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19 results for “Termitomyces”
Data from: The scope for nuclear selection within Termitomyces fungi associated with fungus-growing termites is limited
Background: We investigate the scope for selection at the level of nuclei within fungal individuals (mycelia) of the mutualistic Termitomyces cultivated by fungus-growing termites. Whereas in most basidiomycete fungi the number and kind of nuclei is strictly regulated to be two per cell, in Termitomyces mycelia the number of nuclei per cell is highly variable. We hypothesised that natural selection on these fungi not only occurs between mycelia, but also at the level of nuclei within the mycelium. We test this hypothesis using in vitro tests with five nuclear haplotypes of a Termitomyces species. Results: First, we studied the transition from a mixture of five homokaryons (mycelia with identical nuclei) each with a different nuclear haplotype to heterokaryons (mycelia with genetically different nuclei). In vitro cultivation of this mixture for multiple asexual transfers led to the formation of multiple heterokaryotic mycelia, and a reduction of mycelial diversity over time. All heterokaryotic mycelia contained exactly two types of nucleus. The success of a heterokaryon during in vitro cultivation was mainly determined by spore production and to a lesser extent mycelial growth rate. Second, heterokaryons invariably produced more spores than homokaryons implying that homokaryons will be outcompeted. Third, no homokaryotic 'escapes' from a heterokaryon via the formation of homokaryotic spores were found, despite extensive spore genotyping. Fourth, in contrast to most studied basidiomycete fungi, in Termitomyces sp. no nuclear migration occurs during mating, limiting the scope for nuclear competition within the mycelium. Conclusions: Our experiments demonstrate that in this species of Termitomyces the scope for selection at the level of the nucleus within an established mycelium is limited. Although 'mate choice' of a particular nuclear haplotype is possible during mating, we infer that selection primarily occurs between mycelia with two types of nucleus (heterokaryons).
FIGURE 9. A in Phylogenetic relationships, taxonomic revision and new taxa of Termitomyces (Lyophyllaceae, Basidiomycota) inferred from combined nLSU- and mtSSU-rDNA sequences
FIGURE 9. A/B. Termitomyces subumkowaan (KM 143 969 = HUY1-DM 260B and HUY1-DM 260F). Arrows show one of the key macroscopic features which are the blackish to black colour of the stipe from the lower half of the thickening down to the whole pseudorhiza.
FIGURE 8 in Phylogenetic relationships, taxonomic revision and new taxa of Termitomyces (Lyophyllaceae, Basidiomycota) inferred from combined nLSU- and mtSSU-rDNA sequences
FIGURE 8. Termitomyces striatus form bibasidiatus (HUY1-DM 280). A. Basidiospores. B. Thin-walled Basidia. C. Thick-walled Basidia (sclerobasidia). D. Pleurocystidia. E. Cheilocystidia. Scale bars: A-E = 10 μm.
FIGURE 5 in Phylogenetic relationships, taxonomic revision and new taxa of Termitomyces (Lyophyllaceae, Basidiomycota) inferred from combined nLSU- and mtSSU-rDNA sequences
FIGURE 5. Termitomyces letestui (facies 2) (KM 144 286 = HUY1-DM 213E). A. Young basidiocarp with long underground pseudorhiza (right arrow). B/C. mature basidiocarps with (B) perforatorium (arrow) and without (C) perforatorium (right arrow).
FIGURE 12. A in Phylogenetic relationships, taxonomic revision and new taxa of Termitomyces (Lyophyllaceae, Basidiomycota) inferred from combined nLSU- and mtSSU-rDNA sequences
FIGURE 12. A. Termitomyces medius (HUY1-DM 372G, holotype): arrow shows the conspicuous perforatorium. B/C Termitomyces medius form ochraceus (HUY1-DM 602B, holotype): arrow shows the absent or inconspicuous perforatorium. Basidiomes B and C removed from ethanol (90°) conservation. Description was done on freshly collected basidiomes before dipping them in ethanol. D/E. T. brunneopileatus (KM 144 300 = HUY1-DM 392 and KM 144 301 = HUY1-DM 394, holotypes).
FIGURE 7. A in Phylogenetic relationships, taxonomic revision and new taxa of Termitomyces (Lyophyllaceae, Basidiomycota) inferred from combined nLSU- and mtSSU-rDNA sequences
FIGURE 7. A. Termitomyces striatus form bibasidiatus (HUY1-DM 280B) with a long underground pseudorhiza (Fig. 7A arrow). B/C/D Termitomyces striatus form subclypeatus [(KM 143 968 = HUY1-DM 370B with an acute to spiniform perforatorium (Fig. 7D arrow) and HUY1-DM 151 with a twisted stipe (Fig. 7B: arrow)].
FIGURE 4. A in Phylogenetic relationships, taxonomic revision and new taxa of Termitomyces (Lyophyllaceae, Basidiomycota) inferred from combined nLSU- and mtSSU-rDNA sequences
FIGURE 4. A. Termitomyces letestui (facies 1) (KM 144 285 = HUY1-DM 150D, holotype). The arrows show the pseudorhiza (top arrow) and the cylindrical-mammiform perforatorium (bottom arrow).
FIGURE 2 in Phylogenetic relationships, taxonomic revision and new taxa of Termitomyces (Lyophyllaceae, Basidiomycota) inferred from combined nLSU- and mtSSU-rDNA sequences
FIGURE 2. Most likelyhood tree showing phylogenetic relationships in Termitomyces. Tree obtained with RAxML using a combined nLSU-mtSSU dataset. Bootstrap values are available in Fig. 1. The tree is rooted with Lyophyllum semitale, L. descates and L. ambustum. Names in bold represent new taxa, those followed by a star (*) are confirmed new taxa from previous studies and names followed by a black hexagon (■) are taxa whose initial names changed in accordance with their placement on the tree.
