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26 results for “Thermal Fluctuations”
Dataset of "Atomic-level description of thermal fluctuations in inorganic lead halide perovskites" publication
<p>The "Zenodo_22-02-2022.zip" file contains a "files" folder and a jupyter notebook to plot the figures reported in the publication. The "files" folder contains several subfolders with the txt files required to plot the figures.</p> <p>The "XAS_simulations.zip" file contains a README.txt and few subfolders with input and output files needed to reproduce the XAS simulations. The README.txt explains the structure of the archive and the content of each subfolders.</p>
Thermal site energy fluctuations in photosystem I: New insights from MD/QM/MM calculations
<p>We calculated the site energies of all 96 chlorophylls in a fully atomistic, trimeric and membrane-embedded model of cyanobacterial photosystem I (<a href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1JB0">PDB Code: 1JB0</a>). The resulting data set accounts for </p> <ul> <li> <p>thermal fluctuations within the entire photosystem by sampling 40 conformational snapshots from molecular dynamics trajectories.</p> </li> <li> <p>the electrostatic effects of the natural environment on the chlorophyll excitation by means of QM/MM calculations.</p> </li> <li> <p>the multireference nature of chlorophyll excitations by using the high-level DFT/MRCI method in the QM region.</p> </li> </ul> <p>Analysis of the data set reveals thermal fluctuations which prevent the formation of a single prominent energy funnel in the antenna complex. We conclude that energy transfer pathways may form only transiently at physiological temperatures, as thermal fluctuations overcome energy barriers.</p> <p><strong>v1.1.0</strong></p> <p>Added more snapshots for reaction center chlorophylls, results from statistical analysis and excitonic couplings in the point dipole approximation.</p> <p><strong>v1.0.0</strong></p> <p>Site energies, site energy shifts and absorption spectra of each chlorophyll in each snapshot, computed with and without environmental point charges. Structures and newly derived or modified force field parameters are also provided.</p> <p>For a detailed overview of each file, please refer to the README.</p>
Data from: Differing thermal sensitivities in a host-parasitoid interaction: high, fluctuating developmental temperatures produce dead wasps and giant caterpillars
<p>1. Insect parasitoids, and the arthropod hosts they consume during development, are important ecological players in almost all environments across the globe. As ectothermic organisms, both parasitoid and host are strongly impacted by environmental temperature. If thermal tolerances differ between host insect and parasitoid, then the outcome of their interaction will be determined by the ambient temperature. As mean temperatures continue to rise and extreme temperatures become more frequent, we must determine the effect of high temperature stress on host-parasitoid systems to predict how they will fare in the face of climate change.</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacingCxSpMiddle">2. The majority of studies conducted on host-parasitoid systems focus on either performance under constant temperature, or a fixed metric of thermal tolerance (CT<sub>max</sub>) for individual organisms. However, performance at constant temperatures is not predictive of performance under ecologically relevant, fluctuating temperatures, and measurements of thermal thresholds provide little information regarding the effects of temperature throughout development. We address this by testing the effects of increasing mean temperature in both constant and fluctuating (±10°C) environments throughout development on the performance of the parasitoid wasp <i>Cotesia congregata</i> and its lepidopteran larval host, <i>Manduca sexta.</i></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacingCxSpLast">3. The growth of <i>M. sexta</i> was influenced by mean temperature, diurnal fluctuations, and parasitization status. Caterpillar growth rate increased with increasing mean temperature, but decreased in response to diurnal fluctuations and parasitization by <i>C. congregata </i>wasps.</p> <p>4. Wasp survival decreased with increasing mean temperature, and diurnal fluctuations decreased wasp survival, especially at higher mean temperatures. Diurnal fluctuations at our highest mean temperature treatment (30°C±10°C) resulted in complete wasp mortality, and parasitized hosts displayed abnormal physiology, wherein they failed to exhibit wasp emergence, did not enter the prepupal stage, continued to feed, and grew up to two-fold larger than a normal, unparasitized caterpillar.</p> <p>5. Our results indicate hosts and parasitoids in this system have different thermal tolerances during development; the parasitoid wasp suffered complete mortality at a temperature regime that is mildly stressful for the unparasitized caterpillar host species. Our findings suggest <i>C. congregata </i>will suffer more severely under increasing temperatures than <i>M. sexta</i>, with cascading trophic and ecological effects.</p>
Data from: Phenotypic plasticity and the effects of thermal fluctuations on specialists and generalists
