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540 results for “Transgenerational”
Physiological and biochemical data for an experiment examining transgenerational effects in response to MHWs in S. purpuratus from the Santa Barbara Channel
Kelp forests of the Santa Barbara Channel have experienced prolonged marine heatwave (MHW) events that overlap in time with the phenology of life history events (e.g., gametogenesis and spawning) of marine invertebrates. To study the effect of thermal stress from MHWs during gametogenesis in the purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus), adult urchins were acclimated to two conditions in the laboratory – a MHW (18°C) and a non-MHW (13°C) temperature at a time when gametogenesis would occur in situ. Following a four-month long acclimation period (October– January), adults were spawned and offspring from each parental condition were reared at MHW and non-MHW temperatures, creating a total of four offspring treatments. To assess for transgenerational effects in gamete traits, we measured egg size and biochemical composition. In addition, evidence of transgenerational effects was assessed by measuring embryo size and thermal tolerance of the progeny. Results indicated that MHW temperatures did affect life history traits. MHW-acclimated females had eggs with higher protein concentrations. Additionally, maternal thermal history influenced embryo body size at multiple stages of development while offspring developmental temperatures influenced body size only at the prism stage. Lastly, embryos from MHW-acclimated females were more thermally tolerant with higher LT50 values as compared to progeny from non-MHW-acclimated females. Overall, results showed that the thermal history of female S. purpuratus and developmental temperature influenced offspring traits and performance indicating that prolonged thermal stress, when it occurs during critical life history events, could influence reproductive success in situ. Moreover, our results suggest that transgenerational acclimation may aid in the capacity to resist the thermal stress associated with MHWs during early development in S. purpuratus.
Prenatal diet programs the transgenerational inheritance of brain macro and microstructure defects, coding for anxiety-like behavior in male rats.
<p>T1-w 3DFLASH Preprocessed MRI images used for wistar rat used for the deformation-based morphological (DBM) model are released.</p> <p>Nifti files are duplicated. DBM used only mnc format.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Transgenerational plasticity of inducible defenses: combined effects of grand-parental, parental and current environments - PDF, datasets and R script
<p><strong>PDF, dataset and R script for the paper:</strong></p> <p>Tariel J, Plénet S, & Luquet E. <em>Transgenerational plasticity of inducible defenses: combined effects of grand-parental, parental and current environments</em>. </p> <p>Two data sets are provided: one for the analysis of the behavior (dataBehaviour.csv) and one for the analysis of other variables (weight, shell thickness and morphology; dataMorphology.csv). There are analyzed in the same R script (Script_TARIEL-Juliette.R)</p> <p><strong>Signification of variables names:</strong></p> <p>G1: treatment/environment of the grand-parental generation (control C or with predator-cue P)<br> G2: treatment/environment of the parental generation (control C or with predator-cue P)<br> G3: treatment/environment of the offspring generation (control C or with predator-cue P)<br> Family: unique ID for each family<br> Individual: number to identify siblings within a family <br> ID: unique ID for each individual <br> W: snail total weight (g)<br> Th: shell thickness (mm)<br> L: shell length (mm)<br> l: shell width (mm)<br> Lo: aperture length (mm)<br> lo: aperture width (mm)<br> crawlout : position of the snail (0: below the water surface; 1: above/on the water surface)<br> Day : day of measurement (crawling-out behaviour was measured three times through three consecutives days d2, d3 and d4)</p>
Transgenerational exposure to deoxygenation and warming disrupts mate detection in Gammarus locusta
<p class="s4"><span class="s9">Ocean deoxygenation and warming have been shown to pose a growing threat to the health of marine organisms and ecosystems. Yet, the potential for acclimation and adaptation remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of transgenerational exposure to reduced oxygen availability and elevated seawater temperature on the chemosensory-dependent mating mechanisms of male amphipods </span><span class="s10"><em>Gammarus</em> <em>locusta</em></span><span class="s9">. Three subsequent generations were exposed to four experimental treatments for 30 days: i) present-day scenario, ii) warming; iii) deoxygenation; and iv) warming+deoxygenation. After exposure, the number of individuals that reached adulthood was gauged, and adult males from F<sub>0</sub> and F<sub>1</sub> were subjected to behavioral trials to assess their capacity of long-distance female cue detection through quantification of response time, first direction of movement, activity rate, and proportion of time spent in female scent cues. Ocean-warming-induced mortality and reduced oxygen availability had adverse effects on each of the investigated behavioral traits, which were amplified when combined with elevated temperature. Still, when compared to F<sub>0</sub>, the F<sub>1</sub> generation demonstrated more adaptability (i.e., higher activity rate and preference for female odors) to the combination of the two stressors, suggesting positive carry-over effects. Nevertheless, full recovery to control levels was not observed. Altogether, this study indicates that future scenarios of ocean deoxygenation and warming have the potential to disrupt chemosensory-dependent mate detection in amphipods, but also suggests possible behavioral adaptations. We call for greater research efforts on long-term impacts of ocean change on the behavioral and physiological processes of benthic coastal communities.</span></p>
