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Figure 8 in Look closely and listen carefully: unexpected cicada diversity in northern Sardinia, with the description of a new species (Cicadidae: Tibicina)

Figure 8. Distribution of the genus Tibicina in northern Sardinia and southern Corsica. All records are confirmed by song assessments. Large circle: ≥ 30 specimens detected. Medium circle: 6–29 specimens. Small circle: 1–5 specimens.

Figure 6 in Look closely and listen carefully: unexpected cicada diversity in northern Sardinia, with the description of a new species (Cicadidae: Tibicina)

Figure 6. Habitat specialization of the Tibicina OTUs from northern Sardinia. A, portions of eight vegetation classes in all four Tibicina OTUs from Sardinia. Data are shown per square root of observed individuals (Nind = 586). Foreground drawing after Puissant & Sueur (2001). B, portions of eight vegetation classes in partly sympatrically occurring CIST and LONG. Data is visualized per location and the two class variables are displayed on the axes (dominance of ligneous plants vs. vegetation height; Nloc = 42). Bold numbers are vegetation class numbers and black dashes indicate the number of counts. Example: Vegetation class 3 fits for 8.5 locations in CIST, containing 2.5 locations in sympatry with LONG and 6 locations in allopatry to LONG. Typical Northern Sardinian habitats of: C, CIST (grassland, Pattada); D, CORS (low shrubland, Stintino); E, LONG (tall shrubland, Priatu); F, NIGR (woodland, Rena Majore).

Figure 4 in Look closely and listen carefully: unexpected cicada diversity in northern Sardinia, with the description of a new species (Cicadidae: Tibicina)

Figure 4. Morphological trends in the Corso-Sardinian Tibicina OTUs CIST, CORS and LONG (part I). Colour tints of basal and central forewing venation. RGB-values taken at two positions (see numbered ovals in example CIST) from photographs of live individuals. R-values constant for boxes, G-values at vertical axes, B-values at horizontal axes. Size of circles is relative to the measured occurrences (Nind = 95, N max = 12, Nmin = 1). Two typical venation phenotypes of LONG and CIST (right, below). CORS and T. c. corsica are merged for easier illustration.

Figure 5 in Look closely and listen carefully: unexpected cicada diversity in northern Sardinia, with the description of a new species (Cicadidae: Tibicina)

Figure 5. Morphological trends in the Corso-Sardinian Tibicina OTUs CIST, CORS and LONG (part II). Individual ranks of overall alignments of hair cover of submedian sigilla on mesonotum vs. black portion shining through hairs on sternites IV to VI (see green framed body sectors; Nind = 70). Photographs visualize extreme phenotypes. Individuals were labelled with a random number and sorted twice for each character from photographs of live individuals and alignments differed only by a mean of 4.7 (sigilla) respectively 6.5 rank positions (sternites). Significances were similar and mean ranks of individuals of repeated alignments are shown here. CORS and T. c. corsica are merged for easier illustration.

Figure 2 in Look closely and listen carefully: unexpected cicada diversity in northern Sardinia, with the description of a new species (Cicadidae: Tibicina)

Figure 2. Calling song examples of the Tibicina OTUs from northern Sardinia. A, sonograms of LONG and CIST (10-s phrases). B, oscillograms (time vs. amplitude) of four different OTUs (0.5-s phrases, left and 0.1-s phrases, right) with terms marked.

Figure 1 in Look closely and listen carefully: unexpected cicada diversity in northern Sardinia, with the description of a new species (Cicadidae: Tibicina)

Figure 1. Map with investigated populations in northern Sardinia and southern Corsica. The size of the circles is relative to the number of analysed specimens (Nmax = 15, Nmin = 1).

Figure 3 in Look closely and listen carefully: unexpected cicada diversity in northern Sardinia, with the description of a new species (Cicadidae: Tibicina)

Figure 3. Calling song characters of the Tibicina OTUs from Sardinia and the known species from Corsica. Mean values per individual. A, syllable periods (SYP) vs. centre frequencies (N ind = 103). B, contribution of PP, NP and ISYD to the species-specific SYP (Nind = 103). C, two converse examples of temperature dependency of SYP (Nind = 19 resp. 23).

Figure 7 in Look closely and listen carefully: unexpected cicada diversity in northern Sardinia, with the description of a new species (Cicadidae: Tibicina)

Figure 7. Morphology of Tibicina longisyllaba and relatives. A, holotype male of Tibicina longisyllaba in dorsal view and ventral view of the abdomen from Tempio Pausania (black bar = 1 cm). B, paratype female of Tibicina longisyllaba from Tempio Pausania. C, syntype male of Tibicina cisticola from the Natural History Museum of Berlin with original labels. D, genitalia of T. longisyllaba. Timbals with alternating short and long ribs of (E) T. longisyllaba holotype in comparison to (F) T. cisticola syntype (equal magnification, almost similar body size, 24.4 resp. 24.8 mm; white perpendicular line = timbal width definition). Morphological extremes in natural habitats: G, male of T. nigronervosa; H, male of T. sp. indet.

