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26 results for “Theobroma cacao”
Figs. 1A-D. Comportamento germinativo e in EcofisiologiA dA germinAÇão dos genótiPos de Theobroma cacao L.
Figs. 1A-D. Comportamento germinativo e pós-germinativo de sementes de dez genótipos de cacaueiro, submetidos a temperaturas constantes (15 ºC, 20 ºC, 25 ºC, 30 ºC, 35 ºC e 40 ºC) no município de Linhares-ES. A. Germinabilidade; B. Índice de velocidade de germinação; C. Plântulas normais vigorosas; D. Plântulas normais fracas.
Fig. 3 in EcofisiologiA dA germinAÇão dos genótiPos de Theobroma cacao L.
Fig. 3. Dispersão de dez genótipos de cacaueiro da Comissão Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira no município de Linhares/ES, usando as coordenadas obtidas da matriz de distância generalizada de Mahalanobis (D²), pelo procedimento estatístico baseado na minimização das diferenças entre as distâncias originais e aquelas no gráfico para o período de secagem de dois dias
Figs. 2A-H in EcofisiologiA dA germinAÇão dos genótiPos de Theobroma cacao L.
Figs. 2A-H. Dispersão de dez genótipos de cacaueiro da Comissão Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira no município de Linhares/ES, usando as coordenadas obtidas da matriz de distância generalizada de Mahalanobis (D²), pelo procedimento estatístico baseado na minimização das diferenças entre as distâncias originais e aquelas no gráfico. Os agrupamentos se estabeleceram de acordo com a temperatura, sendo: A. 15 ºC; B. 20 ºC; C. 25 ºC; D. 30 ºC; E. 35 ºC; F. 40 ºC; G. 15-25 ºC; H. 20-30 ºC.
Figure 2 in Theobroma cacao, a new host for Brevipalpus yothersi (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) in Peru
Figure 2 Population of Brevipalpus yothersi in fruits: A – Fruit with dark brown epicarp infested by high populations; B – All forms of development ofB. yothersi in the epicarp; C – Females and immatures mobiles ofB. yothersi in fruits; D – General view of multiple exuvia (white skins) ofB. yothersi from the epicarp of the same fruit.
Figure 1 in Theobroma cacao, a new host for Brevipalpus yothersi (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) in Peru
Figure 1 Morphological characteristics ofBrevipalpus yothersi. female: A – dorsal propodosoma; B – opisthosoma; C – ventral view of the anal and genital regions; D – adult female spermatheca (indicated by arrow). Scale bars = 30µm.
Figure 1. A in Forcipomyia hardyi (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), a Potential Pollinator of Cacao (Theobroma cacao) Flowers in Hawaii
Figure 1. A. Flypaper pinned underneath of cacao flower and buds. B. Ethanol-preserved female F. hardyi identified by Frank Howarth. C. Flypaper trap containing two ants and one midge; arrowhead indicates pollen. D. Cacao flower showing presence of ants and aphids. E. Dorsal view of live F. hardyi. F. Lateral view of live F. hardyi; arrowhead indicates pollen; scale bar = 0.5 mm. G. Freshly opened cacao flower showing style surrounded by staminodes; scale bar = 1 mm. H. Pollinated cacao flower showing outwardly-recurved staminodes; arrowhead indicates pollen.
Linked collectors and determiners for: Registros de plantas del departamento del Tolima asociadas al mejoramiento e inocuidad del cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en Colombia.
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Registros de plantas del departamento del Tolima asociadas al mejoramiento e inocuidad del cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en Colombia". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/a123bbf1-b1e1-4ab1-bde0-398252d7fbde">https://bionomia.net/dataset/a123bbf1-b1e1-4ab1-bde0-398252d7fbde</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/a123bbf1-b1e1-4ab1-bde0-398252d7fbde">https://gbif.org/dataset/a123bbf1-b1e1-4ab1-bde0-398252d7fbde</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
The cacao gene atlas: A transcriptome developmental atlas reveals highly tissue-specific and dynamically-regulated gene networks in Theobroma cacao L
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Tabela 1 in EcofisiologiA dA germinAÇão dos genótiPos de Theobroma cacao L.
