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Fig. 8 in Synonymy of the Scale Worm Hesperonoe urechis with Arctonoella sinagawaensis (Annelida: Polynoidae), Newly Recorded from the Seto Inland Sea, Western Japan, with Remarks on Symbiosis with the Spoon Worm Urechis unicinctus (Annelida: Thalassematidae)

Fig. 8. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree based on COI, 16S, 18S, and 28S sequences. Numbers indicate nodal bootstrap support values (> 50%). Bold: newly obtained sequence. Pale shading: Polynoinae clade. Dark shading: Arctonoella-Hesperonoe clade.

Fig. 5 in Synonymy of the Scale Worm Hesperonoe urechis with Arctonoella sinagawaensis (Annelida: Polynoidae), Newly Recorded from the Seto Inland Sea, Western Japan, with Remarks on Symbiosis with the Spoon Worm Urechis unicinctus (Annelida: Thalassematidae)

Fig. 5. Arctonoella sinagawaensis, right parapodia of chaetiger 14, preserved specimens (A, B: NSMT-Pol 113479; C: NSMT-Pol 113481). A, Anterior view; B, posterior view; C, posterior view. Abbreviations: dc, dorsal cirrus; neu, neuropodium; not, notopodium; pos, postchaetal lobe of neuropodium; pre, prechaetal acicular lobe of neuropodium; vc, ventral cirrus; 1, superior notochaetae; 2, inferior notochaetae; 3, supra-acicular neurochaetae; 4, infra-acicular neurochaetae. Scale bars: A, B, 1 mm; C, 0.1 mm.

Fig. 4 in Synonymy of the Scale Worm Hesperonoe urechis with Arctonoella sinagawaensis (Annelida: Polynoidae), Newly Recorded from the Seto Inland Sea, Western Japan, with Remarks on Symbiosis with the Spoon Worm Urechis unicinctus (Annelida: Thalassematidae)

Fig. 4. Arctonoella sinagawaensis. Frontal margin of prostomium, preserved specimens (A: NSMT-Pol 113484; B: NSMT-Pol 113479; C: NSMT-Pol 113483; D: NSMT-Pol 113482; E: NSMT-Pol 113481; F: NSMT-Pol 113480). A, B, Lacking cephalic peaks; C–E, intermediate forms having round or slightly tapering protrusions; F, presence of typical tapering peaks. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 3 in Synonymy of the Scale Worm Hesperonoe urechis with Arctonoella sinagawaensis (Annelida: Polynoidae), Newly Recorded from the Seto Inland Sea, Western Japan, with Remarks on Symbiosis with the Spoon Worm Urechis unicinctus (Annelida: Thalassematidae)

Fig. 3. Arctonoella sinagawaensis, preserved specimens (A, C: NSMT-Pol 113479; B: NSMT-Pol 113481; D: NSMT-Pol 113480). A, Anterior end, dorsal view; B, anterior end, ventral view. C, posterior end, with last smallest elytron on segment 33 (white arrow), dorsal view; D, midbody with largest elytra, dorsal view. Abbreviations: ac, anal cirrus; dc, dorsal cirrus; la, lateral antenna; ma, median antenna; pa, palp; pr, proboscis; tc, tentacular cirrus; vbc, ventral buccal cirrus; 2–4, segments 2–4. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Fig. 2. Arctonoella sinagawaensis. A–D in Synonymy of the Scale Worm Hesperonoe urechis with Arctonoella sinagawaensis (Annelida: Polynoidae), Newly Recorded from the Seto Inland Sea, Western Japan, with Remarks on Symbiosis with the Spoon Worm Urechis unicinctus (Annelida: Thalassematidae)

Fig. 2. Arctonoella sinagawaensis. A–D, Living specimens (A, B: NSMT-Pol 113479; C, D: NSMT-Pol 113482) associated with Urechis unicinctus; E, preserved specimen (NSMT-Pol 113482). A, Ventral view; B, lateral view, tips of dorsal cirri in contact with host body (black arrows); C, dorsal view of a symbiont on its host (white arrow), just after being collected; D, dorsal view of symbiont in C, detached from its host; E, dorsal view. Scale bars: A, B, 10 mm; D, E, 5 mm.

Fig. 7 in Synonymy of the Scale Worm Hesperonoe urechis with Arctonoella sinagawaensis (Annelida: Polynoidae), Newly Recorded from the Seto Inland Sea, Western Japan, with Remarks on Symbiosis with the Spoon Worm Urechis unicinctus (Annelida: Thalassematidae)

Fig. 7. Reevaluation of numbers of pairs of elytra in photographs of living specimens (dorsal view) shown in previous studies. A, Holotype of Hesperonoe urechis (71 mm BL), modified from Marin and Antokhina (2020: fig. 8c); B, non-type specimen of H. urechis, modified from Marin and Antokhina (2020: figs 1e, 8a) and Buzhinskaja (2013: fig. E; shown as Hesperonoe sp.). 1–16: number of left elytra from anterior to posterior ends; brackets indicate elytron absent. Scale bar: 10 mm.