<p>Classical theories predict that relatively constant environments should generally favor specialists, while fluctuating environments should select for generalists. However, theoretical and empirical results have pointed out that generalist organisms might on the contrary perform poorly under fluctuations. In particular, if generalism is underlaid by phenotypic plasticity, performance of generalists should be modulated by the temporal characteristics of environmental fluctuations. Here, we used experiments in microcosms and a mathematical model to test whether the period or autocorrelation of thermal fluctuations mediate links between the level of generalism and the performance of organisms under fluctuations. In the experiment, thermal fluctuations consistently impeded performance compared to constant conditions. However, the intensity of this effect depended on the level of generalism: while the more specialists strains performed better under fast or negatively autocorrelated fluctuations, plastic generalists performed better under slow or positively autocorrelated fluctuations. Our model suggests that these effects of fluctuations on organisms' performance may result from a time delay in the expression of plasticity, restricting its benefits to slow-enough fluctuations. This study points out the need to further investigate the temporal dynamics of phenotypic plasticity to better predict its fitness consequences under environmental fluctuations.</p>
How efficient is symbiont-mediated protection to heat under daily fluctuating thermal environments? A study on an aphid-bacterium mutualism
<p>These are the two datasets for the article "<strong>How efficient is symbiont-mediated protection to heat under daily fluctuating thermal environments? A study on an aphid-bacterium mutualism</strong>".</p> <p>We examined the effects of four thermal regimes defined by their combination of mean temperature (18 or 25°C) and diurnal thermal range (day-night fluctuations: 5 or 10°C) on the interaction between the aphid <em>Acyrthosiphon pisum</em>, its obligate symbiont <em>Buchnera aphidicola </em>and the facultative heat-protective symbiont <em>Serratia symbiotica</em>. We used two clonal lines of <em>A. pisum </em>uninfected (5A) or infected with <em>S. symbiotica </em>(5AR). Thermal treatments were applied form aphid birth to death. We recorded both aphid traits (immature survival rate, longevity, immature development time, total fecundity, body size) and symbiont titres at the onset of reproduction (for both <em>B. aphidicola </em>and <em>S. symbiotica</em>), expressed relatively to aphid gene copy number through quantitative PCRs (qPCRs).</p> <p><strong>Aphid traits</strong></p> <p>. Individual = identification of the individual</p> <p>. Line = aphid clonal line, either deprived of (5A) or infected with <em>S. symbiotica </em>(5AR)</p> <p>. MT = Mean Temperature, either 18°C or 25°C</p> <p>. DTR = Diurnal Temperature Range (day-night fluctuations), either 5°C or 10°C</p> <p>. surv.adult = whether (Y) or not (N) the individual survived until reaching reproduction (immature survival rate)</p> <p>. adulthood = time elapsed between birth and first reproduction (in days)</p> <p>. lifespan = time elapsed between birth and death (in days)</p> <p>. offspring = total number of larvae produced by each aphid throughout lifetime</p> <p>. tibia = hind tibia length as a proxy of body size (in mm)</p> <p>. wing = whether (Y) or not (N) the individual developed wings following imaginal moult</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Symbiont titres</strong></p> <p>. Individual = identification of the individual</p> <p>. Line = aphid clonal line, either deprived of (A) or infected with <em>S. symbiotica </em>(AR)</p> <p>. MT = Mean Temperature, either 18°C or 25°C</p> <p>. DTR = Diurnal Temperature Range (day-night fluctuations), either 5°C or 10°C</p> <p>. QPCR = identification of the microplate used during qPCR analyses (to handle pseudoreplication)</p> <p>. EfAlph = number of copies of aphid housekeeping gene elongation factor 1-alpha (<em>EF1-α</em>)</p> <p>. SdEfAlph = standard deviation of the aphid gene copy number, calculated over three technical replicates</p> <p>. DnaKBa = number of copies of <em>B. aphidicola </em>gene <em>dnaK</em></p> <p>. SdDnaKBa = standard deviation of <em>B. aphidicola </em>gene copy number, calculated over three technical replicates</p> <p>. DnakSs = number of copies of <em>S. symbiotica </em>gene <em>dnaK</em></p> <p>. SdDnaKSs = standard deviation of <em>S. symbiotica </em>gene copy number, calculated over three technical replicates</p> <p>. RappBa = ratio between DnaKBa and EfAlph to calculate relative titre of <em>B. aphidicola</em></p> <p>. RappSs = ratio between DnaKSs and EfAlph to calculate relative titre of <em>S. symbiotica</em></p>
Predictability of thermal fluctuations influences functional traits of a cosmopolitan marine diatom
