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44 results for “Trans-generational”
Pesticide exposure triggers sex-specific inter- and trans-generational effects conditioned by past sexual selection
<p>Environmental variation often induces plastic responses in organisms that can trigger changes in subsequent generations through non-genetic inheritance mechanisms. Such transgenerational plasticity thus consists of environmentally-induced non-random phenotypic modifications that are transmitted through generations. Transgenerational effects may vary according to the sex of the organism experiencing the environmental perturbation, the sex of their descendants, or both, but whether they are affected by past sexual selection is unknown. Here we use experimental evolution on an insect model system to conduct a first test of the involvement of sexual selection history in shaping transgenerational plasticity in the face of rapid environmental change (exposure to pesticides). We manipulated evolutionary history in terms of the intensity of sexual selection for over 80 generations before exposing individuals to the toxicant. We found that sexual selection history constrained adaptation under rapid environmental change. We also detected intergenerational and transgenerational effects of pesticide exposure in the form of increased fitness and longevity. These cross-generational influences of toxicants were sex-dependent (they affected only male descendants), and intergenerational, but not transgenerational, plasticity was modulated by sexual selection history. Our results highlight the complexity of intragenerational, intergenerational, and transgenerational influences of past selection and environmental stress on phenotypic expression.</p>
Pesticide exposure triggers sex-specific inter- and trans-generational effects conditioned by past sexual selection
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Data from: Direct and trans-generational effects of tetracyclines on the microbiome, transcriptome, and male mating behavior of the sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina
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Dataset for Trans-generational effects on diapause and life-history-traits of an aphid parasitoid
<p>Dataset for the following article: Transgenerational effects act on a wide range of insects’ life-history traits and can be involved in the control of developmental plasticity, such as diapause expression. Decrease in or total loss of winter diapause expression recently observed in some species could arise from inhibiting maternal effects. In this study, we explored transgenerational effects on diapause expression and traits in one commercial and one Canadian field strain of the aphid parasitoid <em>Aphidius ervi</em>. These strains were reared under short photoperiod (8:16 h LD) and low temperature (14 °C) conditions over two generations. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/diapause">Diapause</a> levels, developmental times, physiological and morphological traits were measured. Diapause levels increased after one generation in the Canadian field but not in the commercial strain. For both strains, the second generation took longer to develop than the first one. Tibia length and wing surface decreased over generations while fat content increased. A crossed-generations experiment focusing on the industrial parasitoid strain showed that offspring from mothers reared at 14 °C took longer to develop, were heavier, taller with wider wings and with more fat reserves than those from mothers reared at 20 °C (8:16 h LD). No effect of the mother rearing conditions was shown on diapause expression. Additionally to direct plasticity of the offspring, results suggest transgenerational plasticity effects on diapause expression, development time, and on the values of life-history traits. We demonstrated that populations showing low diapause levels may recover higher levels through transgenerational plasticity in response to diapause-induction cues, provided that environmental conditions are reaching the induction-thresholds specific to each population. Transgenerational plasticity is thus important to consider when evaluating how insects adapt to changing environments.</p>
Trans-generational viral transmission and immune priming are dose-dependent
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Trans-generational effect of protein restricted diet on adult body and wing size of Drosophila melanogaster
<p><span><span>Protein restriction (PR) has established feasible trade-offs in <i>Drosophila melanogaster </i>to understand lifespan or aging in a nutritionally challenged environment. However, the phenotypes of body size, weight and wing length respond according to factors such as flies' genotype, environmental exposure, and parental diet and hence their understanding is essential. Here, we demonstrate the effect of long-term PR diet on body size, weight, normal & dry wing length of flies subjected to PR50 and PR70 (50% and 70% protein content present in control food respectively) for 20 generations from pre-adult stage. We found that PR fed flies have lower body weight, relative water content (in males), unaltered (PR50%) and higher (PR70%) relative fat content in males, smaller normal and dry body size as compared to control and generations 1 and 2. Interestingly, wing size and pupal size of PR flies <span>are smaller and</span> showed significant effects of diet and generation. Thus, these traits are sex and generation dependent along with an interaction of diet, which is capable of modulating these results variably. Taken together, the trans-generational effect of PR on fitness and fitness-related traits might be helpful to understand the underpinning mechanisms of evolution and aging in fruit flies <i>D. melanogaster</i>. </span></span></p>
Data for manuscript Trans-generational immune priming against American Foulbrood does not affect the performance of honeybee colonies
<p>Data used in analysis for manuscript Trans-generational immune priming against American Foulbrood does not affect the performance of honeybee colonies</p>
Data from: Trans-generational immune priming protects the eggs only against gram-positive bacteria in the mealworm beetle
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Trans-generational effect of protein restricted diet on adult body and wing size of Drosophila melanogaster
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A three year trans-generational plasticity in life history traits