FIGURE 3 in Phylogenetic relationships, taxonomic revision and new taxa of Termitomyces (Lyophyllaceae, Basidiomycota) inferred from combined nLSU- and mtSSU-rDNA sequences
FIGURE 3. Termitomyces letestui (KM 144 285 = HUY1-DM 150D, holotype and KM 144286 = HUY1-DM 213E). A. Basidiospores. B. Basidia. C. Pleurocystidia. D. Cheilocystidia. Scale bars: A-D = 10 μm.
FIGURE 13 in Phylogenetic relationships, taxonomic revision and new taxa of Termitomyces (Lyophyllaceae, Basidiomycota) inferred from combined nLSU- and mtSSU-rDNA sequences
FIGURE 13. Termitomyces medius form ochraceus (HUY1-DM 602B, holotype). A. Basidiospores. B. Basidia. C. Cheilocystidia. D. Pleurocystidia. E. Pileipellis. Scale bars: A-D = 10 μm. E= 20 μm.
FIGURE 14 in Phylogenetic relationships, taxonomic revision and new taxa of Termitomyces (Lyophyllaceae, Basidiomycota) inferred from combined nLSU- and mtSSU-rDNA sequences
FIGURE 14. Termitomyces brunneopileatus (KM 144 300 = HUY1-DM 392 and KM 144 301 = HUY1-DM 394, holotypes). A. Basidiospores. B. Basidia. C. Cheilocystidia. D. Pleurocystidia. E. Pileipellis. F. Longitudinal section of the perforatorium. Scale bars: A-F = 10 μm.
FIGURE 1 in Phylogenetic relationships, taxonomic revision and new taxa of Termitomyces (Lyophyllaceae, Basidiomycota) inferred from combined nLSU- and mtSSU-rDNA sequences
FIGURE 1. Bootstrap consensus tree showing phylogenetic relationships in Termitomyces. Tree obtained with RAxML using a combined nLSU-mtSSU dataset. Bootstrap values superior to 50% are reported above the clades and sub-clades. The tree is rooted with Lyophyllum semitale, L. descates and L. ambustum. Names in bold represent new taxa, those followed by a star (*) are confirmed new taxa from previous studies and names followed by a black hexagon (■) are taxa whose initial names changed in accordance with their placement on the tree.
FIGURE 6 in Phylogenetic relationships, taxonomic revision and new taxa of Termitomyces (Lyophyllaceae, Basidiomycota) inferred from combined nLSU- and mtSSU-rDNA sequences
FIGURE 6. Termitomyces striatus form subclypeatus (KM 143 968 = HUY1-DM 370B, holotype and HUY1-DM 151, HUY1-DM 151C). A. Basidiospores. B. Basidia. C. Cheilocystidia. Scale bars: A-C = 10 μm.
FIGURE 11 in Phylogenetic relationships, taxonomic revision and new taxa of Termitomyces (Lyophyllaceae, Basidiomycota) inferred from combined nLSU- and mtSSU-rDNA sequences
FIGURE 11. Termitomyces medius (HUY1-DM 372G). A. Basidiospores. B. Basidia. C. Pleurocystidia (thin- and thick-walled). D. Cheilocystidia (thin- and thick-walled). Scale bars: A-B = 10 μm. C-D = 10 μm.
FIGURE 10 in Phylogenetic relationships, taxonomic revision and new taxa of Termitomyces (Lyophyllaceae, Basidiomycota) inferred from combined nLSU- and mtSSU-rDNA sequences
FIGURE 10. Termitomyces subumkowaan (KM 143 969 = HUY1-DM 260B and HUY1-DM 260F). A. Basidiospores. B. Basidia and Basidioles C. Caulocystidia. D. Cheilocystidia. Scale bars: A-B-C = 10 μm. C = 100 μm.
FIGURE 3 in Termitomyces assamicus (Lyophyllaceae)-A new species of Termitomyces from India
FIGURE 3. Using the GTR+G model of nucleotide evolution, a tree with the highest likelihood (-InL = 4523.132735) was constructed. Values to the left of "/" show support for the MLBS, while values to the right of "/" show support for the Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP). MLBS values less than 50% and PP values less than 0.5 are not shown here. Type sequences are in bold, and the sequence in blue bold is from the present study. After each taxon name, the GenBank accession number and country of origin are given.
FIGURE 2 in Termitomyces assamicus (Lyophyllaceae)-A new species of Termitomyces from India
FIGURE 2. Microscopic features of Termitomyces assamicus (GUBH20038, holotype): A. Basidiospores; B. Basidia; C. Basidioles; D. Cheilocystidia; E. Pleurocystidia; F. Hyphal cells in the pileipellis. Scale bars: A–F = 10 μm.
FIGURE 1 in Termitomyces assamicus (Lyophyllaceae)-A new species of Termitomyces from India
FIGURE 1. Termitomyces assamicus (GUBH GUBH20038, holotype, photos by L. R. Das): A-B. Fruit bodies in natural habitat; C. Mature fruitbody showing upturned and rimose pileus margin; D. Basidioma showing pseudorrhiza. Scale bars: A–D = 10 mm.
Data from: The scope for nuclear selection within Termitomyces fungi associated with fungus-growing termites is limited
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