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Figure 18 in The biology and functional morphology of the high-energy beach dwelling Paphies elongata (Bivalvia: Mactroidea: Mesodesmatidae). Convergence with the surf clams (Donax: Tellinoidea: Donacidae)

Figure 18. The anatomy of Paphies elongata (a and b) compared with that of Donax hanleyanus (c and d), both drawn to the same relative scale (for actual scales see the earlier illustrations). (a) and (c) are views of the apertures of the inhalant siphons; (b) and (d) are the internal organs of the mantle cavity showing the visceral mass and foot, the musculature, the orientation of the ctenidia and labial palps and the simplified intestine. (c) is re-drawn after Luzzatto and Penchaszadeh (2001, fig. 1); (d) is a compendium of re-drawn figures from Narchi (1978). (See previous illustrations for interpretations of structure).

Figure 15 in The biology and functional morphology of the high-energy beach dwelling Paphies elongata (Bivalvia: Mactroidea: Mesodesmatidae). Convergence with the surf clams (Donax: Tellinoidea: Donacidae)

Figure 15. Paphies elongata. The course of the intestine in the visceral mass as seen from the right side. AA(1), anterior adductor muscle(1); AN, anus; APR, anterior pedal retractor muscle; CSS, crystalline style sac; DD, digestive diverticulae; DEF, dorsal extension of the foot; EMG, expanded region of the mid gut; F, foot; G, gonad; H, heart; HF, heel of the foot; HG, hind gut; M, mouth; MG, mid gut; PA, posterior adductor muscle; PPR, posterior pedal retractor muscle; R, rectum.

Figure 11. Paphies elongata. A in The biology and functional morphology of the high-energy beach dwelling Paphies elongata (Bivalvia: Mactroidea: Mesodesmatidae). Convergence with the surf clams (Donax: Tellinoidea: Donacidae)

Figure 11. Paphies elongata. A more detailed illustration of the anterior adductor muscle complex. AA(1), anterior adductor muscle (1); AA(2), anterior adductor muscle (2); APEM, anterior pedal elevator muscles; APP, anterior pedal protractor muscle; APR, anterior pedal retractor muscle scar; VM, visceral mass.

Figure 9 in The biology and functional morphology of the high-energy beach dwelling Paphies elongata (Bivalvia: Mactroidea: Mesodesmatidae). Convergence with the surf clams (Donax: Tellinoidea: Donacidae)

Figure 9. Paphies elongata. (a) the organs of the mantle cavity as seen from the left side after removal of the left shell valve and mantle lobe. (b) A diagrammatic transverse section through the left ctenidium showing the ciliary currents. AA(1), anterior adductor muscle(1); APR, anterior pedal retractor muscle; CA, ctenidial axis; DEF, dorsal extension of the foot; ES, exhalant siphon; FMM, fused mantle margin; HF, heel of the foot; ID, inner demibranch; IS, inhalant siphon; F, foot; OD, outer demibranch; OLP, outer labial palp; PA, posterior adductor muscle; PPR, posterior pedal retractor muscle; PR, prodissoconch; SAE, supra-axial extension of the outer demibranch; VMFG, ventral margin food groove of the inner demibranch.

Figure 5. Paphies elongata. A in The biology and functional morphology of the high-energy beach dwelling Paphies elongata (Bivalvia: Mactroidea: Mesodesmatidae). Convergence with the surf clams (Donax: Tellinoidea: Donacidae)

Figure 5. Paphies elongata. A more detailed view of the hinge plate of the right valve showing the structure of the ligament. ACT, anterior cardinal tooth; ALT, anterior lateral tooth; AOLL, anterior outer ligament layer; ILL, inner ligament layer; P, periostracum; PCT, posterior cardinal tooth; PLT?, possible posterior lateral tooth; POLL, posterior outer ligament layer; PR, prodissoconch; RE, resilifer; S, socket.

Figure 4 in The biology and functional morphology of the high-energy beach dwelling Paphies elongata (Bivalvia: Mactroidea: Mesodesmatidae). Convergence with the surf clams (Donax: Tellinoidea: Donacidae)

Figure 4. Paphies elongata. Internal views of (a) the left and (b) the right hinge plates. ACT, anterior cardinal tooth; ALT, anterior lateral tooth; L, ligament; PCT, posterior cardinal tooth; PLT?, possible posterior lateral tooth; S, socket.

Figure 3 in The biology and functional morphology of the high-energy beach dwelling Paphies elongata (Bivalvia: Mactroidea: Mesodesmatidae). Convergence with the surf clams (Donax: Tellinoidea: Donacidae)

Figure 3. Paphies elongata. An internal view of the right shell valve showing the hinge plate and the muscle scars. The black dot indicates the position of the only naticid drill hole found in any of the empty valves collected. AA(1), anterior adductor muscle scar(1); AA(2), anterior adductor muscle scar (2); APP, anterior pedal protractor muscle scar; APR, anterior pedal retractor muscle scar; PA, posterior adductor muscle scar; PG, pedal gape sinus scar; PL, pallial line scar; PPR, posterior pedal retractor muscle scar; PS, pallial sinus; U, umbo.

