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FIG. 1 in Revised stratigraphic range of the Toarcian ammonite genus Porpoceras Buckman, 1911

FIG. 1. — Early and Middle Toarcian ammonite biostratigraphy for the NW European realm, with stratigraphic occurrences of the genus Porpoceras Buckman, 1911 in the NW European realm and Morocco (Guex 1973). Modified after Rulleau et al. (2013).

Fig. 5 in Bivalve-barnacle pseudoplanktonic colonisation of wood from the Toarcian, Lower Jurassic, Strawberry Bank Lagerstätte, Somerset, UK

Fig. 5. Detail of the barnacle Toarcolepas mutans Gale and Schweigert, 2015, from upper surface of BRLSI.M3941, the Toarcian of Strawberry Bank, Somerset. In C, D, individuals are "kippered"—split along the sagittal plane. Locations of specimens on concretion shown in dashed boxes in SOM: fig. 2. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 2. Fossilized driftwood association, BRLSI.M3941 in Bivalve-barnacle pseudoplanktonic colonisation of wood from the Toarcian, Lower Jurassic, Strawberry Bank Lagerstätte, Somerset, UK

Fig. 2. Fossilized driftwood association, BRLSI.M3941, the Toarcian of Strawberry Bank, Somerset, upper surface of limestone concretion showing wood mould and associated specimens of Pseudomytiloides dubius (Sowerby, 1828) and Toarcolepas mutans Gale and Schweigert, 2015. See SOM: fig. 1 for orientation imagery.

Fig. 1 in Bivalve-barnacle pseudoplanktonic colonisation of wood from the Toarcian, Lower Jurassic, Strawberry Bank Lagerstätte, Somerset, UK

Fig. 1. Location and stratigraphy of the Strawberry Bank Lagerstätte and associated beds. A. Location of Ilminster, Somerset, England, UK and Lower Jurassic outcrop pattern in the area. B. Limestone concretion of the Strawberry Bank Lagerstätte exposed in situ north of Ilminster during excavations of the site in 2019. Folding knife is 9 cm long. C. Stage information, and ammonite zones and subzones. D. Local lithostratigraphic scheme for the same timescale. E. Simplified sedimentary log at Strawberry Bank with the Strawberry Bank Lagerstätte shaded in pink (after Williams et al. 2015 and Boomer et al. 2021).

Fig. 4 in Bivalve-barnacle pseudoplanktonic colonisation of wood from the Toarcian, Lower Jurassic, Strawberry Bank Lagerstätte, Somerset, UK

Fig. 4. Three dimensional rendering of the X-ray computed tomographic data of fossilized driftwood association, BRLSI.M3941 from the Toarcian of Strawberry Bank, Somerset. Dashed lines delineate the top and bottom edge of the wood mould (see SOM: fig. 1 for orientation imagery).

Fig. 3 in Bivalve-barnacle pseudoplanktonic colonisation of wood from the Toarcian, Lower Jurassic, Strawberry Bank Lagerstätte, Somerset, UK

Fig. 3. Detail of Pseudomytiloides dubius (Sowerby, 1828) specimens from upper surface of BRLSI.M3941, Toarcian of Strawberry Bank, Somerset, showing stacking of individuals, articulation and orientation in relation to the wood. Dashed line in A marks the top edge of the wood mould. Locations of specimens on concretion correspond to numbered specimens on SOM: fig. 2 as follows: A, specimens 40 to 44; B, specimen 1; C, specimen 20; D, specimen 38.

FIGURE 7 in First occurrence of a †coccolepidid fish (?Chondrostei: †Coccolepididae) from the Upper Lias (Toarcian, Early Jurassic) of southern Germany

FIGURE 7. Palaeoart depiction of †Toarcocephalus morlok gen. et sp. nov. swimming in the twilight of the Posidonia Shale Sea. The post-cranium is based on †'Coccolepis' liassica and †Coccolepis bucklandi. Artwork by S. Cooper.

FIGURE 6 in First occurrence of a †coccolepidid fish (?Chondrostei: †Coccolepididae) from the Upper Lias (Toarcian, Early Jurassic) of southern Germany

FIGURE 6. Cranial reconstruction of †Toarcocephalus morlok gen. et sp. nov. with missing regions based on reconstruction of 'Coccolepis' liassica in Gardiner (1960). Missing or speculative areas are indicated with a dashed line and coloured in grey. Abbreviations: ag = angular; an = antorbital; br = branchiostegal rays; cl = cleithrum; d = dentary; dpt = dermopterotic; dsph = dermosphenotic; esc = extrascapular; g = gular plate; hyo = hyomandibula; io.c = infraorbital sensory canal; j = jugal; msc = mandibular sensory canal; mx = maxilla; na = nasal; nar = external naris; op = opercle; poc = postorbital canal; pop = preopercle; ro = rostral; scl = supracleithrum; scr = sclerotic ring; sop = subopercle.

