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45 results for “Titanosauria”
Data from: A basal lithostrotian titanosaur (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) with a complete skull: implications for the evolution and paleobiology of Titanosauria
We describe Sarmientosaurus musacchioi gen. et sp. nov., a titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian–Turonian) Lower Member of the Bajo Barreal Formation of southern Chubut Province in central Patagonia, Argentina. The holotypic and only known specimen consists of an articulated, virtually complete skull and part of the cranial and middle cervical series. Sarmientosaurus exhibits the following distinctive features that we interpret as autapomorphies: (1) maximum diameter of orbit nearly 40% rostrocaudal length of cranium; (2) complex maxilla–lacrimal articulation, in which the lacrimal clasps the ascending ramus of the maxilla; (3) medial edge of caudal sector of maxillary ascending ramus bordering bony nasal aperture with low but distinct ridge; (4) 'tongue-like' ventral process of quadratojugal that overlaps quadrate caudally; (5) separate foramina for all three branches of the trigeminal nerve; (6) absence of median venous canal connecting infundibular region to ventral part of brainstem; (7) subvertical premaxillary, procumbent maxillary, and recumbent dentary teeth; (8) cervical vertebrae with 'strut-like' centroprezygapophyseal laminae; (9) extremely elongate and slender ossified tendon positioned ventrolateral to cervical vertebrae and ribs. The cranial endocast of Sarmientosaurus preserves some of the most complete information obtained to date regarding the brain and sensory systems of sauropods. Phylogenetic analysis recovers the new taxon as a basal member of Lithostrotia, as the most plesiomorphic titanosaurian to be preserved with a complete skull. Sarmientosaurus provides a wealth of new cranial evidence that reaffirms the close relationship of titanosaurs to Brachiosauridae. Moreover, the presence of the relatively derived lithostrotian Tapuiasaurus in Aptian deposits indicates that the new Patagonian genus represents a 'ghost lineage' with a comparatively plesiomorphic craniodental form, the evolutionary history of which is missing for at least 13 million years of the Cretaceous. The skull anatomy of Sarmientosaurus suggests that multiple titanosaurian species with dissimilar cranial structures coexisted in the early Late Cretaceous of southern South America. Furthermore, the new taxon possesses a number of distinctive morphologies—such as the ossified cervical tendon, extremely pneumatized cervical vertebrae, and a habitually downward-facing snout—that have rarely, if ever, been documented in other titanosaurs, thus broadening our understanding of the anatomical diversity of this remarkable sauropod clade. The latter two features were convergently acquired by at least one penecontemporaneous diplodocoid, and may represent mutual specializations for consuming low-growing vegetation.
FIGURE 10 in A new sauropod (Macronaria, Titanosauria) from the Adamantina Formation, Bauru Group, Upper Cretaceous of Brazil and the phylogenetic relationships of Aeolosaurini
FIGURE 10. Ischia of Aeolosaurines and closely related taxa. A, Aeolosaurus maximus. B, Aeolosaurus sp. C, Aeolosaurus rionegrinus (composite of left and right ischia). D, Gondwanatitan faustoi. E, Rinconsaurus caudamirus. F, Muyelensaurus pecheni. Redrawn from: B, Salgado and Coria (1993); C, Powell (2003); D, Kellner and Azevedo (1999); E, Calvo et al. (2007b). Not to scale.
FIGURE 7 in A new sauropod (Macronaria, Titanosauria) from the Adamantina Formation, Bauru Group, Upper Cretaceous of Brazil and the phylogenetic relationships of Aeolosaurini
FIGURE 7. Aeolosaurus maximus sp. nov., holotype, haemal arches (MPMA 12-0001-97). A–F, anterior haemal arches in posterior, anterior, and lateral views. G, middle haemal arch in posterior, anterior, and left lateral views. H, posterior haemal arch in posterior, anterior, and left lateral views. Scale bar represents 5 cm.
FIGURE 4 in A new sauropod (Macronaria, Titanosauria) from the Adamantina Formation, Bauru Group, Upper Cretaceous of Brazil and the phylogenetic relationships of Aeolosaurini
FIGURE 4. Aeolosaurus maximus sp. nov., holotype (MPMA 12-0001-97). A–B, anterior caudal in left lateral and dorsal views. C–D, anterior caudal in left lateral and posterior views. E–F, anterior caudal in anterior and left lateral views. G, anterior caudal in left lateral view. H, anterior caudal in anterior view. I, middle anterior caudal in posterior and left lateral views. K, posterior caudal in left lateral view. Scale bar equals 10 cm in A–J and 5 cm in K.
FIGURE 1 in A new sauropod (Macronaria, Titanosauria) from the Adamantina Formation, Bauru Group, Upper Cretaceous of Brazil and the phylogenetic relationships of Aeolosaurini
FIGURE 1. Aeolosaurus maximus sp. nov., map showing the location of the fossil site and sketches depicting the way the bones were found in the filed and their anatomical position in the skeleton.
