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Figure 7 in The paleohistology of bone and teeth in Cretaceous Pycnodontidae (Neopterygii: Pycnodontiformes): the case of Neoproscinetes penalvai and Tepexichthys aranguthyorum

Figure 7. – Neoproscinetes penalvai. Dermal bone (see Fig. 2C). A: Section (MNHN-F-Histos 2720) showing an odontode on its supporting bone. The odontode is constituted of a cone of dentine (De) with a thin basal osteocytic bone (Bo). The supporting dermal bone shows numerous osteocytes (white arrow-heads) and is crossed by numerous ramified osteoblastic canalicles (black arrow-heads). (Pc = pulp cavity). B: Cross section (MNHN-F-Histos 2719) of an odontode showing the dentine with the odontoblastic canalicles (Oc) of which end in a thin superficial layer of durodentine (Du). (Pc = pulp cavity). Scale bars: A = 50 μm; B = 100 μm.

Figure 8 in The paleohistology of bone and teeth in Cretaceous Pycnodontidae (Neopterygii: Pycnodontiformes): the case of Neoproscinetes penalvai and Tepexichthys aranguthyorum

Figure 8. – Tepexeichthys aranguthyorum. (IGM 12717b) A: Longitudinal section of a fin ray showing two opposite lepidotrichial hemisegments separated by gang material (black asterisks). Bony tissue is crossed by numerous osteoblastic canalicles orthogonal to the surface of the ray. B: Cross section of a fin ray showing numerous osteoblastic canalicles some of which being ramified (black arrows). C: Detail showing the ramified extremity of several osteoblastic canalicles (black arrows) and several osteocytes (black arrow-heads). Scale bars: A, B = 100 μm; C = 50 μm.

Figure 2. – Neoproscinetes penalvai. A in The paleohistology of bone and teeth in Cretaceous Pycnodontidae (Neopterygii: Pycnodontiformes): the case of Neoproscinetes penalvai and Tepexichthys aranguthyorum

Figure 2. – Neoproscinetes penalvai. A: External view of the studied fossil material showing some teeth (white and black arrowheads). Lines aa' and bb' correspond to the first sections series of the specimen. B: View of the right side (bloc No 2), showing the vomer (Vo), the two prearticulars (PA). C: Polished surface bb' of sample No 2, showing the relations between teeth (asterisks) and the bony skeleton. One can see two teeth inserted on the vomer (Vo) on the right, and several other ones on the two prearticulars (PA) on the left. On the top a dermal bone (Db) with an odontode (arrow-head). D: Neoproscinetes penalvai. Occlusal view of the lower jaw (left prearticular) showing i) two shed teeth (black arrows), the scars of which show pleats indicating a plicidentine organization, ii) three resorbing teeth (black arrow-heads), and iii) two young growing teeth (white arrow-heads). Upper left inset. Detail of the left shed tooth showing the crenulated dentine in the pulp cavity (arrow). Scale bar = 1 mm. E: Tepexeichthys aranguthyorum. External view of the studied fossil material showing fin rays (on the upper right) and some bony plates (black asterisks). The lines aa' and bb' wrap the area of cross sections. Scale bars: A, B, C, D, E = 5 mm.

Figure 5. – Neoproscinetes penalvai. Teeth organization. A in The paleohistology of bone and teeth in Cretaceous Pycnodontidae (Neopterygii: Pycnodontiformes): the case of Neoproscinetes penalvai and Tepexichthys aranguthyorum

Figure 5. – Neoproscinetes penalvai. Teeth organization. A to C. Three successive cross sections from the tooth base till the 1/3 of the pulp cavity. We can see some plies (white arrow-heads) of dentine wall in the pulp cavity (pc) of sections B and C. In the section A the pulp cavity is invaded by bony tissue. (A, B: MNHN-F-Histos 2726; C: MNHN-F-Histos 2725). Scale bars = 25 μm.

Figure 4. – Neoproscinetes penalvai. Tooth organization. A in The paleohistology of bone and teeth in Cretaceous Pycnodontidae (Neopterygii: Pycnodontiformes): the case of Neoproscinetes penalvai and Tepexichthys aranguthyorum

