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30 results for “Taylor Valley”
High-frequency, hourly, and daily measurements from Taylor Glacier Meteorological Station (TARM), McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (1994-2025, ongoing)
As part of the McMurdo Dry Valleys Long-Term Ecological Research program, a spatially distributed, long-term climate monitoring network was established across the McMurdo Dry Valleys region of Antarctica, consisting of fourteen research-grade weather stations that continuously measure a standard suite of environmental parameters. Ecosystem processes in this region are strongly regulated by climatic drivers that exhibit high variability across both time and space, making accurate measurement of environmental variables at high temporal and spatial resolution essential to understanding the biophysical dynamics of this polar desert ecosystem. This data package includes measurements from the Taylor Glacier Meteorological Station (TARM), which was established in 1994 on the lower section of Taylor Glacier in the Bonney Basin of Taylor Valley, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Parameters include air temperature, relative humidity, incoming and outgoing shortwave radiation, wind speed and direction, surface (snow/ice) temperature, and surface distance. Data are provided at high frequency (typically 15-minute intervals), along with hourly and daily summaries. Users should note that summary statistics may be affected by periods of missing data. Since there is no universally accepted standard for handling gaps in time-series data, users are encouraged to work with the high-frequency data and establish their own criteria for acceptable data completeness to minimize any potential bias.
Metacommunity simulations for diatom assemblages residing in benthic cyanobacterial mats in Fryxell Basin in Taylor Valley in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica
Here, we use MCSim, a spatially explicit metacommunity simulation package for R, to test alternative hypotheses about the roles of dispersal and species sorting in maintaining the biodiversity of diatom assemblages residing in black and orange mats in Fryxell Basin in Taylor Valley in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica. The spatial distribution and patchiness of cyanobacterial mat habitats was characterized by remote imagery of the Lake Fryxell sub-catchment in Taylor Valley collected in January 2015. The available species pool for diatom metacommunity simulation scenarios was informed by the Antarctic Freshwater Diatoms Database, maintained by the McMurdo Dry Valleys Long Term Ecological Research program, representing samples collected between January 1994 and January 2013. We used simulation outcomes to test the plausibility of alternative community assembly hypotheses to explain empirically observed patterns of freshwater diatom biodiversity in the long-term record. The most plausible simulation scenarios suggest species sorting by environmental filters, alone, was not sufficient to maintain biodiversity in the Fryxell Basin diatom metacommunity. The most plausible scenarios included either (1) neutral models with different immigration rates for diatoms in orange and black mats or (2) species sorting by a relatively weak environmental filter, such that dispersal dynamics also influenced diatom community assembly, but there was not such a strong disparity in immigration rates between mat types. The results point to the importance of dispersal for understanding current and future biodiversity patterns for diatoms in this ecosystem, and more generally, provide further evidence that metacommunity theory is a useful framework for testing hypotheses about microbial community assembly. This dataset supports the paper: Sokol, E. Et al, 2020. Evaluating Alternative Metacommunity Hypotheses for Diatoms in the McMurdo Dry Valleys Using Simulations and Remote Sensing Data
Elevational Transects (ET): Soil temperature depth profiles from Garwood, Miers, and Taylor Valley, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (2019-2024, ongoing)
As part of the McMurdo Dry Valleys Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) project, the Elevational Transects (ET) study was established in 1993 to investigate how elevation and topographic variation influence soil biotic communities and associated soil properties in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica. Transects consisting of low-, mid-, and high-elevation sites were initially established in the Bonney, Hoare, and Fryxell basins of Taylor Valley, with additional transects added in Garwood and Miers Valleys during the 2012-2013 austral summer. This data package contains year-round soil temperature measurements recorded at four depths (0, 5, 10, and 20 cm) by HOBO dataloggers installed at the mid-elevation sites of each valley during the 2018–2019 austral summer.
Spectral and biological characteristics of microbial mats and mosses across Fryxell Basin, Taylor Valley, Antarctica (2018-2019)
An intensive field campaign was conducted during the 2018-2019 austral summer to assess spectral and biological characteristics of multiple microbial mat types, as well as mosses, across nine ephemeral glacial meltwater streams in the Fryxell Basin of Taylor Valley, located in the McMurdo Dry Valleys region of Antarctica. In addition to biological sample collection, hyperspectral visible/near-infrared (VNIR) measurements were conducted using an ASD FieldSpec4 spectrometer, corrected and averaged across each mat, moss, and soil type, and downsampled to the multispectral resolution of the WorldView-2 satellite. This package contains a detailed sample archive, associated images, biological characteristics that include ash free dry mass (AFDM), chlorophyll-a, and pigment concentrations, as well as hyperspectral and multispectral reflectance spectra.
