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Fig. 1 in The Rhipicephalus appendiculatus tick vector of Theileria parva is absent from cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer) populations and associated ecosystems in northern Uganda

Fig. 1 Map showing the sampling sites. The three national parks are indicated with red dots and the cattle sampling sites adjacent to the parks depicted as green dots

Fig. 2 Infected R in Isolation of infectious Theileria parva sporozoites secreted by infected Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks into an in vitro tick feeding system

Fig. 2 Infected R. appendiculatus adult ticks feeding on a silicone membrane. a A representation of adult ticks attached to a silicone membrane. b Detection of tick salivary gland infected with T. parva via p104 PCR. Amplicons were visualized in 2% agarose gel

Fig. 5 in Isolation of infectious Theileria parva sporozoites secreted by infected Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks into an in vitro tick feeding system

Fig. 5 Determination of the minimum dose of T. parva sporozoites from the in vitro tick feeding system sufficient to infect bovine lymphocytes in vitro. Lymphocytes were probed with anti-PIM monoclonal antibody. a Unstimulated and ConA-stimulated negative controls. b Flow cytometric detection of infected lymphocytes exposed to tenfold serial dilutions of T. parva sporozoites isolated from the in vitro tick feeding system

Fig. 4 in Isolation of infectious Theileria parva sporozoites secreted by infected Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks into an in vitro tick feeding system

Fig. 4 Demonstration of infectivity of secreted T. parva sporozoites collected from the in vitro tick feeding system. a Flow cytometric detection of cultured T. parva-infected lymphocytes. b Immunocytochemistry demonstrating T. parva schizont formation in bovine lymphocytes. Lymphocytes were probed with monoclonal antibodies: left panel, isotype control; right panel, anti-PIM. Red indicates antibody-specific reactivity to T. parva within bovine lymphocytes. Scale bar: 20 µm

Fig. 3 in Isolation of infectious Theileria parva sporozoites secreted by infected Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks into an in vitro tick feeding system

Fig. 3 Immunohistochemical detection of T. parva salivary gland acinus colonization in adult ticks. Tick sections were probed with monoclonal antibodies: a anti-PIM; b anti-p67; c isotype control. Red indicates antibody-specific reactivity to T. parva colonies. Scale bar: 50 µm

Fig. 1 in Isolation of infectious Theileria parva sporozoites secreted by infected Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks into an in vitro tick feeding system

Fig. 1 Infection of R. appendiculatus via acquisition feeding on a T. parva-infected calf. a Calf was infected via subcutaneous inoculation with T. parva salivary gland stabilate. The calf developed severe fever beginning 10 days post-infection. Red arrow indicates nymphal tick application and green arrows indicate collection of replete nymphs. b Detection of T. parva via p104 PCR. Amplicons were visualized in 2% agarose gel

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Fig. 2. Post mortem examination. Post mortem examination for typical calves showing signs associated with Theileria infection. A in Exposure of vaccinated and naive cattle to natural challenge from buffalo-derived Theileria parva

Fig. 2. Post mortem examination. Post mortem examination for typical calves showing signs associated with Theileria infection. A: Copious frothy exudate from nasal cavities of BJ031 and BJ037. B: Pleural exudate in thoracic cavities of BJ033 and BJ041. C: Frothing in trachea of BJ026 and BJ033.

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Fig. 1 in Exposure of vaccinated and naive cattle to natural challenge from buffalo-derived Theileria parva

Fig. 1. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis of vaccinated (dashed line) and control (solid line) calves following field exposure. The black circle and red cross at day 30 represent the animals remaining alive at the end of the experiment (censored). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Fig. 4. Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree generated using N in The African buffalo parasite Theileria. sp. (buffalo) can infect and immortalize cattle leukocytes and encodes divergent orthologues of Theileria parva antigen genes

Fig. 4. Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree generated using N-terminal sequences of T. sp. (buffalo) and T. parva PIM antigen genes. Maximum composite likelihood trees were constructed using 1000 bootstrap replicates as implemented in MEGA5; the optimal nucleotide substitution model was identified using data monkey. The tree constructed with RAxML (Stamatakis et al., 2014) using a GTR/G/I model with 100 bootstrap iterations.

