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14 results for “Trait manipulation”
Manipulation of trait expression and pollination regime reveal the adaptive significance of spur length
<p class="Standardmedindrag">Understanding the mechanisms of adaptive population differentiation requires that both the functional and adaptive significance of divergent traits are characterized in contrasting environments. Here, we (a) determined the effects of floral spur length on pollen removal and receipt using plants with artificial spurs representing the species-wide variation in length, and (b) quantified pollinator-mediated selection on spur length and three traits contributing to floral display in two populations each of the short-spurred and the long-spurred ecotype of the orchid <i>Platanthera bifolia</i>. Both pollen receipt and removal reached a maximum at 28-29 mm long spurs in a short-spurred population visited by short-tongued moths. In contrast, pollen receipt increased linearly across the tested range (4-52 mm) and pollen removal was unrelated to spur length in a long-spurred population predominantly visited by a long-tongued moth. The experimentally documented effects on pollen transfer were not reflected in pollinator-mediated selection through female fitness or pollen removal indicating that the natural within-population variation in spur length was insufficient to result in detectable variation in pollen limitation. Our study illustrates how combining trait manipulation with analysis of causes and strength of phenotypic selection can illuminate the functional and adaptive significance of trait expression when trait variation is limited.</p>
Data from: Manipulation of soil mycorrhizal fungi Influences floral display traits
<p>Most plants form root hyphal relationships with mycorrhizal fungi, especially arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). These associations are known to positively impact plant biomass and competitive ability. However, less is known about how mycorrhizae may impact other ecological interactions, such as those mediated by pollinators.</p> <p>We performed a meta-regression of studies that manipulated AMF and measured traits related to pollination, including floral display, rewards, visitation, and reproduction, extracting 63 studies with 423 effects.</p> <p>On average, the presence of mycorrhizae was associated with positive effects on floral traits. Specifically, we found impacts of AMF on floral display, pollinator visitation and reproduction, and a positive but non-significant impact on rewards. Studies manipulating mycorrhizae with fungicide tended to report contrasting results, possibly because fungicide destroys both beneficial and pathogenic microbes.</p> <p>Our study highlights the potential for relationships with mycorrhizal fungi to play an important, yet underrecognized role in plant-pollinator interactions. With heightened awareness of the need for a more sustainable agricultural industry, mycorrhizal fungi may offer the opportunity to reduce reliance on inorganic fertilizers. At the same time, fungicides are now ubiquitous in agricultural systems. Our study demonstrates indirect ways in which plant-belowground fungal partnerships could manifest in plant-pollinator interactions.</p>
Data for "Meta-analysis of induced anti-herbivore defence traits in plants from 647 manipulative experiments with natural and simulated herbivory"
<p>Data used in analysis in "Meta-analysis of induced anti-herbivore defence traits in plants from 647 manipulative experiments with natural and simulated herbivory" in Journal of Ecology. </p> <p>Code used for analysis are included as Supplementary Material of the main article. </p> <p> </p>
Experimental manipulation of perceived predation risk and cortisol generates contrasting trait trajectories in plastic crucian carp
<p>Most animals constitute potential prey and must respond appropriately to predator-mediated stress in order to survive. Numerous prey also adaptively tailor their response to the prevailing level of risk and stress imposed by their natural enemies, i.e. they adopt an inducible defence strategy. Predator exposure may activate the stress axis, and drive the expression of anti-predator traits that facilitate survival in a high-risk environment (the predation–stress hypothesis). Here, we quantified two key morphological anti-predator traits, body morphology and coloration in crucian carp following exposure (or not) to a predator (pike) as well as to experimental manipulation of physiological stress via implants containing either cortisol or a cortisol inhibitor. We found that predator-exposed fish expressed a deeper-bodied phenotype and darker body coloration as compared with non-exposed individuals. Skin analyses revealed that an increase in the amount of melanophores caused the dramatic colour change in predatorexposed fish. Increased melanization is costly, and the darker body coloration may act as an inducible defence against predation, via a conspicuous signal of the morphological defence or by crypsis towards dark environments and a nocturnal lifestyle. By contrast, the phenotype of individuals carrying cortisol implants did not mirror the phenotype of predator-exposed fish but instead exhibited opposite trajectories of trait change: a shallow-bodied morphology with a lighter body coloration as compared with sham-treated fish. The cortisol inhibitor did not influence the phenotype of fish i.e. neither body depth nor body coloration differed between this group and predator-exposed fish having a sham implant. However, our results illuminate a potential link between stress physiology and morphological defence expression.</p>
Data from: Manipulation of soil mycorrhizal fungi Influences floral display traits
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Manipulation of trait expression and pollination regime reveal the adaptive significance of spur length
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Experimental manipulation of perceived predation risk and cortisol generates contrasting trait trajectories in plastic crucian carp
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Data from: Evolution and co-evolution of the suck behaviour, a postcopulatory female resistance trait that manipulates received ejaculate