<p><b>Tabela 1.</b> Caracterização dos processos germinativo e pós-germinativo de sementes de dez genótipos de cacaueiro submetidas ao período de secagem (recém-colhidas, dois e quatro dias) no município de Linhares, Espírito Santo.</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>Comum</th><th>TSH 1188</th><th>ESFIP-02</th><th>CCN-51</th><th>Ipiranga-01</th><th>SJ-02</th><th>PH-16</th><th>PS-1319</th><th>CEPEC-2002</th><th>Catongo</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Dias</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Umidade (%) CV = 7%</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Recém-colhidas</th><td>52 Ba*</td><td>52 Ba</td><td>58 Aa</td><td>49 Ba</td><td>54 Ba</td><td>52 Ba</td><td>58 Aa</td><td>53 Ba</td><td>57 Aa</td><td>52 Ba</td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td>27 Bb</td><td>35 Ab</td><td>35 Ab</td><td>28 Bb</td><td>31 Bb</td><td>28 Bb</td><td>38 Ab</td><td>33 Ab</td><td>28 Bb</td><td>28 Bb</td></tr><tr><th>4</th><td>14 Bc</td><td>16 Bc</td><td>16 Bc</td><td>15 Bc</td><td>16 Bc</td><td>14 Bc</td><td>21 Ac</td><td>18 Ac</td><td>16 Bc</td><td>16 Bc</td></tr><tr><th>CV (%)</th><td>7</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Germinabilidade (%)</th></tr><tr><th>Recém-colhidas</th><td>100 Aa</td><td>100 Aa</td><td>97 Aa</td><td>100 Aa</td><td>100 Aa</td><td>100 Aa</td><td>100 Aa</td><td>96 Aa</td><td>94 Aa</td><td>100 Aa</td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td>96 Aa</td><td>99 Aa</td><td>99 Aa</td><td>100 Aa</td><td>100 Aa</td><td>100 Aa</td><td>94 Ba</td><td>91 Ba</td><td>97 Aa</td><td>88 Bb</td></tr><tr><th>4</th><td>23 Db</td><td>80 Ab</td><td>58 Bb</td><td>75 Ab</td><td>30 Db</td><td>28 Db</td><td>28 Db</td><td>53 Bb</td><td>40 Cb</td><td>0 Ec</td></tr><tr><th>CV (%)</th><td>6.68</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Índice de Velocidade de Germinação</th></tr><tr><th>Recém-colhidas</th><td>11,03 Ca</td><td>13,79 Ab</td><td>12,33 Ba</td><td>10,61Ca</td><td>12,13 Bb</td><td>12,03 Ba</td><td>11,62 Ba</td><td>9,64 Ca</td><td>10,10 Ca</td><td>14,62 Aa</td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td>7,16 Fb</td><td>17,18 Aa</td><td>11,25 Ca</td><td>9,54 Da</td><td>13,96 Ba</td><td>8,28 Eb</td><td>7,43 Fb</td><td>6,52 Fb</td><td>6,85 Fb</td><td>4,96 Gb</td></tr><tr><th>4</th><td>1,04 Cc</td><td>5,66 Ac</td><td>3,51 Bb</td><td>4,01 Bb</td><td>1,53 Cc</td><td>1,25 Cc</td><td>1,23 Cc</td><td>2,52 Cc</td><td>1,71 Cc</td><td>0,00 Dc</td></tr><tr><th>CV (%)</th><td>10.25</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Plântulas Normais Vigorosas (%)</th></tr><tr><th>Recém-colhidas</th><td>87 Aa</td><td>84 Aa</td><td>72 Ba</td><td>78 Ba</td><td>93 Aa</td><td>77 Ba</td><td>78 Ba</td><td>56 Ca</td><td>78 Ba</td><td>94 Aa</td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td>11 Cb</td><td>63 Ab</td><td>50 Ab</td><td>32 Bb</td><td>56 Ab</td><td>29 Bb</td><td>17 Cb</td><td>12 Cb</td><td>3 Cb</td><td>17 Cb</td></tr><tr><th>4</th><td>0 Ac</td><td>2 Ac</td><td>0 Ac</td><td>0 Ac</td><td>0 Ac</td><td>0 Ac</td><td>0 Ac</td><td>0 Ac</td><td>0 Ab</td><td>0 Ac</td></tr><tr><th>CV (%)</th><td>20.61</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Plântulas Normais Fracas (%)</th></tr><tr><th>Recém-colhidas</th><td>12 Cb</td><td>15 Cb</td><td>24 Bb</td><td>22 Bb</td><td>7 Cb</td><td>21 Bb</td><td>23 Bb</td><td>40 Ab</td><td>14 Cb</td><td>4 Cb</td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td>85 Aa</td><td>32 Ea</td><td>48 Da</td><td>62 Ca</td><td>43 Da</td><td>70 Ba</td><td>76 Ba</td><td>77 Ba</td><td>91 Aa</td><td>75 Ba</td></tr><tr><th>4</th><td>0 Ac</td><td>5 Ab</td><td>1 Ac</td><td>10 Ac</td><td>0 Ab</td><td>3 Ac</td><td>5 Ac</td><td>0 Ac</td><td>0 Ac</td><td>0 Ab</td></tr><tr><th>CV (%)</th><td>26.59</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table><p>*Médias seguidas de mesma letra maiúsculas na linha comparam os genótipos em cada período de secagem e letras minúsculas na coluna comparam a resposta de cada genótipo entre os períodos de secagem, pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 0,05 de probabilidade. CV = Coeficiente de variação.</p>