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Fig. 5. T in Indirect and direct acoustic aggression in cicadas: first observations in the Palaearctic genus Tibicina Amyot (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Cicadidae)

Fig. 5. T. quadrisignata. (A) Waveform and spectrogram of a part of the calling signal; (B) detailed waveform correponding to the reversed window in (A); (C) waveform and spectrogram of a part of the rivalry signal; (D) detailed waveform of three successive echemes corresponding to the reversed window in (C). Features of spectrographic analysis as in figure 2.

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Fig. 4. T in Indirect and direct acoustic aggression in cicadas: first observations in the Palaearctic genus Tibicina Amyot (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Cicadidae)

Fig. 4. T. tomentosa. (A) Waveform and spectrogram of a part of the calling signal; (B) detailed waveform correponding to the reversed window in (A); (C) waveform and spectrogram of a part of the rivalry signal; (D) detailed waveform of seven successive echemes corresponding to the reversed window in (C). Features of spectrographic analysis as in figure 2.

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Fig. 3. T in Indirect and direct acoustic aggression in cicadas: first observations in the Palaearctic genus Tibicina Amyot (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Cicadidae)

Fig. 3. T. corsica fairmairei. (A) Waveform and spectrogram of a part of the calling signal; (B) detailed waveform correponding to the reversed window in (A); (C) waveform and spectrogram of a part of the rivalry signal; (D) detailed waveform of four successive echemes corresponding to the reversed window in (C). Features of spectrographic analysis as in figure 2.

FIGURE 17 in The genus Tibicina Kolenati, 1857 in Morocco (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Tibicininae): taxonomic assessment from integrative research

FIGURE 17. Correlation between body length (BL) and carrier frequency (F2*). (1): R2 calculation with all Tibicina species (black line; n = 10) with R2 = 0.6477; (2): R2 calculation for Tibicina species except T. tomentosa and T. maldesi (dotted line; n = 8) with R2 = 0.9401. For (2) R2 = 0.9401, 95% confidence interval for the regression in grey and 95% prediction band in light grey. Vertical bars represent minimum and maximum frequencies for each species.

FIGURE 14. A in The genus Tibicina Kolenati, 1857 in Morocco (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Tibicininae): taxonomic assessment from integrative research

FIGURE 14. A, distribution map of T. q. quadrisignata (green and red dot) and T. q. pilleti Puissant ssp. n. (blue dot). B, distribution map of T. maldesi (black dot) and T. q. pilleti Puissant ssp. n. (blue dot). LC: locus typicus; RC: site of the recordings. Red dot represent stations that need to be confirmed (see explanation in text).

FIGURE 15 in The genus Tibicina Kolenati, 1857 in Morocco (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Tibicininae): taxonomic assessment from integrative research

FIGURE 15. Male dorsal view of T. q. quadrisignata at the top and T. q. pilleti Puissant ssp. n. at the bottom. The black lines show the differences in the ratio between forewing length and pronotal collar width in the two species.

FIGURE 13 in The genus Tibicina Kolenati, 1857 in Morocco (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Tibicininae): taxonomic assessment from integrative research

FIGURE 13. Tymbal activity of T. maldesi. A, seven groups of pulses taken in the full signal (slow amplitude modulation). B, detailed oscillogram of a part of A showing two groups of pulses with their pulses structure (fast amplitude modulation). C, the same two groups of pulses of B with their number of pulses per cymbal visualized under the function "Envelope (analytic signal)". D, the same two groups of pulses with their number of pulses per cymbal visualized under the function "Envelope". GP: group of pulses (= syllable); ipsi–contra: sub-groups of pulses of the first tymbal (ipsi) followed by the second tymbal (contra) of asynchronous activity; LR: long ribs of the tymbal.

FIGURE 11 in The genus Tibicina Kolenati, 1857 in Morocco (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Tibicininae): taxonomic assessment from integrative research

FIGURE 11. Courtship song of T. q. pilleti Puissant ssp. n. A, spectrogram and B, oscillogram (from top to bottom) of a succession of phrases composed of two echemes. C, oscillogram of a part of B showing two phrases and their component echeme, a one long echeme (E1) and a one short terminal echeme (E2). D, detailed spectrogram and E, oscillogram of a part of C showing a phrase with, for each echeme, a low amplitude part duration (LPD) and a shorter high amplitude part duration (HPD).

FIGURE 10 in The genus Tibicina Kolenati, 1857 in Morocco (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Tibicininae): taxonomic assessment from integrative research

FIGURE 10. Spectrogram and oscillogram (from top to bottom) of the rivalry song of T. q. pilleti Puissant ssp. n. One male producing an irregular train of echemes in the foreground (M2) is interrupted by another male producing a fast trains of rivalry song pulse groups in the background (M1).

FIGURE 8 in The genus Tibicina Kolenati, 1857 in Morocco (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Tibicininae): taxonomic assessment from integrative research

FIGURE 8. Calling song recording of T. q. pilleti Puissant ssp. n. with a digitization at 96 kHz sampling frequency. Frequency amplitude envelope peaking at 28 kHz, encapsulating the second upper harmonic at around 27 kHz.

FIGURE 6 in The genus Tibicina Kolenati, 1857 in Morocco (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Tibicininae): taxonomic assessment from integrative research

FIGURE 6. Thermal image of T. q. pilleti Puissant ssp. n. from infrared camera FLIR E50. Dot (Sp1), temperature measured at the surface of the stem. Red triangle in the rectangular area (Bx1), surface of the body of the singing individual where the temperature is the higher.