Biophysicochemical properties, pigment concentrations, and nif gene counts of microbial mats and soils from Taylor and Beacon Valleys, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (2019-2020)
This data package includes biophysicochemical properties, pigment concentrations, and nif gene counts from microbial mat and soil samples collected from the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica during the 2019-20 austral summer. Specifically, data include physicochemical properties of the collected soils (gravimetric water content, pH, electrical conductivity, inorganic nitrogen, inorganic phosphorous, sulfate, chloride, soil organic carbon, and total nitrogen), biological properties of the microbial mats (ash-free dry mass and pigment concentrations – scytonemin, scytonemin-red, myxoxanthophyll, zeaxanthin, chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, β-carotene, canthaxanthin, echinenone), and nif gene counts (overall nif and nifH) of the soils and microbial mats. These data were collected to infer the functioning and nitrogen cycling abilities of microbial mat and soil communities from areas of differing landscape histories and geochemical legacies (Ross and Taylor tills in the Taylor Valley, and Beacon Cirque in Beacon Valley).
Trace metal, ion, and nutrient concentrations in aeolian samples subjected to experimental freeze-thaw cycles, collected from Taylor Valley, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (2013-2016)
This data package contains measurements of trace metal, ion, and nutrient concentrations in aeolian samples collected from several locations throughout Taylor Valley in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica during the 2013-2014, 2014-2015, and 2015-2016 austral summers. Samples were collected by the McMurdo Dry Valleys Long Term Ecological Research Program (MCM LTER) using Big Spring Number Eight (BSNE) isokinetic wind samplers located at Explorer’s Cove, Lake Fryxell at F6, East Lake Bonney, and Taylor Glacier. Samples were then subjected to experimental freeze-thaw cycles in a controlled laboratory setting to simulate supraglacial weathering processes and then analyzed to understand how freeze-thaw cycles affect nutrient, ion, and trace metal concentrations over time.
Distribution models of microbial mats and mosses across Fryxell Basin, Taylor Valley, Antarctica (2018-2019)
Long-term ecological field surveys from the McMurdo Dry Valleys Long Term Ecological Research program (MCM LTER) have documented the abundance and diversity of microbial mat types across ephemeral glacial meltwater streams in the McMurdo Dry Valleys region of Antarctica. However, field surveys are limited and are incapable of being performed across the entirety of streams within a field season. Therefore, we used remote sensing to examine the distribution of these diverse communities across streams in order to determine whether large scale distribution patterns are similar to those the MCM LTER has already thoroughly studied in situ. As part of our 2018-2019 field campaign, we established two to three 20 x 20 m plots within five different streams (Bowles Creek, McKnight Creek, a relict channel, Canada Stream, and Crescent Stream) in the Fryxell Basin of Taylor Valley. We performed point transect and quadrat field surveys of microbial mat and moss cover within each 20 x 20 m plot. We then used hyperspectral measurements of mat and moss collected in the field, previously archived in “Spectral and biological characteristics of microbial mats and mosses across Fryxell Basin, Taylor Valley, Antarctica (2018-2019),” in linear spectral mixing models to determine mat and moss coverage in the same 20 x 20 m plots within an atmospherically corrected WorldView-2 satellite image from Dec. 12, 2018. We ground truthed our modeled mat and moss abundances with our field survey coverages and determined the limitations of our methods. We then modeled mat and moss coverage across Huey Creek and Von Guerard Stream to apply our methods to streams without ground truthing measurements. Our results demonstrate the spatial distribution of moss and black, orange, red, and green microbial mat across Fryxell Basin streams. Observations of mat and moss coverage at the basin-wide scale are similar to those seen in localized stream areas.
Hyporheic sediment characteristics from Von Guerard Stream, Taylor Valley, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica in January 2019
In this data package, we present chlorophyll concentrations, percent loss-on-ignition organic matter, sorbed ammonium concentrations, and percent biogenic silica for hyporheic sediments collected in January 2019 from nine transects across Von Guerard Stream, Taylor Valley, Antarctica. These samples were collected to address questions about the retention and processing of particulate organic matter in the hyporheic zone of McMurdo Dry Valley streams. The nine transects were located at pools, riffles, and meanders (three of each geomorphology type) along Von Guerard Stream and extended across the stream channel to the edges of the wetted zone, ranging from 6.6 to 13.6 m in length. At each sampling location, we collected subsurface bulk sediment down to a depth of 10 cm. We analyzed the sediment samples for chlorophyll-a, phaeophytin, loss-on-ignition, ammonium sorbed to the sediment, and the UV absorbance at 254 nm of sediment extractions. This data package is associated with a complementary data package that contains diatom community assemblages for the same samples.