Evaluación del potencial ecotoxicológico de extractos del género Piper en semillas y crecimiento de plántulas de Lactuta sativa (lechuga), Solanum lycopersicum (tomate) y Theobroma cacao (cacao)
<p>El uso intensivo de agroquímicos en la agricultura tiene un grave impacto en la salud de los seres humanos y en el ambiente, al causar un deterioro de los suelos, propagar enfermedades agrícolas debido a la contaminación de los cultivos, aguas y suelos, y estar asociado con la pérdida aproximada del 70% de las especies vegetales. Por lo anterior, es necesario buscar nuevas alternativas, como productos a base de sustancias naturales que permitan hacer control biológico, que sean más accesibles, no generen un riesgo para los organismos y que puedan ser degradados fácilmente. Un ejemplo son las especies de plantas del género Piper que tienen efecto antifúngico frente al hongo fitopatógeno (Moniliophthora roreri) que ataca la planta de cacao, pero que para establecer su potencial como biofungicida, aún no tienen estudios ecotoxicológicos. La investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de cuatro extractos etanólicos del género Piper (P. peltatum (hojas y tallos), P. eriopodon, y P. pesaresanum) en la germinación y crecimiento de lechuga, tomate y cacao; así como establecer la relación de estos resultados con el contenido de fenoles y flavonoides. Se realizaron bioensayos de germinación en semillas de lechuga, tomate y cacao en cajas de Petri, dejando en incubación durante 7 días con disoluciones de los extractos a 1000 y 500 ppm (CE90. y CE50), para después realizar conteo de semillas germinadas y mediciones de las longitudes de raíces, tallos y brotes. Adicionalmente, en microplaca de 96 pozos se realizó la cuantificación del contenido de fenoles y flavonoides presentes en los extractos mediante las pruebas de Folin-Ciocalteu y AlCl3. Se determinó que la germinación para las tres semillas se vio afectada mayoritariamente por los extractos a la mayor concentración, sin embargo, los extractos que presentaron menor toxicidad fue P. peltatum y P. pesaresanum a la concentración de 500 ppm. Así mismo, el extracto que presentó menor inhibición en las medidas de raíces, tallos y brotes fue P. eriopodon (20-30%). Finalmente, P. eriopodon y P. peltatum fueron los extractos con mayor contenido de fenoles con valores de 50 y 30 mg AG/g extracto, respectivamente, y P. peltatum presentó los mayores valores de flavonoides con valores de 38 y 33 mg QE/g para los extractos de tallos y hojas, respectivamente. Los resultados comprobaron que es posible postular a los extractos de P. peltatum (hojas y tallos), P. eriopodon, y P. pesaresanum a concentraciones de 500 ppm como alternativa para el control de hongos fitopatógenos debido a que no representa una toxicidad alta frente a las especies evaluadas.</p>
FIGURE 3. Helicotylenchus dihystera A–D in Molecular characterization of Helicotylenchus multicinctus and H. dihystera (Tylenchida: Hoplolaimidae) from Theobroma cacao in Nigeria
FIGURE 3. Helicotylenchus dihystera A–D: Head region, female vulva and tail. Stb=stylet knob; mb = median bulb; v = vulva, a = anus and p = projection (Scale bar =10 μm).