Fig. 5 in The African buffalo parasite Theileria. sp. (buffalo) can infect and immortalize cattle leukocytes and encodes divergent orthologues of Theileria parva antigen genes

Fig. 5. Maximum Likelihood Phylogenetic trees illustrating the genetic relationships of T. parva CD8 T target antigen gene orthologues from T. sp. (buffalo). Panel (A) Tp6; Panel B Tp7: Panel C Tp8. Sequences were aligned and used to construct a maximum likelihood tree, at which the nodes were confirmed using 1000 bootstrap replications. The bootstrap values indicating the degree of support for each node are shown and also the GenBank accession numbers of the sequences. For Tp6, the tree was rooted using the prohibitin gene sequences present in Babesia bovis (XM001609045) and Theileria orientalis (AB161472). For Tp7, the tree was rooted using the putative Heat shock protein 90 gene sequences from Toxoplasma gondii (AY344115), Babesia bovis (AK442026) and Theileria annulata (XM_947380). For Tp8, the tree was rooted using an orthologue of Tp8 found in Theileria equi (CP001669).

Fig. 3 in The African buffalo parasite Theileria. sp. (buffalo) can infect and immortalize cattle leukocytes and encodes divergent orthologues of Theileria parva antigen genes

Fig. 3. PCR amplification of genes encoding Theileria parva antigens from Marula schizont-infected leukocyte cultures. Panel A, p104 primers; Panel B PIM, primers; Panel C p67 primers. The order of the schizont-infected lymphocyte samples is (1) N6; (2). N13; (3). N18; (4). N20; (5). N33; (6). N36; (7). N38; (8). N43; (9). N50; (10). N55; (11). N69; (12). N76; (13). N77, (14). N79; (15). N86, (16). N88; (17). N99; (18). N100; (19). N102; (20). N103; (21). N106; (22). N107.

Fig. 2 in The African buffalo parasite Theileria. sp. (buffalo) can infect and immortalize cattle leukocytes and encodes divergent orthologues of Theileria parva antigen genes

Fig. 2. Results of a semi-nested PCR assay used to amplify 18S ribosomal subunit DNA using primers specific for T. parva and T. sp. (buffalo). Samples are as follows: 1)N13 2)N18 3) N20 4)N33 5)N36 6) N43 7)N50 8)N55 9) N69 10)N76 11) N79 12) N86 13) N88 14) N99 15)N100 16) N102 17) N103 18)N107 19—21) T. parva clones 22—24) T. sp. (buffalo) clones (documented in Table 2).

Fig. 1 in The African buffalo parasite Theileria. sp. (buffalo) can infect and immortalize cattle leukocytes and encodes divergent orthologues of Theileria parva antigen genes

Fig. 1. Reverse line blot analysis of schizont cultures containing parasites isolated from Marula farm. The following species-specific oligonucleotide probes were used (a) T. annulata, (b) T. parva, (c) T. mutans, (d) T. velifera, (e) T. taurotragi, (f) T. buffeli, (g) T. sp. (buffalo). (h) B. bigemina, (i) B. bovis. The order of the experimental samples hybridized is DNA from cell culture isolates in lanes 1—22 was lane 1; (1) N6, (2) N13, (3) N18, (4) N20, (5) N33, (6) N36, (7) N38 (8) N43, (9) N50 (10) N55, (11) N69, (12) N76, (13) N77, (14) N79, (15) N88, (16) N99, (17) N100 (18) N103, (19) N106, (20) N107, (21) N86, (22) N102 and DNA extracted from whole cattle blood (23) N106 (24) N69 (25) N86.