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Divergent responses of forest dominant trees species to the manipulated canopy and understory nitrogen additions in terms of foliage stoichiometric, economic and hydraulic traits
<p>Nitrogen (N) deposition effects on the stoichiometric balance and photosynthetic and hydraulic couplings in subtropical forests has drawn wide attentions. The previously adopted understory application of N fertilization is criticized because it might ignore foliar N retention for different species. This paper reports a fertilizing application from the canopy (CAN) and under the canopy (UAN) in a phosphorus (P) limited ecosystem. Foliage stoichiometric, photosynthetic and hydraulic traits of six dominant species were measured and analyzed. Both treatments equally enhanced foliage N and N/P, but not foliage P, who was highly species-specific depending on tree height, which implied enhanced P limitation. Decreased isotope abundance of <sup><span>15</span></sup>N (δ<sup><span>15</span></sup>N) that approaching to the level in the urea fertilizer under CAN suggested the existence of canopy retention of N. Besides, N response sensitivity of N, P and δ<sup><span>15</span></sup>N that positively related to tree height (H) under CAN indicated different exposure to the added N, which promoted stoichiometric imbalance among species. The photosynthetic traits represented by net photosynthesis (<i><span>A</span></i><sub><span>n</span></sub>) increased under both treatments. A divergent foliar photosynthetic and hydraulic traits varations was identified by signifcant decreased stomatal conductance (<i>g</i><sub><span>s</span></sub>) and <i><span>A</span></i><sub><span>n </span></sub>/<i><span>g</span></i><sub><span>s</span></sub> for CAN treatments, which induced the elevated isotope abundance of <sup><span>13</span></sup>C (δ<sup><span>13</span></sup>C). Correspondingly, foliage hydraulic traits that shifted to water use efficiency axis were identified only under CAN in principal component analysis. Overall, our results proved that the canopy obsorbtion and species heterogeneity should be considered regarding foliar safety vs efficiency trade-off in response to nitrogen additions in the future.</p>
Divergent responses of forest dominant trees species to the manipulated canopy and understory nitrogen additions in terms of foliage stoichiometric, economic and hydraulic traits
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Data from: Precopulatory but not postcopulatory male reproductive traits diverge in response to mating system manipulation in Drosophila melanogaster
Competition between males creates potential for pre- and postcopulatory sexual selection and conflict. Theory predicts that males facing risk of sperm competition should evolve traits to secure their reproductive success. If those traits are costly to females, the evolution of such traits may also increase conflict between the sexes. Conversely, under the absence of sperm competition, one expectation is for selection on male competitive traits to relax thereby also relaxing sexual conflict. Experimental evolution studies are a powerful tool to test this expectation. Studies in multiple insect species have yielded mixed and partially conflicting results. In this study, we evaluated male competitive traits and male effects on female costs of mating in Drosophila melanogaster after replicate lines evolved for more than 50 generations either under enforced monogamy or sustained polygamy, thus manipulating the extent of intrasexual competition between males. We found that in a setting where males competed directly with a rival male for access to a female and fertilization of her ova polygamous males had superior reproductive success compared to monogamous males. When comparing reproductive success solely in double mating standard sperm competition assays, however, we found no difference in male sperm defense competitiveness between the different selection regimes. Instead, we found monogamous males to be inferior in precopulatory competition, which indicates that in our system, enforced monogamy relaxed selection on traits important in precopulatory rather than postcopulatory competition. We discuss our findings in the context of findings from previous experimental evolution studies in Drosophila ssp. and other invertebrate species.
Data from: Ecotypic divergence in Crepis tectorum (Asteraceae): inferring trait lability and correlational constraints from hormonally manipulated phenotypes
Despite long-standing interest in the evolutionary role of plant hormones, relatively few studies have used hormonally manipulated phenotypes to address questions about phenotypic evolution in plants. In the present investigation, I subjected plants of Crepis tectorum subsp. pumila to simple gibberellin (GA) treatments under both field and greenhouse conditions to assess developmental lability and correlational constraints of phenotypic traits that distinguish this dwarf ecotype from conspecific populations of the much taller weed ecotype (subsp. tectorum). The hormonally manipulated plants largely phenocopied the weed ecotype in leaf shape, plant stature and branching habit, indicative of both high lability and tight integration of traits reflecting gross morphology. Floral size traits sometimes declined after GA application, especially under field conditions. The latter result conflicts with the positive correlations between floral and vegetative size traits seen in previous comparative analyses and point to a tradeoff that could act as a constraint on ecotype divergence. The response to GA was consistent in direction for most traits, as opposed to the magnitude of response, which varied depending on the trait, the population, the growing environment, and the timing and level of hormone application. Taken together, the results highlight the potential for simple hormonal changes to cause large, plastic shifts in phenotype, but also illustrate the constrained nature of such influences.
Data from: Precopulatory but not postcopulatory male reproductive traits diverge in response to mating system manipulation in Drosophila melanogaster
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Data from: Ecotypic divergence in Crepis tectorum (Asteraceae): inferring trait lability and correlational constraints from hormonally manipulated phenotypes
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