Hyporheic diatom community assemblages from Von Guerard Stream, Taylor Valley, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica in January 2019
In this data package, we present diatom community assemblages from hyporheic sediments collected in January 2019 from six transects across Von Guerard Stream, Taylor Valley, Antarctica. These samples were collected to address questions about the retention and processing of particulate organic matter in the hyporheic zone of McMurdo Dry Valley streams. The six transects were located at pools, riffles, and meanders (three of each geomorphology type) along Von Guerard Stream and extended across the stream channel to the edges of the wetted zone, ranging from 6.6 to 13.6 m in length. At each sampling location, we collected subsurface sediment sample that was preserved in formalin directly after sample collection. We characterized diatom assemblages by counting a total of 300 diatom valves from each preserved diatom sample. This data package is associated with a complementary data package that contains hyporheic sediment chemistry for the same samples.
McMurdo Dry Valleys Geochemistry data of cryoconite holes collected from Canada, Commonwealth, Howard, Hughes and Taylor glaciers in Nov 2001 and Jan 2002
Geochemistry data of cryoconite holes collected from Canada, Commonwealth, Howard, Hughes and Taylor glaciers in Nov 2001 and Jan 2002
McMurdo Dry Valleys Isotope Ratios of Ice and Snow in Taylor Valley
As a part of the McMurdo Dry Valleys LTER program, isotope ratios have been determined from 295 ice/snow samples in Taylor Valley, Antarctica. Hydrogen/deuterium isotope ratios are given for all samples, and for a subset, there are oxygen isotope ratios, and a deuterium-excess. Values are reported relative to VSMOW, +/- 1.0 per mil for hydrogen, and +/- 0.1 for oxygen.
McMurdo Dry Valleys LTER: Landscape Albedo in Taylor Valley, Antarctica from 2015 to 2019
This data package contains reflectance data and associated aerial images collected using a helicopter-suspended "albedo box," in which a shortwave radiometer and camera where mounted facing downward. The purpose of this study was to measure how surface reflectance varies within and across landscape types (glaciers, lakes, and soils) over the course of a single field season as well as across multiple field seasons. We made five flights in the 2015-2016 field season (20 November 2015, 7 December 2015, 24 December 2015, 5 January 2016, and 12 January 2016), five flights in the 2016-2017 field season (11 November 2016, 3 December 2016, 14 December 2016, 3 January 2017, 23 January 2017), four flights in the 2017-2018 field season (22 November 2017, 7 December 2017, 27 December 2017, 13 January 2018), and two flights in the 2018-2019 field season (23 November 2018, 9 January 2019). Flights originated from Lake Hoare field camp, flew down-valley over Canada Glacier, Lake Fryxell, and Commonwealth Glacier, then turned around and flew up-valley to Taylor Glacier Meteorological Station, after which they returned to Lake Hoare field camp. Flights took roughly one hour and were flown at approximately 25.72 m s-1 (50 knots) and 91.44 m (300 ft) above the ground surface. These data can be normalized to incoming solar radiation (measured in-situ at meteorological stations) to calculate landscape albedo. When collected several times throughout a season, these results can show how snow distribution and physical changes to glacier and lake ice impact the amount of incoming radiation that is absorbed, while also tracking the influence of deposited sediment on ice surfaces. Moreover, these data are important for quantifying the long-term changes in energy connectivity between the atmosphere and the landscape (i.e., addressing Hypothesis 1 of the MCM V funding cycle).
McMurdo Dry Valleys LTER: Nutrient addition incubation experiments using sediments from supraglacial streams in Taylor Valley, Antarctica, December 2017
We used sediment incubations to quantify and compare nutrient uptake rates from biota living in sediment across glaciers in Taylor Valley, Antarctica. Hughes Glacier is located towards the polar plateau on the western edge of the valley and flows from the southern Kukri Hills north into the valley. Canada and Commonwealth glaciers flow south into the valley from the Asgard range. Commonwealth glacier is located closest to the ocean on the east end of the valley. Canada glacier is located mid-valley, between Hughes and Commonwealth glaciers. Sediment was brought to the lab and incubated with added nutrient solutions. Solutions were then analyzed to determine change in nutrient concentration.Â
Isotope Ratios for Taylor Valley Streams
As a part of the McMurdo Dry Valleys LTER program, isotope ratios have been determined for 166 samples of stream water in Taylor Valley, Antarctica. Hydrogen/deuterium isotope ratios are given for all samples, and for a subset, there are oxygen isotope ratios, and a deuterium-excess. Values are reported relative to VSMOW, +/- 1.0 per mil for hydrogen, and +/- 0.1 for oxygen.