FIGURE 6 in A new sauropod (Macronaria, Titanosauria) from the Adamantina Formation, Bauru Group, Upper Cretaceous of Brazil and the phylogenetic relationships of Aeolosaurini
FIGURE 6. Aeolosaurus maximus sp. nov., holotype, cervical and dorsal ribs (MPMA 12-0001-97). A, distal portion of the cervical ribs as they were found in the field. B, anterior dorsal rib with pneumatic foramen. C1–3, right anterior dorsal rib in anterior, posterior, and proximal views, respectively. D1–6, right mid-thoracic rib in anterior, medial, posterior, and medial views, and section at the middle diaphysis and distal end, respectively. E1–3, right posterior rib in anterior, medial, and, posterior views, respectively. Scale bars represent 20 cm.
FIGURE 9 in A new sauropod (Macronaria, Titanosauria) from the Adamantina Formation, Bauru Group, Upper Cretaceous of Brazil and the phylogenetic relationships of Aeolosaurini
FIGURE 9. Aeolosaurus maximus sp. nov., holotype. A1–4, left femur in lateral, posterior, and distal views (MPMA 12-0001- 97). B1–2, left ischium in lateral and anteroventral views (MPMA 12-0001-97). Scale bar represents 10 mm.
FIGURE 3 in A new sauropod (Macronaria, Titanosauria) from the Adamantina Formation, Bauru Group, Upper Cretaceous of Brazil and the phylogenetic relationships of Aeolosaurini
FIGURE 3. Aeolosaurus maximus sp. nov., holotype (MPMA 12-0001-97). A, anterior dorsal vertebra in right lateral view. B1-2, dorsal centrum in anterior and posterior views. C1-2, posterior dorsal vertebra in posterior and latero-posterior views. Scale bar equals 10 cm.
FIGURE 5 in A new sauropod (Macronaria, Titanosauria) from the Adamantina Formation, Bauru Group, Upper Cretaceous of Brazil and the phylogenetic relationships of Aeolosaurini
FIGURE 5. Anterior and middle caudal vertebrae of aeolosaurines in left lateral view (D1 reversed). A, Aeolosaurus sp. B, Gondwanatitan faustoi. C1–2, Aeolosaurus rionegrinus. D1–2, Aeolosaurus sp. E1–2, Aeolosaurus colhuehuapensis. F1–2, Aeolosaurus maximus. Redrawn from: A, Salgado et al. (1997a); B, Kellner and Azevedo (1999); C1–2, Powell (2003); D1–2, Salgado and Coria (1993); E1–2, Casal et al. (2007). Dashed lines indicate broken parts. Not to scale.
FIGURE 12 in A new sauropod (Macronaria, Titanosauria) from the Adamantina Formation, Bauru Group, Upper Cretaceous of Brazil and the phylogenetic relationships of Aeolosaurini
FIGURE 12. Aeolosaurus sp. (CPP 248). A, middle caudal in left lateral view. B, ventral view. Scale bar equals 5 mm.
FIGURE 2 in A new sauropod (Macronaria, Titanosauria) from the Adamantina Formation, Bauru Group, Upper Cretaceous of Brazil and the phylogenetic relationships of Aeolosaurini
FIGURE 2. Aeolosaurus maximus sp. nov., holotype. A, articulated posterior cervical vertebrae (MPMA 12-0001-97) in left lateral view. B, reconstruction of the posteriormost cervical vertebrae (MPMA 12-0001-97) in left lateral view. Shaded areas represent preserved portions. Dark grey corresponds to putative large depressions. Scale bar equals 50 cm.
FIGURE 8 in A new sauropod (Macronaria, Titanosauria) from the Adamantina Formation, Bauru Group, Upper Cretaceous of Brazil and the phylogenetic relationships of Aeolosaurini
FIGURE 8. Aeolosaurus maximus sp. nov., holotype, humeri and radius (MPMA 12-0001-97). A, right humerus in anterior view. B, left humerus in posterior view. C, probable radius. Scale bar represents 50 cm.
FIGURE 11 in A new sauropod (Macronaria, Titanosauria) from the Adamantina Formation, Bauru Group, Upper Cretaceous of Brazil and the phylogenetic relationships of Aeolosaurini
FIGURE 11. Resulting cladogram using the data matrix from Wilson (2002). A, strict consensus of ten most parsimonious trees. B, Major-rule consensus. Bootstrap (percentages in bold type) and Bremer support values are indicated in the strict consensus trees. Percentages in B depict the result of major-rule consensus.
FIGURE 9 in Overosaurus paradasorum gen. et sp. nov., a new sauropod dinosaur (Titanosauria: Lithostrotia) from the Late Cretaceous of Neuquén, Patagonia, Argentina
FIGURE 9. Phylogenetic position of Overosaurus paradasorum. Strict consensus cladograms resulting from the analysis of the data matrix of Calvo et al. (2007a,b) (A) and the data matrix of Santucci & Arruda-Campos (2012) (B). Numbers on nodes reflect unambiguous synapomorphies present in MAU-Pv-CO-439. Numbers between brackets indicate character state in available material of MAU-Pv-CO-439. Bremer support indices shown as bold numbers above each node.