Figure 13 in The biology and functional morphology of the high-energy beach dwelling Paphies elongata (Bivalvia: Mactroidea: Mesodesmatidae). Convergence with the surf clams (Donax: Tellinoidea: Donacidae)

Figure 13. Paphies elongata. The ciliary currents of the left mantle lobe. AA(1), anterior adductor muscle(1); AA(2), anterior adductor muscle(2); APR, anterior pedal retractor muscle; PA, posterior adductor muscle; PGS, pedal gape sinus scar; PL, pallial line; PPR, posterior pedal retractor muscle; PR, prodissoconch; PS, pallial sinus.

Figure 1. Paphies elongata. A in The biology and functional morphology of the high-energy beach dwelling Paphies elongata (Bivalvia: Mactroidea: Mesodesmatidae). Convergence with the surf clams (Donax: Tellinoidea: Donacidae)

Figure 1. Paphies elongata. A living individual in its life position in the sediment. Closed arrow represents the inhalant stream, open arrows the exhalant.

Fig. 28 in Cladistic analysis of the transisthmian genus Eurytellina (Bivalvia: Tellinoidea) based on morphological and morphometric data

Fig. 28 Siphonal muscle details, showing the chiasm region (rci): a) scheme of transversal section of siphons in Anomalocardia brasiliana. Siphonal muscle isolated from the mantle (b–f) in five species: b) Semele proficua; c) Tagelus plebeius; d) Temnoconcha brasiliana; e) Eurytellina nites; f) E. trinitatis. Dashed line indicating original position of anterior adductor muscle. Scale 3 mm

Fig. 32 in Cladistic analysis of the transisthmian genus Eurytellina (Bivalvia: Tellinoidea) based on morphological and morphometric data

Fig. 32 Opened stomach showing stomachal flaps, caeca apertures, dorsal hood, left pouch and aperture of style sac: a) Tagelus plebeius; b) Eurytellina punicea; c) Macoma constricta; d) Iphigenia brasiliana. Scale: 1 mm

Fig. 36 in Cladistic analysis of the transisthmian genus Eurytellina (Bivalvia: Tellinoidea) based on morphological and morphometric data

Fig. 36 Summary of the consensus trees of all analysis with the mainly monophyletic clades within the ingroup. The ancestor shapes are based on outline deformation in MorphoJ generated from landmark optimization in TNT

Fig. 25 in Cladistic analysis of the transisthmian genus Eurytellina (Bivalvia: Tellinoidea) based on morphological and morphometric data

Fig. 25 Scheme of anterior foot retractor muscles in dorsal view, based on: a) Anomalocardia brasiliana; b) Eurytellina lineata; c) Semele purpurascens. scale: 2 mm

Fig. 24 in Cladistic analysis of the transisthmian genus Eurytellina (Bivalvia: Tellinoidea) based on morphological and morphometric data

Fig. 24 Visceral mass and topological relations of renopericardial, digestive, nervous, and muscle system in four species: a) Eurytellina lineata; b) Donax hanleyanus; c) Anomalocardia brasiliana; d) Macoma constricta. Scale: 4 mm

Fig. 19 in Cladistic analysis of the transisthmian genus Eurytellina (Bivalvia: Tellinoidea) based on morphological and morphometric data

Fig. 19 Exhalant Siphon tip partially incised, showing siphonal tentacles: a) Anomalocardia brasiliana; b) Donax hanleyanus; c) Phyllodina persica; d) Iphigenia brasiliana; e) Eurytellina trinitatis. Scale: 1 mm

Fig. 27 in Cladistic analysis of the transisthmian genus Eurytellina (Bivalvia: Tellinoidea) based on morphological and morphometric data

Fig. 27 Dorsal (a) and lateral (b) view of anterior retractor muscle region, showing oblique muscle (om) in relation to digestive system and foot protractor muscles: a) Iphigenia brasiliana; b) Eurytellina lineata, with partial excision of right anterior foot retractor muscles. Scale bar: 1 mm

Fig. 14 Commarginal lyrations types a in Cladistic analysis of the transisthmian genus Eurytellina (Bivalvia: Tellinoidea) based on morphological and morphometric data

Fig. 14 Commarginal lyrations types a) Merisca martinicensis b) Eurytellina lineata; c) E. punicea d) E. inaequistriata. Scale: 1 mm

Fig. 31 in Cladistic analysis of the transisthmian genus Eurytellina (Bivalvia: Tellinoidea) based on morphological and morphometric data

Fig. 31 Types of dorsoposterior appendix of stomach. Draws based on four species: a) Iphigenia brasiliana; b) Donax hanleyanus; c) Sanguinolaria sanguinolenta; d) Eurytellina punicea

Fig. 11 in Cladistic analysis of the transisthmian genus Eurytellina (Bivalvia: Tellinoidea) based on morphological and morphometric data

Fig. 11 Transversal view of right lateral anterior tooth: a) Iphigenia brasiliana; b) Angulus exerythrus. Scale: 1 mm

Fig. 13 in Cladistic analysis of the transisthmian genus Eurytellina (Bivalvia: Tellinoidea) based on morphological and morphometric data

Fig. 13 Detail of left cardinal teeth umbonal cavities (um) and umbonal and sub umbonal scar (uc): a) Tellinota albinella; b) T. madagascariensis; c) T. alfredensis. Scale: 1 mm