<p>Evolutionary theory predicts that organismal plasticity should evolve in environments that fluctuate regularly. However, in environments that fluctuate less predictably, plasticity may be constrained because environmental cues become less reliable for expressing the optimum phenotype. Here we examine how the predictability of +5 °C temperature fluctuations impacts the phenotype of the marine diatom <em>Thalassiosira pseudonana</em>. Thermal regimes were informed by temperatures experienced by microbes in an ocean simulation, and featured regular or irregular temporal sequences of fluctuations that induced mild physiological stress. Physiological traits (growth, cell size, complexity, pigmentation) were quantified at the individual cell level using flow cytometry. Changes in cellular complexity emerged as the first impact of predictability after only 8-11 days, followed by deleterious impacts on growth on days 13-16. Specifically, cells with a history of irregular fluctuation exposure exhibited a 50% reduction in growth compared with the stable reference environment, while growth was 3-18 times higher when fluctuations were regular. We observed no evidence of heat hardening (increasingly positive growth) with recurrent fluctuations. This study demonstrates that unpredictable temperature fluctuations impact this cosmopolitan diatom under ecologically-relevant time frames, suggesting shifts in environmental stochasticity under a changing climate could have widespread consequences amongst ocean primary producers.</p>
Effects of thermal fluctuations on biological processes: A meta-analysis of experiments manipulating thermal variability
<p>Thermal variability is a key driver of ecological processes, affecting organisms and populations across multiple temporal scales. Despite the ubiquity of variation, biologists lack a quantitative synthesis of the observed ecological consequences of thermal variability across a wide range of taxa, phenotypic traits, and experimental designs. Here, we conduct a meta-analysis to investigate how properties of organisms, their experienced thermal regime, and whether thermal variability is experienced in either the past (prior to an assay) or present (during the assay) affect performance, relative to the performance of organisms experiencing constant thermal environments. Our results – which draw upon 1,712 effect sizes from 75 studies – indicate that the effects of thermal variability are not unidirectional and become more negative as mean temperature and fluctuation range increase. Exposure to variation in the past decreases performance to a greater extent than variation experienced in the present and increases the costs to performance more than diminishing benefits across a broad set of empirical studies. Further, we identify life history attributes that predictably modify the ecological response to variation. Our findings demonstrate that effects of thermal variability on performance are context-dependent, yet negative outcomes may be heightened in warmer, more variable climates.</p>
Effects of thermal fluctuations on biological processes: A meta-analysis of experiments manipulating thermal variability
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Predictability of thermal fluctuations influences functional traits of a cosmopolitan marine diatom
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Data from: Differing thermal sensitivities in a host-parasitoid interaction: high, fluctuating developmental temperatures produce dead wasps and giant caterpillars
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Data from: Phenotypic plasticity and the effects of thermal fluctuations on specialists and generalists
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Maternal provisioning and fluctuating thermal regimes enhance immune response in a reptile with temperature-dependent sex determination
<p>The Charnov-Bull model of differential fitness is often used to explain the evolution and maintenance of temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD). Most tests of the model focus on morphological proxies of fitness, such as size traits, whereas early life physiological traits that are closely related to lifetime fitness might provide a framework for generalising the Charnov-Bull model across taxa. One such trait is the strength of early life immune response, which is strongly linked to early life survival and fitness. Here, we manipulate temperature, variance in temperature, and sex to test the Charnov-Bull model using a physiological trait, immune system strength, in the snapping turtle (<i>Chelydra serpentina </i>L. 1758). We find no evidence of sex-specific differences in bactericidal capacity of hatchling blood, and no evidence that mean temperature influences bactericidal capacity. However, we find that fluctuating incubation temperature (i.e., a more naturalized incubation regime) is associated with a greater bactericidal capacity compared to constant temperature incubation. We also find that egg mass, a proxy for maternal provisioning, is positively associated with bactericidal capacity. Our findings suggest that the evolution of temperature-dependent sex determination in reptiles is unrelated to our measure early-life innate immunity. Our study also underlines how immune response is condition-dependent in early life, and questions the biological relevance of constant temperature incubation in experimental studies on ectotherm development.</p>