Fig. 1 in Synonymy of the Scale Worm Hesperonoe urechis with Arctonoella sinagawaensis (Annelida: Polynoidae), Newly Recorded from the Seto Inland Sea, Western Japan, with Remarks on Symbiosis with the Spoon Worm Urechis unicinctus (Annelida: Thalassematidae)

Fig. 1. Distribution of Arctonoella sinagawaensis. A, Japan and neighboring countries; B, Seto Inland Sea (western Japan). Closed circles, present study; open circles, previous studies. 1, mouth of Saba-gawa River, Yamaguchi Prefecture; 2, Mukaishima Island, Onomichi-shi, Hiroshima Prefecture; 3, Takasu-higata, Kurashikishi, Okayama Prefecture; a, Shinagawa, Tokyo Bay (type locality; Izuka 1912); b, Peter the Great Bay (Marin and Antokhina 2020); c, Possjet Bay (Buzhinskaja 1967; Marin and Antokhina 2020); d, Chefoo Bay, Yellow Sea (Fauvel 1933; Uschakov 1982).

Fig. 6 in Synonymy of the Scale Worm Hesperonoe urechis with Arctonoella sinagawaensis (Annelida: Polynoidae), Newly Recorded from the Seto Inland Sea, Western Japan, with Remarks on Symbiosis with the Spoon Worm Urechis unicinctus (Annelida: Thalassematidae)

Fig. 6. Arctonoella sinagawaensis, distal part of chaetae in chaetiger 14, preserved specimen (NSMT-Pol 113479). A, Superior notochaeta; B, inferior notochaeta; C, D, supra-acicular neurochaeta; E, infra-acicular neurochaeta. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 4 in Ikedosoma (Annelida: Echiura: Thalassematidae) from the Tropical Pacific, with Description of a New Species

Fig. 4. Ikedosoma sp. collected from Dam Bay, Nha Trang, Vietnam (CBM-ZW 1100). A, dorsal view of dissected trunk showing musculature (with aid of light box); B, magnified trunk wall showing two longitudinal muscle bands (marked by asterisks) and a continuous oblique muscle layer between them. Scales: A, 1 cm; B, 1 mm.

Fig. 3 in Ikedosoma (Annelida: Echiura: Thalassematidae) from the Tropical Pacific, with Description of a New Species

Fig. 3. Internal morphology of Ikedosoma abemama sp. nov. (holotype, NSMT-Ec 187), dorsal view. Most mesenteries and gonostomal lips, and appearance of trunk musculature omitted for clarity. A, anterior end of trunk; B, posterior end of trunk. Abbreviations: an, anus; av, anal vesicle; cg, ciliated groove; cr, crop; dv, dorsal vessel; e, esophagus; gd, gonoduct; gl, gonostomal lip; gz, gizzard; i, intestine; m, mesentery; nv, neurointestinal vessel; ph, pharynx; pp, papilla; r, rectum; rv, ring vessel; vnc, ventral nerve cord; vss, ventral setal sac; vv, ventral vessel. Scales: 1 cm.

Fig. 2 in Ikedosoma (Annelida: Echiura: Thalassematidae) from the Tropical Pacific, with Description of a New Species

Fig. 2. Comparison of morphology around the basal proboscis among three species of Ikedosoma (ventral view). Arrowheads indicate mouth position to show lower lip absence (B) or presence (C, D). A, B, Ikedosoma abemama sp. nov., preserved specimen (holotype, NSMT- Ec 187); C, I. elegans, live specimen (non-type, NSMT-Ec 113); D, I. gogoshimense, live specimen (non-type, NSMT-Ec 116). Scales: A, C, D, 1 cm; B, 2 mm.

Fig. 1 in Ikedosoma (Annelida: Echiura: Thalassematidae) from the Tropical Pacific, with Description of a New Species

Fig. 1. Ikedosoma abemama sp. nov. (holotype, NSMT-Ec 187). A, lateral view of the entire body, before dissection; B, dorsal view of the dissected trunk showing musculature (with aid of light box); C, magnified trunk wall showing two longitudinal muscle bands (marked by asterisks) and the continuous oblique muscle layer between them. Scales: A, B, 1 cm; C, 1 mm.