FIGURE 3. SMNS 52044 in First occurrence of a †coccolepidid fish (?Chondrostei: †Coccolepididae) from the Upper Lias (Toarcian, Early Jurassic) of southern Germany

FIGURE 3. SMNS 52044, †Toarcocephalus morlok gen. et sp. nov. (paratype), skull and post-cranial elements preserved in ventro-lateral (left) view as a regurgitalite. (A), overview of specimen – skull exposed in left ventrolateral view. Much of the orbital region has been infilled with resin. (B), interpretive line drawing. Abbreviations: an = antorbital; ag = angular; cbl? = ceratobranchial?; chy = ceratohyal; cl = cleithrum; d = dentary; dpt = dermopterotic; esc = extrascapular; fr = frontals; g = gular plate; ha/nur = haemal/ neural arches and spines; hbl? = hypobranchials?; hyo = hyomandibula; ptr? = pterygiophores; m.sc = mandibular sensory canal; mpt = metapterygoid; mx = maxilla; na? = nasal?; op = opercle; pop = preopercle; scu? = preanal scute?; scr = sclerotic ring plate; sop = subopercle; t = teeth. Scale bar is equal to 20 mm.

FIGURE 4 in First occurrence of a †coccolepidid fish (?Chondrostei: †Coccolepididae) from the Upper Lias (Toarcian, Early Jurassic) of southern Germany

FIGURE 4. †Toarcocephalus morlok gen. et sp. nov., details of jaws, palatoquadrate, and teeth. (A) maxillary teeth in SMNS 52044 – notice the smooth texture of the bone externa. Please note that some of the smaller damaged teeth on the maxilla are highlighted. (B) close-up of left palate, upper and lower jaws of SMNS 59978. (C), line drawing with surrounding matrix highlighted with false colour. Abbreviations: ag = angular; chy = ceratohyal; d = dentary; ecpt = ectopterygoid; enpt = endopterygoid; dpal = dermopalatine; hhy = hypohyal; mpt = metapterygoid; mx = maxilla; pmx = premaxilla; pmx.t = toothed region of premaxilla; scr = sclerotic ring; t = tooth crowns. Scale bars equal 10 mm.

FIGURE 1 in First occurrence of a †coccolepidid fish (?Chondrostei: †Coccolepididae) from the Upper Lias (Toarcian, Early Jurassic) of southern Germany

FIGURE 1. Locality map and stratigraphy of the Posidonienschiefer Formation at Holzmaden, showing the distribution of coccolepidids in the formation. (A) Simplified map of Germany showing the location of Stuttgart. (B) State map of Baden-Württemberg showing regional exposure of the Posidonienschiefer Formation with the Holzmaden area indicated with a star. (C) Map of the Holzmaden area with a star indicating the collection locality. (D) Stratigraphic log of the Posidonienschiefer Formation at Holzmaden showing the collection horizon for the new coccolepidid fish. Modified from Cooper et al. (2022).

FIGURE 2. SMNS 59978 in First occurrence of a †coccolepidid fish (?Chondrostei: †Coccolepididae) from the Upper Lias (Toarcian, Early Jurassic) of southern Germany

FIGURE 2. SMNS 59978, †Toarcocephalus morlok gen. et sp. nov. (holotype), preserved in left internal view. (A), imperfect skull exposed in internal view. (B), line drawing of specimen. Abbreviations: br = branchiostegal rays; chy = ceratohyal; cl? = cleithrum?; d = dentary; dpal = dermopalatine; dpt = dermopterotic; dsph = dermosphenotic; enpt = endopterygoid; esc = extrascalpular; hhy = hypohyal; hyo = hyomandibula; io.c = infraorbital sensory canal; j = jugal; mx = maxilla; op = opercle; p = parietal; pmx = premaxilla; pop = preopercle; scl = supracleithrum; sc.l = lateral line scales; sop = subopercle. Scale bar equals 10 mm.

