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FIGURES 45–48 in Natural history of the mistletoe-feeding Thereus lomalarga (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Eumaeini) in Colombia

FIGURES 45–48. Crypsis, parasitoids, ants, and Coccidae. 45. 4 th instar camouflaged in the tip of an inflorescence. 46. The most common morpho-species of Campopleginae. 45a. Campopleginae cocoon inside cuticle of 3 rd instar of T. lomalarga. 47. 3 rd instar pre-molting larva (black arrow points to edge of segment T2) tended by Linephitema that also milks scale insects (white arrows). 48. Linephitema ants surround the larva of fig. 47 at the arrival of a Chalcidinae, which flies off. In spite of the defense by ants, this larva became parasitized by the same morpho-species of Chalcidinae.

FIGURES 34–38 in Natural history of the mistletoe-feeding Thereus lomalarga (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Eumaeini) in Colombia

FIGURES 34–38. Organisms that produce sugary drops by perforating the fleshy rachis and fruits of O. alveolatus; arrows point to the tips of the sucking organs. 34. Coreidae adult frequently visits the spikes. 35. Alydidae nymph (Camponotus ant mimic). 36. Reduviidae nymph, a predatory assassin bug that also perforate the fleshy rachis of O. alveolatus. 37. Coreidae nymphs; arrow points to secretion droplet left by them. 38. Some Curculionidae also draw sugary droplets.

FIGURES 39–44. T. lomalarga-ants interactions. Scale 2 in Natural history of the mistletoe-feeding Thereus lomalarga (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Eumaeini) in Colombia

FIGURES 39–44. T. lomalarga-ants interactions. Scale 2mm; arrow points to DNO. 39. 4 th instar with Camponotus. 40. Idem, with Pheidole. 41. Idem, with Wasmannia. 42. Secretion droplet. 43. Crematogaster ants tending both early 3 rd instar of Th. lomalarga brown morph and scale insects. Larva of T. lomalarga is close to a stem at the base of the inflorescence; arrows point to larva and Coccidae. 44. 4 th instar with Crematogaster.

FIGURES 25–27. Mistletoes, Oryctanthus alveolatus. 25. O in Natural history of the mistletoe-feeding Thereus lomalarga (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Eumaeini) in Colombia

FIGURES 25–27. Mistletoes, Oryctanthus alveolatus. 25. O. alveolatus growing on Vernonanthura patens. 26. Racemose inflorescence; black arrows point to spikes with fruits removed by birds, and white arrows point to apical spikes where T. lomalarga often lay eggs. 27. Oviposition. 27 a. Egg laid on the side of flower bud.

FIGURES 19–24. Segment A7 in Natural history of the mistletoe-feeding Thereus lomalarga (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Eumaeini) in Colombia

FIGURES 19–24. Segment A7, sugar gland (DNO). 19. 4 th instar. 20. 2 nd instar molt; arrows point to lenticles and setae. 21. 3 rd instar molt; arrow points to glandular bladder (two). 22. 4 th instar molt; arrow points to glandular bladder from the outside. 23. Idem, internal view (four). 24. Arrows point to lenticles and setae in 4 th instar molt. Scale on molts 0.02 mm.

FIGURES 13–18 in Natural history of the mistletoe-feeding Thereus lomalarga (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Eumaeini) in Colombia

FIGURES 13–18. Morphological details of immatures. 13. 1 st instar, lateral view; arrows point to setae, lenticles and spiracles. 14. Idem, dorsal view. 15. 3 rd instar epicranium. 16. 4 th instar prothoracic shield. 16a arrow points to SD1 (sensory setae). 17. Star shaped sculpture of the pupa's cuticle. 18. Prepupa with excretion fluid.

FIGURES 28–33 in Natural history of the mistletoe-feeding Thereus lomalarga (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Eumaeini) in Colombia

FIGURES 28–33. Food resources of T. lomalarga. 28. O. alveolatus flower; arrow points to floral disc nectaries. 29. Male feeding on flowers. 30. Female feeding on sugary drop of the fleshy rachis. 31. Spike of O. alveolatus with sugary drops at its tip. 31a. Wasmania sp ant feeding on sugary drop. 32. Membracidae nymph on an immature fruit; arrow points to anal excretion (honeydew). 33. Arrows point to cryptic Membracidae nymphs on O. alveolatus spike. 33a Adults of Membracidae in fig. 33.

FIGURES 1–12 in Natural history of the mistletoe-feeding Thereus lomalarga (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Eumaeini) in Colombia

FIGURES 1–12. Immature stages of Thereus lomalarga. 1. Egg on a flower bud of Oryctanthus alveolatus. 2. 1 st instar. 3. 2 nd instar. 4. 3 rd instar. 5. 4 th instar, green morph. 6. 4 th instar, brown morph. 7. 4 th instar, reddish morph. 8. At the end of 4 th instar all morphs are green. 9. Prepupa. 10. Pupa. 11. Freshly emerged male. 12. Adult male. In figs. 4 and 5 arrow points to the dorsal nectary organ in segment A7.

FIGURE 9 in Two new Thereus species from Peru, with notes on ecological niche partitioning (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae)

FIGURE 9. Type locality of Thereus tierralinda sp. nov., with the Manu Road going through Chontachaca on the North along the Cosñipata river (source: Google Earth).

