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35 results for “Tenrec”
FIG. 8. — A-E, Cryptosphaeroides tenrec n in Descriptions of two new endemic genera and four new species of Ceratocanthinae (Insecta, Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea, Hybosoridae) from Madagascar
FIG. 8. — A-E, Cryptosphaeroides tenrec n. sp.; A, outline of genital segment; B-E, aedeagus; F-I, Cryptosphaeroides ankaranensis n. sp.; F, genital segment; G-I, aedeagus. Scale bar: 4 mm.
FIG. 7. — Cryptosphaeroides tenrec n in Descriptions of two new endemic genera and four new species of Ceratocanthinae (Insecta, Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea, Hybosoridae) from Madagascar
FIG. 7. — Cryptosphaeroides tenrec n. sp.: A, female dorsal view; B, male lateral view. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Data from: Multiple loci and complete taxonomic sampling resolve the phylogeny and biogeographic history of tenrecs (Mammalia: Tenrecidae) and reveal higher speciation rates in Madagascar's humid forests
The family Tenrecidae (tenrecs) is one of only four extant terrestrial mammal lineages to have colonized and diversified on Madagascar. Over the past 15 years, several studies have disagreed on relationships among major tenrec lineages, resulting in multiple reinterpretations of the number and timing of historical transoceanic dispersal events between Africa and Madagascar. We reconstructed the phylogeny of Tenrecidae using multiple loci from all recognized extant species and estimated divergence timing using six fossil calibrations within Afrotheria. All phylogenetic analyses strongly support monophyly of the Malagasy tenrecs, and our divergence timing analysis places their colonization of the island at 30-56 Ma. Our comprehensive phylogeny supports three important taxonomic revisions that reflect the evolutionary history of tenrecs: (1) we formally elevate the African otter shrews to their own family Potamogalidae, thereby rendering extant Tenrecidae entirely endemic to Madagascar, (2) we subsume the semiaquatic genus Limnogale within the shrew-tenrec genus Microgale, and (3) we re-elevate the two largest-bodied shrew tenrecs, Microgale dobsoni and M. talazaci, to the genus Nesogale Thomas 1918. Finally, we use recently summarized habitat data to test the hypothesis that diversification rates differ between humid and arid habitats on Madagascar, and we compare three common methods for ancestral biogeographic reconstruction. These analyses suggest higher speciation rates in humid habitats and reveal a minimum of three and more likely five independent transitions to arid habitats. Our results resolve the relationships among previously recalcitrant taxa, illuminate the timing and mechanisms of major biogeographic patterns in an extraordinary example of an island radiation, and permit the first comprehensive, phylogenetically consistent taxonomy of Madagascar's tenrecs.
Figure 11 in Phylogenetic history of golden moles and tenrecs (Mammalia: Afrotheria)
Figure 11. Topologies resulting from Bayesian-BIC (A; left) and parsimony implied weighting K = 4 (B; right) analyses of extant taxa sampled for six genes (cytB, ND2, GHR, vWF, 12S and stat5a), indels and morphology. Branch lengths reflect the scale at the top left; parsimony branch lengths are arbitrary. Only chrysochlorids and Procavia are known for stat5a (for other missing loci, see Table 1). Bayesian nodes have a posterior probability of one unless indicated otherwise. Numbers adjacent to parsimony nodes represent bootstrap values, calculated with 500 pseudoreplicates of a TNT search using mult = tbr 100 replicates each and reported only at or over 50. Chrysochlorids are red, tenrecids green. Circled and coloured letters adjacent to nodes indicate high-level taxonomy, as shown in Figure 10.