FIGURE 2. Photomicrographs Helicotylenchus multicinctus A–C in Molecular characterization of Helicotylenchus multicinctus and H. dihystera (Tylenchida: Hoplolaimidae) from Theobroma cacao in Nigeria
FIGURE 2. Photomicrographs Helicotylenchus multicinctus A–C: Head region, tail and female vulva. Stb = stylet knob; v = vulva and a = anus (Scale bar =10 μm).
FIGURE 5 in Molecular characterization of Helicotylenchus multicinctus and H. dihystera (Tylenchida: Hoplolaimidae) from Theobroma cacao in Nigeria
FIGURE 5. Phylogenetic relationship among Helicotylenchus species, based on analysis of the 28S D2D3 region with Maximum Likelihood (ML), using Caenorhabditis elegans as the outgroup. Newly obtained sequences are indicated by bold letters.
FIGURE 1 in Molecular characterization of Helicotylenchus multicinctus and H. dihystera (Tylenchida: Hoplolaimidae) from Theobroma cacao in Nigeria
FIGURE 1. Photomicrographs of the entire body of female nematodes A: Helicotylenchus multicinctus and B: H. dihystera (Scale bar=20 µm).
FIGURE 4 in Molecular characterization of Helicotylenchus multicinctus and H. dihystera (Tylenchida: Hoplolaimidae) from Theobroma cacao in Nigeria
FIGURE 4. Phylogenetic relationships among Helicotylenchus species, based on analysis of the 28S D2D3 region with maximum Parsimony (MP), using Caenorhabditis elegans as the outgroup. Newly obtained sequences are indicated by bold letters.
Genomic structural variants constrain and facilitate adaptation in natural populations of Theobroma cacao, the Chocolate Tree
<p>Genomic structural variants (SVs) can play important roles in adaptation and speciation. Yet, the overall fitness effects of SVs are poorly understood, partly because accurate population-level identification of SVs requires multiple high-quality genome assemblies. Here, we use 31 chromosome-scale, haplotype-resolved genome assemblies of Theobroma cacao – an outcrossing, long-lived tree species that is the source of chocolate – to investigate the fitness consequences of SVs in natural populations. Among the 31 accessions, we find over 160 thousand SVs, which together cover eight times more of the genome than SNPs and short indels (125 Mb vs. 15 Mb). Our results indicate that a vast majority of these SVs are deleterious: they segregate at low frequencies and are depleted from functional regions of the genome. We show that SVs influence gene expression, which likely impairs gene function and contributes to the detrimental effects of SVs. We also provide empirical support for a theoretical prediction that SVs, particularly inversions, increase genetic load through the accumulation of deleterious nucleotide variants as a result of suppressed recombination.<br> Despite the overall detrimental effects, we identify individual SVs bearing signatures of local adaptation, several of which are associated with genes differentially expressed between populations. Genes involved in pathogen resistance are strongly enriched among these candidates, highlighting the contribution of SVs on this important local adaptation trait. Beyond revealing new empirical evidence for the evolutionary importance of SVs, these 31 de novo assemblies provide a valuable resource for genetic and breeding studies in T. cacao. </p>
Genomic structural variants constrain and facilitate adaptation in natural populations of Theobroma cacao, the Chocolate Tree
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Effect of Phytochemicals From Theobroma Cacao on Mental Energy
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01651793. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Elevated temperature and carbon dioxide alters growth and leaf-chemical composition in two important neotropical crops, Coffee (Coffea arabica) and Cacao (Theobroma cacao)
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Identification of self- and pathogen-targeted miRNAs from resistant and susceptible Theobroma cacao variety to black pod disease
GEO Series GSE244955. Theobroma cacao. 4 samples. Type: Non-coding RNA profiling by high throughput sequencing.
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