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Fig. 4. 2B in High and lowland dependent wing phenotypic variation of the dark blue tiger butterfly, Tirumala septentrionis (Butler, 1874) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with FE-SEM wing scales nanomorphology

Fig. 4. 2B-PLS analysis of T. septentrionis. (A) Forewing size; (B) Forewing shape; (C) Hindwing size; and (D) Hindwing shape.

Fig. 7 in High and lowland dependent wing phenotypic variation of the dark blue tiger butterfly, Tirumala septentrionis (Butler, 1874) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with FE-SEM wing scales nanomorphology

Fig. 7. Forewing shape analysis. Mlp female (A) % of variance, (B) PC1, (C) PC2, (D) PC3. Mlp male (E) % of variance, (F) PC1, (G) PC2, (H) PC3. Wyn female (I) % of variance, (J) PC1, (K) PC2, (L) PC3. Wyn male (M) % of variance, (N) PC1, (O) PC2, (P) PC3.

Fig. 10 in High and lowland dependent wing phenotypic variation of the dark blue tiger butterfly, Tirumala septentrionis (Butler, 1874) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with FE-SEM wing scales nanomorphology

Fig. 10. FE-SEM image analysis of T. septentrionis. Forewing brown regions (A–F), and bluish-white regions (G–J) of T. septentrionis. Hindwing brown regions (K–Q), and bluish-white regions (R–T). FE-SEM image of the male pouch scale of T. septentrionis (U–X). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 1. T in High and lowland dependent wing phenotypic variation of the dark blue tiger butterfly, Tirumala septentrionis (Butler, 1874) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with FE-SEM wing scales nanomorphology

Fig. 1. T. septentrionis forewing (A) with 25 landmarks; hindwing (B) with 18 landmarks. male pouch represented in white circle.

Fig. 9 in High and lowland dependent wing phenotypic variation of the dark blue tiger butterfly, Tirumala septentrionis (Butler, 1874) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with FE-SEM wing scales nanomorphology

Fig. 9. Morphospace analysis. (A) forewing PCs morphospace analysis, PC1 vs. PC2; (B) forewing CVs morphospace analysis; (C) hindwing PCs morphospace analysis, PC1 vs. PC2; (D) hindwing CVs morphospace analysis. Alphabet code used in image – first three letter code indicated as the collection site and fourth letter for sex (male or female). For eg: MlpF – Malappuram female.

Fig. 6 in High and lowland dependent wing phenotypic variation of the dark blue tiger butterfly, Tirumala septentrionis (Butler, 1874) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with FE-SEM wing scales nanomorphology

Fig. 6. Sexual wing asymmetry (male vs. female) of T. septentrionis wings validated by Discriminant function analysis (DFA). Forewing of T. septentrionis (A–D) and hindwing of T. septentrionis (E–H). Alphabet code used in image – first three letter code indicated as the collection site and fourth letter for sex (male or female). For eg: MlpF – Malappuram female.

Fig. 8 in High and lowland dependent wing phenotypic variation of the dark blue tiger butterfly, Tirumala septentrionis (Butler, 1874) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with FE-SEM wing scales nanomorphology

Fig. 8. Hindwing shape analysis. Mlp female (A) % of variance, (B) PC1, (C) PC2, (D) PC3. Mlp male (E) % of variance, (F) PC1, (G) PC2, (H) PC3. Wyn female (I) % of variance, (J) PC1, (K) PC2, (L) PC3. Wyn male (M) % of variance, (N) PC1, (O) PC2, (P) PC3.

Fig. 5 in High and lowland dependent wing phenotypic variation of the dark blue tiger butterfly, Tirumala septentrionis (Butler, 1874) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with FE-SEM wing scales nanomorphology

Fig. 5. Wing asymmetry (right or left) of T. septentrionis wings validated by Discriminant function analysis (DFA). Forewing of T. septentrionis (A–D) and hindwing of T. septentrionis (E–H). Alphabet code used in image – first three letter code indicated as the collection site and fourth letter for sex (male or female), fifth letter for wing side (right or left). For eg: MlpFR – Malappuram female right.

Fig. 2. 30 in High and lowland dependent wing phenotypic variation of the dark blue tiger butterfly, Tirumala septentrionis (Butler, 1874) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with FE-SEM wing scales nanomorphology

Fig. 2. 30 years mean climate data (A) Mlp region mean temperature, and precipitation; (B) Mean temperature of Mlp; (C) Wyn region mean temperature, and precipitation; (B) Mean temperature of Wyn.

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FIGURE 2. Tripogon tirumalae. A. Spikelet. B. & C. Lower glume. D. Upper glume. E. & F. Lemma. G. Palea. H. Anther. I in Tripogon tirumalae (Poaceae), a new species from the Seshachalam hills of Andhra Pradesh, India

FIGURE 2. Tripogon tirumalae. A. Spikelet. B. & C. Lower glume. D. Upper glume. E. & F. Lemma. G. Palea. H. Anther. I. Gynoecium. Photos and plate by Alok Chorghe, from L. Rasingam, M.S. Rao & Alok Chorghe 2914.