FIGURE 8 in Overosaurus paradasorum gen. et sp. nov., a new sauropod dinosaur (Titanosauria: Lithostrotia) from the Late Cretaceous of Neuquén, Patagonia, Argentina
FIGURE 8. Comparative figure of vertebrae and ilium of Overosaurus with other sauropods. A–C, posterior cervical vertebrae of Trigonosaurus (A), Overosaurus (B) and Saltasaurus (C). D–E, posterior dorsal vertebrae of Trigonosaurus (D), Overosaurus (E) and Saltasaurus (F). G–I, middle caudal vertebrae of Rinconsaurus (G), Overosaurus (H) and Saltasaurus (I). J–L, right ilia of Tastavinsaurus (J), Overosaurus (K) and Saltasaurus (L). All figures in right lateral view and not to scale (A,D modified from Campos et al. 2005; C,F,I,L modified from Powell, 1992; G modified from Calvo and González Riga, 2003; J modified from Canudo et al. 2008).
FIGURE 7 in Overosaurus paradasorum gen. et sp. nov., a new sauropod dinosaur (Titanosauria: Lithostrotia) from the Late Cretaceous of Neuquén, Patagonia, Argentina
FIGURE 7. Dorsal ribs and ilium of Overosaurus paradasorum (MAU-Pv-CO-439). A, dorsal ribs 1–4 in right lateral view. B, photographs of dorsal ribs 1–4 in anterior view. C, photographs of dorsal ribs 1–4 in posterior view. D, right ilium in lateral view. Cross-sections in A are not in scale. Abbreviations: a, acetabulum; f, foramen; icp, ischiadic peduncle; pap, preacetabular process; pop, postacetabular process; pp, pubic peduncle; R1–R4, dorsal ribs 1–4.
FIGURE 6. Caudal vertebrae 1–20 in Overosaurus paradasorum gen. et sp. nov., a new sauropod dinosaur (Titanosauria: Lithostrotia) from the Late Cretaceous of Neuquén, Patagonia, Argentina
FIGURE 6. Caudal vertebrae 1–20 of Overosaurus paradasorum (MAU-Pv-CO-439). A, caudals 1–9 in right lateral view. B, line-drawing of caudals 1–9 in ventral view. C, caudals 10–20 in right lateral view. Abbreviations: C1, C9, C10, C20, caudals 1, 9, 10, 20; ns, neural spine; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process.
FIGURE 5 in Overosaurus paradasorum gen. et sp. nov., a new sauropod dinosaur (Titanosauria: Lithostrotia) from the Late Cretaceous of Neuquén, Patagonia, Argentina
FIGURE 5. Sacrum and ilium of Overosaurus paradasorum (MAU-Pv-CO-439). A, sacrum and ilium in dorsal view. B, linedrawing of sacrum and ilium in ventral view. Abbreviations: a, acetabulum; il, ilium; ip; ischiadic peduncle; pp; pubic peduncle; r, dorso-sacral rib; S1–S5, sacral vertebrae 1 to 5.
FIGURE 4. Dorsal vertebrae 7–10 in Overosaurus paradasorum gen. et sp. nov., a new sauropod dinosaur (Titanosauria: Lithostrotia) from the Late Cretaceous of Neuquén, Patagonia, Argentina
FIGURE 4. Dorsal vertebrae 7–10 of Overosaurus paradasorum (MAU-Pv-CO-439). A, dorsal vertebrae 7–10 in left lateral view. B, dorsal vertebrae 7–10 in dorsal view. C, line-drawing of dorsal vertebrae 7–10 in ventral view. Abbreviations: acdl, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; dp, diapophysis; ns, neural spine; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; pl, pleurocoel; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; pp, parapophysis; prsl, prespinal lamina; prz, prezygapophysis; pz, postzygapophysis; tp, transverse process.
FIGURE 2 in Overosaurus paradasorum gen. et sp. nov., a new sauropod dinosaur (Titanosauria: Lithostrotia) from the Late Cretaceous of Neuquén, Patagonia, Argentina
FIGURE 2. Cervical vertebrae of Overosaurus paradasorum (MAU-Pv-CO-439). A, cervicals 10–13 in left lateral view. B, cervicals 10–13 in dorsal view. C, cervical 10 in anterior view. D, cervical 11 in posterior view. E, cervical 12 in anterior view. F, cervical 10–11 in ventral view. G, cervical 12 in ventral view. H, cervical 13 in ventral view. Abbreviations: ac, articular condyle; acdl, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; aspdl, anterior spinodiapophyseal lamina; cr, cervical rib; dp, diapophysis; le, longitudinal edge of neural spine; ns, neural spine; pcav, pneumatic cavity; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; pcpl, posterior centroparapophyseal lamina; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; pp, parapophysis; prdl, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; prf, prespinal fossa; prz, prezygapophysis; pspdl, posterior spinodiapophyseal lamina; pz, postzygapophysis; spol, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; sprl, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; tp, transverse process; tprl, intraprezygapophyseal lamina; vk, ventral keel.
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