FIGURE 5 in First occurrence of a †coccolepidid fish (?Chondrostei: †Coccolepididae) from the Upper Lias (Toarcian, Early Jurassic) of southern Germany

FIGURE 5. †Toarcocephalus morlok gen. et sp. nov., details of the pectoral girdle and lateral line. Holotype specimen SMNS 59978, photograph (A) and line drawing (B). Abbreviations: hyo = hyomandibula; lsc = lateral line sensory canal; mx = maxilla; op = opercle; pop = preopercle; ppscl = dorsal process of the supracleithrum; pu = punctations; sc.l = lateral line scales; scl = supracleithrum (.r = right;.l = left); sop = subopercle. Scale bar equals 5 mm.

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Mechanisms and drivers of belemnite body-size dynamics across the Pliensbachian-Toarcian crisis

Supplementary material of the manuscript Rita et al., Mechanisms and drivers of belemnite body-size dynamics across the Pliensbachian-Toarcian crisis, submited to Open Science Royal Society. Set of .ply files of CT scans of belemnite rostra. The first 27 files correspond to bed P925; the next 5 files correspond to P949; the next 18 correspond to P961; the next 5 correspond to P976; the next 38 specimens correspond to bed P982 and the last 35 files correspond to bed P984. The number of each file is the specimen number, as listed in the supplementary material of the article. For details on the scanning details or on the age of the specimens, please see the supplementary material of the article.   The supplementary figures ("supplementary figures_ESM8.docx" file) and tables ("supplementary tables.xlsx" file) and the R script used for the statistical analysis ("supplement_rscript.docx" file) are also provided.  For more details contact patricia.rita@fau.de.

Fig. 3 in Low durophagous predation on Toarcian (Early Jurassic) ammonoids in the northwestern Panthalassa shelf basin

Fig. 3. Measurements for analysing the ventral breakage of ammonoid shells. Lines A, B, and C are the reference lines: A, from the coiling centre to aperture; B, apertural marginal line of damage; C, adapical marginal line of damage. Shaded area indicates body chamber. The length and depth of the breakage were also measured.

Fig. 6 in Low durophagous predation on Toarcian (Early Jurassic) ammonoids in the northwestern Panthalassa shelf basin

Fig. 6. Position of ventral breakage in the shells of seven early Toarcian ammonoid genera. Specimens whose position of the aperture is uncertain are excluded. Arrows indicate the average of the estimated position of last septum. The living orientation of the shells is based on Westermann 1996). A. Dactylioceras. B. Fontanelliceras. C. Fuciniceras. D. Protogrammoceras. E. Paltarpites. F. Harpoceras. G. Cleviceras.

Fig. 5 in Low durophagous predation on Toarcian (Early Jurassic) ammonoids in the northwestern Panthalassa shelf basin

Fig. 5. Example of ventral breakage in the early Toarcian ammonoid from the Toyora area, preserved in the cast (A) and mould (B) of Protogrammoceras onoi Hirano, 1971, UMUT MM 31437, loc. 18 (for detailed locality information see Fig. 2). The white brackets indicate the position and extent of the breakage. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 9 in Low durophagous predation on Toarcian (Early Jurassic) ammonoids in the northwestern Panthalassa shelf basin

Fig. 9. Frequency of occurrence of lethal ventral damage on ammonoid shells. Error bars represent 95% binomial confidence intervals. A. Lower Taxon Frequency for the specimens of 7 genera from the Toyora area (see also Table 1). B. Assemblage Frequency for the selected Mesozoic ammonoid samples from different ages and/or regions. * The number is based on near-complete shells.

Fig. 4 in Low durophagous predation on Toarcian (Early Jurassic) ammonoids in the northwestern Panthalassa shelf basin

Fig. 4. Examples of early Toarcian ammonoids with ventral breakage, from the Toyora area, Japan (for detailed locality information see Fig. 2). A. Cleviceras chrysanthemum (Yokoyama, 1904), UMUT MM 31431, loc. 8. B. Cleviceras sp., UMUT MM 31432, loc. 5. C. Dactylioceras helianthoides Yokoyama, 1904), UMUT MM 31433, loc. 10. D. Fontanelliceras fontanellense (Gemmellaro, 1885), UMUT MM 31434, loc. 10. E. Fuciniceras nakayamense (Matsumoto, 1947), UMUT MM 31435, loc. 3. F. Protogrammoceras onoi Hirano, 1971, UMUT MM 31436, loc. 10. The white brackets indicate the position and extent of the breakage. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 8 in Low durophagous predation on Toarcian (Early Jurassic) ammonoids in the northwestern Panthalassa shelf basin

Fig. 8. Double logarithmic plots of breakage length and depth versus shell diameter. Regression lines with reduced major axis method. All seven genera were included.