Figure 6 in A specimen of Tirumala hamata hamata (Macleay, 1826) (Lepidoptera: Danainae) from Captain Cook's first voyage

Figure 6. Dale specimens of Tirumala hamata hamata in Oxford University Museum of Natural History: (a) male (no written labels); (b) female (labelled 'Euplea hamata McL.'). It is possible that one or both of these specimens could also be from Cook's first voyage.

Figure 3 in A specimen of Tirumala hamata hamata (Macleay, 1826) (Lepidoptera: Danainae) from Captain Cook's first voyage

Figure 3. Specimens of the genus Tirumala in Hunterian Museum, Glasgow, identified by Fabricius as 'Papilio similis': (a) male Tirumala limniace (Cramer, 1775) specimen no. 127068 (this species, which belongs to a different species-group than Tirumala hamata, does not occur east of Timor, or in Australia); (b) female Tirumala hamata hamata (Macleay, 1826) specimen no. 127067 (see text regarding critical identification, where this specimen is argued to be from Thirsty Sound, nr Rockhampton, Australia, collected on 29 May 1770 during the first Cook voyage).

Figure 1 in A specimen of Tirumala hamata hamata (Macleay, 1826) (Lepidoptera: Danainae) from Captain Cook's first voyage

Figure 1. Tirumala hamata hamata, Magnetic Island, Queensland, Australia. 1 June 2011. In life the blue tiger has a wonderful pattern of bright blue spots and stripes against an inky-black ground colour. The blue is not in the scales, but is due to a bile pigment located between the wing membranes. After death the blue fades, often totally, to leave a dull straw-coloured pattern (Figures 3–5). Photograph by 'Daniela', courtesy Wikimedia Commons.

Figure 5 in A specimen of Tirumala hamata hamata (Macleay, 1826) (Lepidoptera: Danainae) from Captain Cook's first voyage

Figure 5. Original sketch of 'Euplaea hamata Macleay' made by Phillip Parker King, ca 1820 [presumed to be based on a specimen from coast of NE Australia, possibly Cape Cleveland]. This can be considered an 'iconotype' representing one of the potentially numerous syntypes (P.P. King 1826, p. 195); it appears to be a male, but this is not certain. Remarkably, given this is presumably a free-hand drawing, the fwl/M1+M2 ratio of 3.25 (mean of left fore wing at 3.56, and right fore wing at 2.93) is only a little below the observed sample mean value for Tirumala hamata hamata, but outside the observed range for T. h. neomelissa (Appendix 2: Table 1). Image scanned from a transparency, and reproduced here with permission of the State Library of Western Australia, where it is curated as 'Scenes of North West Australia', no. 23B/11. SLWA image no. 20252P. The original is in the Art Gallery of Western Australia.

Figure 7 in A specimen of Tirumala hamata hamata (Macleay, 1826) (Lepidoptera: Danainae) from Captain Cook's first voyage

Figure 7. Fore wing of Tirumala hamata indicating location of basal pale (blue) spots in cells M1 and M2. Double-headed arrow indicates fore wing length. (See text and Appendix 2: Table 1.).

Figure 4 in A specimen of Tirumala hamata hamata (Macleay, 1826) (Lepidoptera: Danainae) from Captain Cook's first voyage

Figure 4. Examples of seven of the 20+ currently recognised subspecies of Tirumala hamata (all specimens in NHMUK; all females; not to scale): (a) T. hamata hamata Australia, Queensland, Westwood, nr Rockhampton, 8 March 1924, GH Wilkins [NHMUK 010242199]; (b) T. hamata hamata Australia, Port Darwin, June 1890, JJ Walker [NHMUK 010242198]; (c) T. hamata neomelissa Indonesia, Java, 1904, ex. J Waterstradt, ex. Oberthür [NHMUK 010242197]; (d) T. hamata nigra Indonesia, Ambon, ex. J Waterstradt, ex. Oberthür [NHMUK 010242196]; (e) T. hamata subnubila, paratype, Papua New Guinea, Aroa River, AS Meek [NHMUK 010242200]; (f) T. hamata neptunia f. protoneptunia Fiji, Mango, Tairuni, September 1882, Woodford [NHMUK 010242201]; (g) T. hamata moderata Vanuatu, Espiritu Santo, Woodford [NHMUK 010242203]; (h) T. hamata angustata Tonga, Tongatabu [NHMUK 010242202].

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Fig. 3 in High and lowland dependent wing phenotypic variation of the dark blue tiger butterfly, Tirumala septentrionis (Butler, 1874) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with FE-SEM wing scales nanomorphology

Fig. 3. Centroid size analysis of (A) Forewing and (B) Hindwing of T. septentrionis.