Figure 10 in Phylogenetic history of golden moles and tenrecs (Mammalia: Afrotheria)
Figure 10. Topologies resulting from Bayesian-BIC (A, left) and parsimony implied weighting K = 4 (B, right) analyses of extant taxa sampled for six genes (cytB, ND2, GHR, vWF, 12S and stat5a) and indels. Bayesian branch lengths reflect the scale at the top left; parsimony branch lengths are arbitrary. Only chrysochlorids and Procavia are known for stat5a (for other missing loci, see Table 1). Bayesian nodes have a posterior probability of one unless indicated otherwise. Numbers adjacent to parsimony nodes represent bootstrap values, calculated with 500 pseudoreplicates of a TNT search using mult = tbr 100 replicates each and reported only at or over 50. Chrysochlorids are in red, tenrecids green. Circled and coloured letters adjacent to nodes indicate high-level taxonomy: Am, Amblysominae; Cd, Chrysochloridae; Cn, Chrysochlorinae; Cx, Chrysospalacinae; Gi, Geogalini; Mg, Microgale; Oi, Oryzorictini; Or, Oryzorictinae; Po, Potamogalinae; Sa, Setiferina; Ta, Tenrecina; Td, Tenrecidae; Tn, Tenrecinae; Ti, Tenrecini.
Figure 12 in Phylogenetic history of golden moles and tenrecs (Mammalia: Afrotheria)
Figure 12. Topologies resulting from Bayesian-BIC (A; left) and parsimony implied weighting K = 4 (B; right) analyses of extant taxa sampled for six genes (cytB, ND2, GHR, vWF, 12S and stat5a) and indels, plus fossils and morphological data sampled for all. Bayesian branch lengths reflect the scale at the top left; parsimony branch lengths are arbitrary. Only chrysochlorids and Procavia are known for stat5a (and other regions of missing data are shown in Table 1). Bayesian nodes have a posterior probability of one unless indicated otherwise. Numbers adjacent to parsimony nodes represent bootstrap values, calculated with 250 pseudoreplicates of a TNT search using mult = tbr 10 replicates each and reported only at or over 50. Chrysochlorids are red, tenrecids green; fossils are darker shades of each. Circled and coloured letters adjacent to nodes indicate high-level taxonomy, as shown in Figure 10.
Figure 13 in Phylogenetic history of golden moles and tenrecs (Mammalia: Afrotheria)
Figure 13. Age distributions for fossil tip taxa from Eocliff (Namagale, Arenagale, Sperrgale and Namachloris), Black Crow (Nanogale) and crown Chrysochloridae. Continuous and dashed lines indicate analyses with (respectively) broad and narrow fossil priors (see Materials and methods).
Figure 14 in Phylogenetic history of golden moles and tenrecs (Mammalia: Afrotheria)
Figure 14. Right hand skeleton of Eremitalpa granti (NRM-MA 641288) in medial (A), lateral (B), ventral (C) and dorsal (D) views. Medial views of left hand skeletons of Amblysomus hottentotus (E; MCZ 57045) and Cryptochloris wintoni (F; NRM-MA 641436). Roman numerals indicate digital rays. Abbreviations: fp, flexor process; mc, metacarpal; oft, ossified flexor tendon; r, radius; u, ulna. Scale bars (one for A–D; one each for E, F): 5 mm.
Figure 7 in Phylogenetic history of golden moles and tenrecs (Mammalia: Afrotheria)
Figure 7. Ventral view of cranium of Eremitalpa granti (BMNH 39.472). Dental abbreviations are I, C, P and M for incisors, canine, premolars and molars, respectively. Other abbreviations are c, carotid foramen; j, jugular/posterior lacerate foramen; lpp, lateral process of premaxilla; plf, anterior extension of the posterior lacerate foramen; smf, stylomastoid foramen. Scale bar: 5 mm.
Figure 9 in Phylogenetic history of golden moles and tenrecs (Mammalia: Afrotheria)
Figure 9. In situ right mallei and incudes of Amblysomus meesteri (A; ZM 42550), Huetia leucorhinus (B; MNHN CG1901-1093), Chrysospalax trevelyani (C; UMZC E5470C; image is of left side flipped to appear as right) and Cryptochloris wintoni (D; NRM-MA 621447). Abbreviations: i, incus; m, malleus. Scale bars: 5 mm.
Figure 8 in Phylogenetic history of golden moles and tenrecs (Mammalia: Afrotheria)
Figure 8. Dentary of Amblysomus hottentotus (Asher NFC2) in lingual view. Dental abbreviations given in Figure 7. Other abbreviations are ap, angular process; cp, coronoid process; mc, mandibular condyle; t, talonid cusp. Scale bar: 5 mm.
