsal view. E. MPC-D 107/13, Nemegt, in dorsal (E1) and lateral (E2) views. F. MPC-D 107/22, Bugiin Tsav, in dorsal (F1) and lateral (F2) views. G. MPC-D 107/06, Bugiin Tsav, in dorsal (G1) and medial (G2) views. The arrangement is from smallest to largest. Scale bars 50 mm.

Fig. 4 in Allometric growth in the frontals of the Mongolian theropod dinosaur Tarbosaurus bataar

Fig. 4. Bivariate allometric results of different parts of Tarbosaurus bataar frontals. A. Length of the frontal between prefrontonasal process and the frontoparietal suture (pfn-pl length, 4) and the width of the nasal process (np width, 1). B. Width of the frontal between medial edge of the orbital slot and the midline (os-mid width, 5) and the width of the nasal process (1). C. Length of the frontal between prefrontonasal process and the frontoparietal suture (4) and the width of the prefrontal suture (prf width, 2). D. Width of the frontal between medial edge of the orbital slot and the midline (5) and the width of the prefrontal suture (2). E. Length of the frontal between prefrontonasal process and the frontoparietal suture (4) and the width of the lacrimal socket (ls width, 3). F. Width of the frontal between medial edge of the orbital slot (5) and the midline and the width of the lacrimal socket (3).

Fig. 3 in Allometric growth in the frontals of the Mongolian theropod dinosaur Tarbosaurus bataar

Fig. 3. Bivariate allometric results of different parts of Tarbosaurus bataar frontals. A. Width of the frontal between medial edge of the orbital slot and the midline (os-mid width, 5) and the depth of the frontal at the region that is immediately anterior to the most anterior point of the sagittal crest (depth, 9). B. Length of the frontal between prefrontonasal process and the frontoparietal suture (pfn-pl length, 4) and the depth of the frontal at the region that is immediately anterior to the most anterior point of the sagittal crest (9). C. Width of the frontal between medial edge of the orbital slot and the midline (5) and the length of the frontal between prefrontonasal process and the frontoparietal suture (4). D. Length of the frontal between prefrontonasal process and the frontoparietal suture (4) and the width of the frontal between the most lateral point of the posterior shelf and the midline (cds-mid width, 6). E. Length of the frontal between prefrontonasal process and the frontoparietal suture (4) and the brain length (8). F. Length of the frontal between prefrontonasal process and the frontoparietal suture (4) and the width of the frontal between medial edge of the orbital slot and the midline (5). G. Length of the frontal between prefrontonasal process and the frontoparietal suture (4) and the width of the frontal between the most lateral point of the posterior shelf and the midline (6). H. Width of the frontal between the most lateral point of the posterior shelf and the midline (6) and the width of the frontal between medial edge of the orbital slot and the midline (5).

Fig. 20. A in Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: Skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared

Fig. 20. A. Reconstructed splenial of Tarbosaurus bataar (based on both ZPALMgD−I/34 and MgD−I/4) in medial (lingual) (A 1) and lateral (A2) views. B. Lateral view of the left splenial of Tyrannosaurus rex BHI−3033. C. Medial view of the supradentary of Tarbosaurus bataar ZPALMgD−I/4. D. Medial view of the supradentary of Tyrannosaurus rex BHI−3033.

Fig. 19 in Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: Skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared

Fig. 19. Mandible of Tarbosaurus bataar ZPALMgD−I/4. A. Lateral view, B. Medial view. C. Medial view with prearticular and splenial removed. Based on Hurum and Currie (2000), except for a new reconstruction of the splenial.

Fig. 17 in Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: Skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared

Fig. 17. Braincase of Tarbosaurus bataar ZPALMgD−I/4. A, B. Lateral view, left side. C, D. Lateral view, right side. E. Partly reconstructed occipital view.

Fig. 18 in Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: Skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared

Fig. 18. Left exoccipital−opisthotic of Tarbosaurus bataar ZPAL MgD−I/4 in occipital (A) and medial (B) views.

Fig. 15. A in Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: Skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared

Fig. 15. A. Ventral view of the skull of Tarbosaurus bataar GIN 107/1 (A1) and explanatory drawing of the same (A2). B. Tyrannosaurus rex BHI−3033; lateral view of vomer (B1), lateral view of pterygoid (B2), dorsal view of pterygoid (B3). Not to scale.

Fig. 14 in Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: Skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared

Fig. 14. Left ectopterygoid of Tarbosaurus bataar ZPAL MgD−I/4 in dorsal (A, B) and ventral (C, D) views.

Fig. 11. Tyrannosaurus rex BHI−3033. A in Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: Skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared

Fig. 11. Tyrannosaurus rex BHI−3033. A. Maxilla in medial view. B. Postorbital in lateral view. C. Quadratojugal in lateral (C1) and medial (C2) views.

Fig. 10. A in Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: Skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared

Fig. 10. A. Right squamosal of Tarbosaurus bataar ZPALMgD−I/4 in dorsal (A 1), ventral (A2, A3), and lateral (A4) views. B. Mirrored left squamosal of Tyrannosaurus rex BHI−3033 in ventral view. A1–A3 and B, anterior is up.

Fig. 9 in Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: Skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared

Fig. 9. Left squamosal, quadrate, quadratojugal, postorbital of Tarbosaurus bataar ZPAL MgD−I/4 in lateral (A, B) and medial (C, D) views.

Fig. 7. Tyrannosaurus rex BHI−3033. A in Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: Skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared

Fig. 7. Tyrannosaurus rex BHI−3033. A. Left lacrimal in lateral (A1) and medial(A2) views. B. Left jugal in lateral (B1) and medial (B2) views.

Fig. 8 in Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: Skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared

Fig. 8. Left prefrontal, frontal, postorbital and parietal of Tarbosaurus bataar ZPAL MgD−I/4 in lateral (A, B) and medial (C, D) views.

Fig. 3 in Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: Skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared

Fig. 3. Right premaxilla of Tarbosaurus bataar ZPALMgD−I/4 mirrored to be comparable to other bones form the left side of the skull in lateral (A, B) and medial (C) views.

Fig. 5. A in Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: Skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared

Fig. 5. A. Nasal of Tarbosaurus bataar ZPALMgD−I/4 in lateral (A 1) and ventral (A2, A3) views. B. Ventral view of the nasal of Tyrannosaurus rex BHI−3033.

Fig. 2. A in Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: Skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared

Fig. 2. A. Generalized skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar in lateral (A1) and dorsal (A2) views. B. Tyrannosaurus rex in lateral (B1) and dorsal (B2) views compared (not to scale). Light grey, lacrimal; dark grey, nasal.