Figure 4. – Neoproscinetes penalvai. Tooth organization. A: Sagittal section of a tooth (see black asterisk of Fig. 2C) (MNHN-FHistos 2720). The tooth is constituted of two parts: i) a basal core of dentine that is stratified and ii) an apical cap of orthodentine (Or) overlain by a thick stratum of durodentine (Du). The tooth is inserted in an alveola of spongy cellular bone (Ab) (Pc = pulp cavity). B: (MNHN-F-Histos 2727) Detail of two neighbouring teeth (black asterisks) showing the spongy bony wall (white asterisks) of the alveolae in which they are inserted. On the left a tooth crown shows the two distinct layers of dentine: i) the lower circumpulpar dentine is constituted of orthodentine; ii) the higher palleal dentine with its odontoblastic canalicles that cross its whole thickness and that end in durodentine. C: Axial section (MNHN-F-Histos 2727) of a tooth showing detail of the contact between dentine (De) on the right with alveolar bone (Ab) on the left. There are two sorts of canalicles: osteoblastic in bone (black arrow-head) and odontoblastic in dentine on the right. (Vc = vascular cavity). D: (MNHN-F-Histos 2720) Detail of stratified dentine (de) in the root of a tooth. E: Transversal section (MNHN-F-Histos 2727) showing detail of the alveolar bone. One can see the vascular cavities (Vc), and numerous osteoblastic canalicles (arrow-heads) starting from the walls of the cavities; osteocytes are either absent or very scarce. Scale bars: A = 250 μm; B = 200 μm; C = 50 μm; D, E = 100 μm.

Figure 1. – A in The paleohistology of bone and teeth in Cretaceous Pycnodontidae (Neopterygii: Pycnodontiformes): the case of Neoproscinetes penalvai and Tepexichthys aranguthyorum

Figure 1. – A: Neoproscinetes penalvai. Complete specimen, UERJ PMB 593. The white arrows point to the molariform teeth. B: Tepexichthys aranguthyorum. Complete specimen, IGM 3286. Scale bars: A = 20 mm; B = 30 mm.

Figure 3. – Neoproscinetes penalvai. A in The paleohistology of bone and teeth in Cretaceous Pycnodontidae (Neopterygii: Pycnodontiformes): the case of Neoproscinetes penalvai and Tepexichthys aranguthyorum

Figure 3. – Neoproscinetes penalvai. A. Ground section (MNHNF-Histos 2719) from sample No 2 (the gangue that surrounds the skeletal element have been removed). The section shows the labial cavity (LC) with four teeth (1-4) on the vomer (Vo) and 2+4 teeth on the prearticulars (PA). Teeth are inserted in kinds of alveolae constituted by alveolar bone (= cement) (arrow-heads). The roots and crowns of teeth are clearly visible. On the right there is a dermal bone (DB) the external surface of which shows four odontodes (arrow-heads). B: Ground section (MNHN-F-Histos 2724) from sample No 1 to obtain transversal sections of teeth (the gang that surround the skeletal element have been removed). The picture shows eight sections of teeth (1-8). Sections of teeth 1-3 cross the tooth's root, sections of teeth 4-5 and 7 cross the limit root-crown and the sections of teeth 6 and 8 cross the crown. Circumpulpar dentine (de) appears in yellow and enameloide (durodentine) in white (en). The teeth 1 to 5 + 7 are joined to each other by alveolar bone (ab). Scale bars: A = 2.5 mm; B = 1 mm.

Figure 6 in The paleohistology of bone and teeth in Cretaceous Pycnodontidae (Neopterygii: Pycnodontiformes): the case of Neoproscinetes penalvai and Tepexichthys aranguthyorum

Figure 6. – Neoproscinetes penalvai. (MNHN-F-Histos 2727) Visceral bone (transmitted natural light). A: A view of bone organization showing a lot of vascular canals or cavities (Vc). One can see numerous osteoblastic canalicles more or less orthogonal to the various bone surfaces; they are sinuous and ramified. B: Another bone area organization showing a lot of primary and a secondary (white asterisk) vascular canals. Secondary bone is crossed by osteoblastic canalicles. One can see numerous osteoblastic canalicles some of which are ramified (black arrow-head). C: Detail of a primary vascular canal (Vc) with radial osteoblastic canalicles and osteocytes lacunae (black arrow-heads). D: Detail of osteocytic lacunae (black arrow-heads) with their thin ramified cellular processes. E: Detail of two osteoblastic canalicles showing their apical ramifications (black arrows). F: Detail of a bone with cementing lines (black arrow-heads) indicating remodelling process. The white arrowheads point to Howship lacunae indicating an osteoclastic resorbing activity. G: Detail of the secondary osteone pointed by a white asterisk in figure 6B. It shows i) the apertures of osteoblastic canalicles (white arrowheads); ii) the reversal cementing line (black arrowheads) of the secondary osteone (OII); iii) a multiramified osteoblastic canalicle (black arrow) starting from the surface of a primary osteone (OI). Scale bars: A = 200 μm; B, C, F = 50 μm; D, E = 20 μm; G = 10 μm.