<p>1. Environmental conditions of maternal plants influence adaptive strategies of their progeny via the seed phenotype. Although traditionally, studies have explained patterns of reproduction traits in response to stresses, such as the changes in seed mass and seed germinability under different maternal conditions. However, it is still unclear how maternal effects affect progeny dispersal and germination strategy or how many generations plasticity persists.</p> <p><span>2. Plants from diaspore types A and C of the diaspore-heteromorphic annual halophyte <i>Atriplex centralasiatica</i> were grown in low (favorable) vs. high (stressful) salinities over three generations in a fully factorial design. We measured life history traits and reproductive characteristics of progeny plants for a three-year transgenerational plasticity (TGP) experiment covering F0, F1, and F</span></p> <p><span>3. TGP of plants grown in favorable vs. stressful salinities decreased from F2 → F1 → F0. Compared to the favorable condition, the stressful condition decreased the length of the vegetative period, extended length of reproductive time and increased reproductive allocation and size of progeny diaspores. Salinity tolerance and phenotypic plasticity were higher in plants from diaspore A than in those from diaspore C. In the stressful condition, plants produced less plant biomass, larger diaspores, a higher proportion of type C diaspores with dormancy and higher dispersal potential, but lower proportion of type A diaspores with nondormancy and lower dispersal potential. In addition, production of the proportion of type C diaspores increased with increase in number of previous generations that experienced stress. </span></p> <p>4. Synthesis: The trade-off of reproductive allocation between diaspores A versus C enables plants to develop divergent strategies via both high diaspore C allocation to disperse progeny spatiotemporally across wide areas in stress conditions and high diaspore A allocation to limit progeny near maternal plants in favorable habitats. These findings provide evidence for the "escape strategy" by which the progeny of <i>A. centralasiatica</i> diffused spatially (dispersal) and temporally (dormancy) by TGP, thus allowing them to survive environmental heterogeneity in their cold desert habitats.</p>
Data from: Different effects of paternal trans-generational immune priming on survival and immunity in step and genetic offspring
Paternal trans-generational immune priming, whereby fathers provide immune protection to offspring, has been demonstrated in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum exposed to the insect pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis. It is currently unclear how such protection is transferred, as in contrast to mothers, fathers do not directly provide offspring with a large amount of substances. In addition to sperm, male flour beetles transfer seminal fluids in a spermatophore to females during copulation. Depending on whether paternal trans-generational immune priming is mediated by sperm or seminal fluids, it is expected to either affect only the genetic offspring of a male, or also their step offspring that are sired by another male. We therefore conducted a double-mating experiment and found that only the genetic offspring of an immune primed male show enhanced survival upon bacterial challenge, while phenoloxidase activity, an important insect immune trait, and the expression of the immune receptor PGRP were increased in all offspring. This indicates that information leading to enhanced survival upon pathogen exposure is transferred via sperm, and thus potentially constitutes an epigenetic effect, whereas substances transferred with the seminal fluid could have an additional influence on offspring immune traits and immunological alertness.
Data from: The within-host dynamics of infection in trans-generationally primed flour beetles
Many taxa exhibit plastic immune responses initiated after primary microbial exposure that provide increased protection against disease-induced mortality and the fitness costs of infection. In several arthropod species, this protection can even be passed from parents to offspring through a phenomenon called trans-generational immune priming. Here, we first demonstrate that trans-generational priming is a repeatable phenomenon in flour beetles (Tribolium castaneum) primed and infected with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). We then quantify the within-host dynamics of microbes and host physiological responses in infected offspring from primed and unprimed mothers by monitoring bacterial density and using mRNA-seq to profile host gene expression, respectively, over the acute infection period. We find that priming increases inducible resistance against Bt around a critical temporal juncture where host septicaemic trajectories, and consequently survival, may be determined in unprimed individuals. Our results identify a highly differentially expressed biomarker of priming, containing an EIF4-e domain, in uninfected individuals, as well as several other candidate genes. Moreover, the induction and decay dynamics of gene expression over time suggest a metabolic shift in primed individuals. The identified bacterial and gene expression dynamics are likely to influence patterns of bacterial fitness and disease transmission in natural populations.
Data from: Within- and trans-generational effects of herbivores and detritivores on plant performance and reproduction
1. Mutualistic and antagonistic aboveground and belowground species have the potential to be involved in strong interactions that can either weaken or strengthen their individual impacts on plants. Their impacts can also have delayed effects on a plant's progeny by altering offspring traits and survival. Few studies have explored the effect of herbivore and detritivore interactions with parent plants on offspring vital life-cycle processes, such as seedling emergence rate, seedling establishment, and offspring survival. 2. In the field, I experimentally studied the combined effects of floral herbivores, root herbivores, and detritivores on plant growth and reproduction of Moricandia moricandioides (Brassicaceae). In particular, I analysed the trans-generational effects of herbivores and detritivores on seed and juvenile production as well as on vital life-cycle processes (i.e. seedling emergence rates, survival). 3. Floral herbivores strongly reduced the number of flowers, fruits, seeds, and juveniles. Detritivores had an impact on plant success by increasing seed quality (% N and N:C ratio), although the effect was altered by the presence of floral and root herbivores. 4. I found maternal effects (trans-generational effects) of floral herbivores, root herbivores, and detritivores. Floral herbivores reduced seedling emergence and establishment. Floral and root herbivores in combination reduced seedling emergence timing, but the effect was counteracted by detritivores. Detritivores also reduced the negative effect of floral herbivores on offspring mortality rate. 5. This study shows that the impact of aboveground and belowground organisms on M. moricandioides plants go beyond seed production and were evident in the probability of establishment and survival of the following generation. Trans-generational effects were induced by all three groups of interacting organisms and the net consequences for plant offspring depended on the organisms interacting with the plant.
Data from: Direct and trans-generational effects of male and female gut microbiota in Drosophila melanogaster
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Data from: Trans-generational parasite protection associated with paternal diet
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Data from: Intra- and trans-generational effects of larval diet on susceptibility to an entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana, in the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella
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Data from: Long-term and trans-generational effects of neonatal experience on sheep behaviour
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Data from: Trans-generational priming of resistance in wild flour beetles reflects the primed phenotypes of laboratory populations and is inhibited by co-infection with a common parasite
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A three year trans-generational plasticity in life history traits
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Data from: Different effects of paternal trans-generational immune priming on survival and immunity in step and genetic offspring
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Allen Brain Atlas
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