Figure 6 in Phylogenetic history of golden moles and tenrecs (Mammalia: Afrotheria)
Figure 6. Ventrolateral views of in situ right hyoid apparatus and angular process of dentary in Eremitalpa granti (A; NRM-MA 641286), Huetia leucorhinus (B; AMNH 118829), Amblysomus meesteri (C; ZM 42550) and Chlorotalpa duthieae (D; ZM 42620). Abbreviations: ap, angular process of dentary; ba, basihyal; ce, ceratohyal; ep, epihyal; st, stylohyal; th, thyrohyal. Scale bars: 5 mm (same for C, D).
Figure 5 in Phylogenetic history of golden moles and tenrecs (Mammalia: Afrotheria)
Figure 5. Coronal slices through the posterior skull and ear regions of Amblysomus hottentotus (top, ZMB-Mam 35173, previously misidentified as Calcochloris obtusirostris) and Eremitalpa granti (bottom, NRM-MA 641286). Abbreviations: ic, non-trabeculated interbullar connection; m, malleus; tic, trabeculated interbullar connection. Scale bars: 5 mm.
Figure 4 in Phylogenetic history of golden moles and tenrecs (Mammalia: Afrotheria)
Figure 4. Right foot skeletons of Cryptochloris wintoni (left, NRM-MA 641436) and Microgale cowani (right, UMZC E5459A) in (from top to bottom) medial, lateral, dorsal and ventral views. Abbreviations: as, astragalus; ca, calcaneum; cu, cuboid; ec, ectocuneiform; en, entocuneiform; fpc, fibular process of calcaneum; mc, mesocuneiform; mtV, metatarsal V; nv, navicular; ph, prehallux; pt, peroneal tubercle; st, sustentacular tali of calcaneus; vts, ventral tarsal sesamoids. Roman numerals I, II, III, IV and V correspond to digits. Scale bars: 5 mm.
Figure 3 in Phylogenetic history of golden moles and tenrecs (Mammalia: Afrotheria)
Figure 3. Pelvis in left lateral view of Chrysospalax trevelyani (UMZC E5470D). Abbreviations: F, femoral head; Il, ilium; Is, Ischium; Ob, obturator foramen; Pu, pubis; S, sacrum. Scale bar: 5 mm.
Figure 1 in Phylogenetic history of golden moles and tenrecs (Mammalia: Afrotheria)
Figure 1. Right forelimb and hand skeleton of Amblysomus corriae in dorsal view (ZM 42553). Roman numerals indicate digital rays. Abbreviations: dt, deltoid trough; ef, entepicondylar foramen; fp, flexor process; hh, humeral head; me, medial epicondyle; oft, ossified flexor tendon; op, olecranon process; rfc, radius flexor canal; sc, supinator crest. Scale bar: 5 mm.
Figure 2 in Phylogenetic history of golden moles and tenrecs (Mammalia: Afrotheria)
Figure 2. Sternum and proximal ribs of Cryptochloris wintoni (NRM-MA 641436) in lateral (A), ventral (B) and anterior (C) views. Dorsal views of scapulae of Eremitalpa granti (D; NRM-MA 641289) and Chrysochloris asiatica (E; MVZ 183379). Abbreviations: c6, sixth cervical vertebra; cp, clavicular process of sternum; mc, metacromion; r1, first rib; scp, scapular spine caudal process; sk, sternal keel. Scale bars (one for A–C): 5 mm.
Figure 14 in Subfossil rodents and tenrecs of Children's Cave, Madagascar
Figure 14. Comparative faunal composition of the Children's Cave based on minimum number of individuals.
Figure 13 in Subfossil rodents and tenrecs of Children's Cave, Madagascar
Figure 13. Measurements of subfossil specimens of Oryzorictes tetradactylus from the Children's Cave in comparison with modern representatives of the species from Antsirabe. Measurements in millimetres. ARL: ascending ramus length; MH: mandible height.
Figure 12 in Subfossil rodents and tenrecs of Children's Cave, Madagascar
Figure 12. Measurements of subfossil specimens of Nesogale dobsoni from the Children's Cave in comparison with modern representatives of the species. Measurements in millimetres. ARL: ascending ramus length; MH: mandible height.
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