FIGURE 6. Alpheus christofferseni n in Three transisthmian snapping shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda: Alpheidae: Alpheus) associated with innkeeper worms (Echiura: Thalassematidae) in Panama

FIGURE 6. Alpheus christofferseni n. sp., male from Bocas del Toro, Panama (USNM 1100667): a, second pereiopod, lateral view; b, third pereiopod, lateral view; c, fifth pereiopod, lateral view; d, same, propodus and dactylus, ventral view; e, appendix masculina and appendix interna of second pleopod. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIGURE 5. Alpheus christofferseni n in Three transisthmian snapping shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda: Alpheidae: Alpheus) associated with innkeeper worms (Echiura: Thalassematidae) in Panama

FIGURE 5. Alpheus christofferseni n. sp., male from Bocas del Toro, Panama (USNM 1100667): a, major cheliped, mesial view; b, same, distal merus, carpus and chela, lateral view; c, same, dactylus plunger, lateral view; d, minor cheliped, lateral view; e, same, distal merus, carpus and chela, mesial view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIGURE 2. Alpheus christofferseni n in Three transisthmian snapping shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda: Alpheidae: Alpheus) associated with innkeeper worms (Echiura: Thalassematidae) in Panama

FIGURE 2. Alpheus christofferseni n. sp., female paratype from Atol das Rocas, Brazil (MNRJ 17926) (a–e) and male holotype (MNRJ 17905) (f): a, female major cheliped, mesial view; b, same, distal merus, carpus and chela, lateral view; c, same, coxa to carpus, lateral view; d, female minor cheliped, mesial view; e, same, distal merus, carpus and chela, lateral view; f, male minor cheliped, distal merus, carpus and chela, lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIGURE 10 in Three transisthmian snapping shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda: Alpheidae: Alpheus) associated with innkeeper worms (Echiura: Thalassematidae) in Panama

FIGURE 10. Alpheus aequus Kim & Abeke, 1988, female from Coibita, Coiba Marine National Park, Panama (MNHN 16389): a, frontal margin, dorsal view; b, major cheliped, lateral view; c, same, chela, mesial view; d, minor chela, lateral view; e, second pereiopod, lateral view; f, third pereiopod, lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIGURE 4. Alpheus christofferseni n in Three transisthmian snapping shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda: Alpheidae: Alpheus) associated with innkeeper worms (Echiura: Thalassematidae) in Panama

FIGURE 4. Alpheus christofferseni n. sp., male from Bocas del Toro, Panama (USNM 1100667): a, frontal region, dorsal view; b, same, lateral view; c, third maxilliped; d, right uropod, dorsal view; e, telson, dorsal view. Scale bar: 1 mm.

FIGURE 1. Alpheus christofferseni n in Three transisthmian snapping shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda: Alpheidae: Alpheus) associated with innkeeper worms (Echiura: Thalassematidae) in Panama

FIGURE 1. Alpheus christofferseni n. sp., female paratypes from Atol das Rocas, Brazil (MNRJ 17926) (a–h) and male holotype (MNRJ 17905) (i): a, frontal region, dorsal view; b, same, lateral view; c, tooth on mesioventral carina of first antennular segment, lateral view; d, scaphocerite of antenna, dorsal view; e, third maxilliped, lateral view; f, telson and left uropod, dorsal view; g, distal margin of exopod of right uropod; h, orbital hoods and rostrum of another specimen, dorsal view; i, appendix masculina and appendix interna of male second pleopod. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIGURE 3. Alpheus christofferseni n in Three transisthmian snapping shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda: Alpheidae: Alpheus) associated with innkeeper worms (Echiura: Thalassematidae) in Panama

FIGURE 3. Alpheus christofferseni n. sp., female paratypes from Atol das Rocas, Brazil (MNRJ 17926): a, second pereiopod, lateral view; b, third pereiopod, lateral view; c, same, distal propodus and dactylus; d, fourth pereiopod, lateral view; e, same, distal propodus and dactylus; f, fifth pereiopod, lateral view; g, same, propodus and dactylus, ventral view; h, second pereiopod of another specimen, carpus and chela; i, third pereiopod of another specimen, distal carpus, propodus and dactylus, lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIGURE 12 in Three transisthmian snapping shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda: Alpheidae: Alpheus) associated with innkeeper worms (Echiura: Thalassematidae) in Panama

FIGURE 12. Habitats and hosts: a, shallow subtidal sandflat with patches of flotting algae and seagrass at Carenero Island, Bocas del Toro, Panama, type locality of Alpheus christofferseni n. sp.; b, c, Alpheus christofferseni n. sp. with host, Ochetostoma cf. edax (Fisher, 1946) (Echiura, Thalassematidae), a few hours after collection; d, partly exposed rock-mud intertidal at Coibita, Coiba Marine National Park, Panama, one of collection sites of Alpheus aequus Kim & Abele, 1988; e, Ochetostoma edax (Echiura, Thalassematidae), host of the Coibita specimen (MNHN-Na 16389).