McMurdo Dry Valleys Soil Apatite Grain Weathering Metrics from Taylor Valley, Antarctica
Mineral apatite is the ultimate source of the essential nutrient phosphorus to the soil ecosystem. In order to assess the biogeochemical weathering of apatite grains in the dry, basic soils of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, we collected nine surface soil samples from the Fryxell and Bonney Basins of Taylor Valley. After separating more than 50 individual soil apatite grains from each sample, we used scanning electron microscopy to quantify the morphology and surface etching of apatite grains to determine the degree of weathering. We developed three metrics to quantify the degree of weathering: aspect ratio, percent crystal faces, and a qualitative pitting index. This dataset contains the raw data from analyzing the morphology of more than 600 grains using the software ImageJ. Samples were collected during January 2013. The samples from the Bonney Basin (LB) were collected 21 Jan 2013, and the samples from the Fryxell Basin (LF) were collected 18 January 2013. Samples were processed and analyzed 2014-2016.
Operational taxonomic unit (OTU) table characterizing water track and adjacent soil microbial communities in Taylor Valley, Antarctica during the 2012-13 austral summer
This data package includes the abundance of microbial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) for samples collected during the austral summer of 2012-2013 in the Lake Hoare and Goldman Glacier Basins of Taylor Valley, Antarctica. A total of twenty samples from on- and off-water track soils were collected and analyzed. Samples were collected from the Lake Hoare Basin on 27 December 2012 and from the Goldman Glacier Basin on 4 January 2013. The aim of the study was to identify how variation in the measured physical and chemical environment of water tracks within the two water track systems influenced soil microbial community structure and diversity. Soil bacterial biodiversity was assessed using cultivation independent 16S rRNA gene sequencing.
McMurdo Dry Valleys LTER: Transplant Lake Integrated Connectivity Experiment (tLICE) in Taylor Valley, Antarctica, January 2018
The purpose of this experiment, performed as part of the McMurdo Dry Valleys Long Term Ecological Research (MCM LTER) program, was to investigate the impact of lake level rise and moat expansion on microbial community diversity and function in the East Lobe of Lake Bonney, located in Taylor Valley, Antarctica. The “tLICE†experiment tested the following MCM5 Hypotheses: H3-Disturbance increases connectivity and accelerates shifts towards homogeneity, and H4-Decreased heterogeneity reduces community resistance and resilience. Lake water from the East Lobe of Lake Bonney was collected at depths representing maximum phytoplankton productivity (5 m, 17 m, 23 m), and transferred to dialysis bags. The bags were then attached to PVC frames and transplanted to new locations within the lake in two experiments: 1) a moat transplant, in which 5 m communities were transplanted to the open water moat; and 2) shallow to deep transplant, in which communities from all three sampling depths were moved 3 m down the water column to mimic approximately one decade of lake level rise. Transplanted samples were incubated under these conditions for two weeks, and then frames were recovered and samples were processed for a number of measurements. This data package includes the following measurements: nutrient concentration, chlorophyll-a content, chlorophyll fluorescence, cell density, amplicon gene sequences (16S and 18S rRNA genes), and physical parameters.
McMurdo Dry Valleys LTER: Stoichiometry Experiment in Taylor Valley, Antarctica from 2007 to 2016
Soil communities in the McMurdo Dry Valleys are subject to many limitations, including resource limitations. However, the nutrients that are predominantly limiting to growth and diversity of soil biota are not known. Additionally, landscape history (N deposition, P weathering) and native N and P content (glacial till provenance) may influence the ability of soil communities to respond to nutrient additions or changes in nutrient availability associated with environmental change. Long-term experiments in the Bonney and Fryxell basins have been established with yearly application of aqueous nutrient additions: C, N, P, CN, and CP. Multiple nutrients additions were made at the Redfield Ratio of 106:16:1 (C:N:P). Responses of soil chemistry, CO2 flux, and biota are reported.
McMurdo Dry Valleys Piezometric Depths for Taylor Valley Lakes
During the 95/96 Austral summer, the depth of the Lake Hoare and Lake Fryxell was measured at several points and dates using a piezometer. Lake Joyce and the West Lake Bonney's depth were also measured using this instrument at one location.
McMurdo Dry Valleys Taylor Glacier Blood Falls Geomicrobiology
Blood Falls, a subglacial discharge from the Taylor Glacier, Antarctica provides an example of the diverse physical and chemical habitats available for life in the polar desert of the McMurdo Dry Valleys. Geochemical analysis shows that Blood Falls outflow resembles concentrated seawater remnant from the Pliocene intrusion of marine waters combined with products of weathering. The result is an iron-rich, salty seep at the terminus of Taylor Glacier, which is subject to episodic releases into permanently ice-covered Lake Bonney. Blood Falls influences the geochemistry of Lake Bonney, and provides organic carbon and viable microbes to the lake system. Presented here is the first data on the geobiology of Blood Falls, and relate it to the evolutionary history of this unique environment. The novel geological evolution of this subglacial environment makes Blood Falls an important site for the study of metabolic strategies in subglacial environments, and the impact of subglacial efflux on associated lake ecosystems.
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