FIGURES 15–19 in Two new Thereus species from Peru, with notes on ecological niche partitioning (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae)

FIGURES 15–19. Male genitalia, ventral view (on right), left lateral view (at left). 15. Thereus tierralinda sp. nov. (HT, Peru, MUSM). 16. T. illex (Colombia, MNHN). 17. T. columbicola (Peru, CF). 18. T. eryssus (Brazil, CF). 19. T. vicens sp. nov. (HT, Peru, MUSM).

FIGURE 24 in Two new Thereus species from Peru, with notes on ecological niche partitioning (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae)

FIGURE 24. Flight zone of T. tierralinda sp. nov. in 2019 and 2021 (higher oval) and the approximate flight zone of T. columbicola in 2017 and 2018 (lower oval) from a riverside clearing adjacent to the Tierra Linda Reserve camp (picture taken in 2021). Arrows indicate the preferred location for the observation posts.

FIGURES 20–22 in Two new Thereus species from Peru, with notes on ecological niche partitioning (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae)

FIGURES 20–22. Female genitalia. Ventral view (at left), lateral view (middle), papilla analis in lateral view (at right). 20. Thereus columbicola (Peru, CF). 21. T. eryssus (Brazil, CF). 22. T. vicens sp. nov. (HT, Peru, MUSM).

FIGURES 1–8 in Two new Thereus species from Peru, with notes on ecological niche partitioning (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae)

FIGURES 1–8. Adults of Thereus, dorsal view at left. 1.♁ T. tierralinda sp. nov. (HT, Peru, MUSM). 2. ♁ T. illex (Colombia, MNHN). 3. ♁ T. vicens sp. nov. (HT, Peru, MUSM). 4. ♀ T. vicens sp. nov. (Peru, FILS). 5. ♁ T. columbicola (Peru, CF). 6. ♀ T. columbicola (Peru, CF). 7. ♁ T. eryssus (Brazil, CF). 8. ♀ T. eryssus (Brazil, CF).

FIGURE 23 in Two new Thereus species from Peru, with notes on ecological niche partitioning (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae)

FIGURE 23. Male eighth tergite in ventral view. Anterior border (at bottom) W-shape on Thereus tierralinda sp. nov. (left) and subrectangular on T. vicens sp. nov. (right).

Figure 27 from: Robbins RK, Heredia AD, Busby RC (2015) Male secondary sexual structures and the systematics of the Thereus oppia species group (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Eumaeini). ZooKeys 520: 109-130. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.520.10134

Figure 27 - Natural succession forest in Loma Larga, the type locality of Thereus lomalarga, with flowering Miconia minutiflora (Bonpl.) DC.

Figure 25 from: Robbins RK, Heredia AD, Busby RC (2015) Male secondary sexual structures and the systematics of the Thereus oppia species group (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Eumaeini). ZooKeys 520: 109-130. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.520.10134

Figure 25 - Male (top) and female antennae of Thereus lomalarga in ventral aspect showing nudum extent. The male has 14 nudum segments in contrast to 21 nudum segments in the female. Scale bar: 2 mm.

Figures 23-24 from: Robbins RK, Heredia AD, Busby RC (2015) Male secondary sexual structures and the systematics of the Thereus oppia species group (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Eumaeini). ZooKeys 520: 109-130. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.520.10134

Figures 23-24 - Female papillae anales in ventral aspect showing sclerites that characterize Thereus (arrow). Posterior of insect to the right. 23 Thereus lomalarga 24 Thereus brocki. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Figures 19-22 from: Robbins RK, Heredia AD, Busby RC (2015) Male secondary sexual structures and the systematics of the Thereus oppia species group (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Eumaeini). ZooKeys 520: 109-130. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.520.10134

Figures 19-22 - Female bursa copulatrix of the Thereus oppia species group. Dorsal (top) and lateral view of the ductus copulatrix. Posterior of insect to the right. 19 Thereus orasus 20 Thereus lomalarga 21 Thereus oppia 22 Thereus brocki. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Figures 15-18 from: Robbins RK, Heredia AD, Busby RC (2015) Male secondary sexual structures and the systematics of the Thereus oppia species group (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Eumaeini). ZooKeys 520: 109-130. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.520.10134

Figures 15-18 - Male genitalia of the Thereus oppia species group. Lateral view of capsule and penis (top) with penis tip enlarged and ventral view (bottom). Posterior of insect to the right 15 Thereus orasus (arrow points to ventral brush organ) 16 Thereus lomalarga (arrow points to position of small teeth) 17 Thereus oppia 18 Thereus brocki. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Figures 13-14 from: Robbins RK, Heredia AD, Busby RC (2015) Male secondary sexual structures and the systematics of the Thereus oppia species group (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Eumaeini). ZooKeys 520: 109-130. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.520.10134

Figures 13-14 - Scent patches on the ventral forewing. 13 Thereus lomalarga 14 Thereus oppia, showing the erect androconia attached to the inner margin (also in Thereus brocki), which occurs in no other Eumaeini. Superficially similar androconia are widespread in tribe Deudorigini. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.