Thermal evolution ameliorates the long-term plastic effects of warming, temperature fluctuations and heat waves on predator-prey interaction strength
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Maternal provisioning and fluctuating thermal regimes enhance immune response in a reptile with temperature-dependent sex determination
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Wild flies hedge their thermal preference bets in response to seasonal fluctuations
<p>Data and analysis scripts for the manuscript entitled "Wild flies hedge their thermal preference bets in response to seasonal fluctuations" by Jamilla Akhund-Zade et al. </p>
Data from: Fluctuating temperature leads to evolution of thermal generalism and preadaptation to novel environments
Environmental fluctuations can select for generalism, which is also hypothesized to increase organisms' ability to invade novel environments. Here, we show that across a range of temperatures, opportunistic bacterial pathogen Serratia marcescens that evolved in fluctuating temperature (daily variation between 24°C and 38°C, mean 31°C) outperforms the strains that evolved in constant temperature (31°C). The growth advantage was also evident in novel environments in the presence of parasitic viruses and predatory protozoans, but less clear in the presence of stressful chemicals. Adaptation to fluctuating temperature also led to reduced virulence in Drosophila melanogaster host, which suggests that generalism can still be costly in terms of reduced fitness in other ecological contexts. While supporting the hypothesis that evolution of generalism is coupled with tolerance to several novel environments, our results also suggest that thermal fluctuations driven by the climate change could affect both species' invasiveness and virulence.
Data from: Critical thermal limits affected differently by developmental and adult thermal fluctuations
Means and variances of the environmental thermal regime play an important role in determining the fitness of terrestrial ectotherms. Adaptive phenotypic responses induced by heterogeneous temperatures have been shown to be mediated by molecular pathways independent of the classic heat shock responses, however, an in-depth understanding of plasticity induced by fluctuating temperatures is still lacking. We investigated high and low temperature acclimation induced by fluctuating thermal regimes at two different mean temperatures, at two different amplitudes of fluctuation and across the developmental and adult life stages. For developmental acclimation, we found mildly detrimental effects of high amplitude fluctuations for critical thermal minima, while the critical thermal maxima showed a beneficial response to higher amplitude fluctuations. For adult acclimation involving shifts between fluctuating and constant regimes, cold tolerance was shown to be dictated by developmental temperature conditions irrespective of the adult treatments, while the acquired heat tolerance was readily lost when flies developed at fluctuating temperature were shifted to a constant regime as adults. Interestingly, we also found that effect of fluctuations at any life stage was gradually lost with prolonged adult maintenance suggesting a more prominent effect of fluctuations during developmental compared to adult acclimation in Drosophila melanogaster.
Data from: Thermal fluctuations affect the transcriptome through mechanisms independent of average temperature
Terrestrial ectotherms are challenged by variation in both mean and variance of temperature. Phenotypic plasticity (thermal acclimation) might mitigate adverse effects, however, we lack a fundamental understanding of the molecular mechanisms of thermal acclimation and how they are affected by fluctuating temperature. Here we investigated the effect of thermal acclimation in Drosophila melanogaster on critical thermal maxima (CTmax) and associated global gene expression profiles as induced by two constant and two ecologically relevant (non-stressful) diurnally fluctuating temperature regimes. Both mean and fluctuation of temperature contributed to thermal acclimation and affected the transcriptome. The transcriptomic response to mean temperatures comprised modification of a major part of the transcriptome, while the response to fluctuations affected a much smaller set of genes, which was highly independent of both the response to a change in mean temperature and to the classic heat shock response. Although the independent transcriptional effects caused by fluctuations were relatively small, they are likely to contribute to our understanding of thermal adaptation. We provide evidence that environmental sensing, particularly phototransduction, is a central mechanism underlying the regulation of thermal acclimation to fluctuating temperatures. Thus, genes and pathways involved in phototransduction are likely of importance in fluctuating climates.
Data from: Critical thermal limits affected differently by developmental and adult thermal fluctuations
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Data from: Fluctuating temperature leads to evolution of thermal generalism and preadaptation to novel environments
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