Within- and transgenerational stress legacy effects of ocean acidification on red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) growth and survival
<p>Understanding the mechanisms by which individual organisms respond and populations adapt to global climate change is a critical challenge. The role of plasticity and acclimation, within and across generations, may be essential given the pace of change. We investigated plasticity across generations and life stages in response to ocean acidification (OA), which poses a growing threat to both wild populations and the sustainable aquaculture of shellfish. Most studies of OA on shellfish focus on acute effects, and less is known regarding the longer-term carryover effects that may manifest within or across generations. We assessed these longer-term effects in red abalone (<em>Haliotis</em> <em>rufescens</em>) using a multi-generational split-brood experiment. We spawned adults raised in ambient conditions to create offspring that we then exposed to high pCO<sub>2</sub> (1,180 μatm; simulating OA) or low pCO<sub>2</sub> (450 μatm; control or ambient conditions) during the first three months of life. We then allowed these animals to reach maturity in ambient common garden conditions for four years before returning the adults into high or low pCO<sub>2</sub> treatments for 11 months and measuring growth and reproductive potential. Early-life exposure to OA in the F1 generation decreased adult growth rate, even after 5 years, especially when abalone were re-exposed to OA as adults. Adult, but not early-life exposure, to OA negatively impacted fecundity. We then exposed the F2 offspring to high or low pCO<sub>2</sub> treatments for the first three months of life in a fully factorial, split-brood design. We found negative transgenerational effects of parental OA exposure on survival and growth of F2 offspring, in addition to significant direct effects of OA on F2 survival. These results show that the negative impacts of OA can last within and across generations, but that buffering against OA conditions at critical life-history windows can mitigate these effects.</p>
Neglected patterns of variation in transgenerational plasticity: The importance of different sources of environmental variation differs across ages and sexes in a cyprinid fish
<p>Adaptive transgenerational plasticity (TGP) requires individuals to integrate environmental experience across multiple sources. However, few empirical studies have considered that the relative relevance of certain sources might vary across ontogeny and sexes.</p> <p>Here, we address this knowledge gap by studying inducible antipredator defenses, one of the most convincing examples of TGP. We assessed individual and combined effects of perceived high predation risk in mothers, fathers, caring males and personal environments on the morphology of juvenile, adult male and adult female cyprinids Pimephales promelas.</p> <p>Parental rather than personal environmental experience determined morphological defense expression across ages and sexes, likely because parents had a longer sampling period.</p> <p>In juveniles and adult males, egg-mediated environmental experience outweighed sperm-mediated environmental experience in the induction of body shape differences, likely because eggs can transmit information beyond epigenomes. However, in adult females, where body shape responses can be interpreted as life-history plasticity, information from egg and sperm were equally important, likely resulting from different integration mechanisms between morphological and life-history plasticity.</p> <p>The importance of care-mediated relative to gamete-mediated variation changed between juveniles and adult males, likely because they represent short- and long-term environmental experience, respectively. Instead, in adult females, both sources were again equally important, potentially owing to lag-times of life-history plasticity. Parental care intensity only contributed marginally to defense formation.</p> <p>These results highlight age- and sex-specific prioritization of different environmental experiences so as to generate optimal phenotypes.</p>
Data from: Transgenerational effects of doxycycline and anhydrotetracycline on the microbiome of the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina
<p>Tetracyclines are a family of broad-spectrum antibiotics commonly used in agriculture, medicine, and research. However, exposure to tetracyclines is associated with a wide range of negative health outcomes. In some cases, these negative effects are transgenerational: when individuals are treated with tetracyclines, their untreated offspring exhibit phenotypic abnormalities. The causes of such transgenerational effects are not well-understood, but disruption of the microbiome and/or mitochondria may play an important role. Transgenerational effects from tetracyclines may threaten the success of an environmentally-friendly form of pest control, the release of transgenic males carrying a tetracycline-repressible female lethal gene. In this study, we investigated the direct and transgenerational effects of two tetracycline-class antibiotics, doxycycline (DOX) and anhydrotetracycline (ATC), on the blowfly<em> Lucilia cuprina</em>, a facultative parasite of sheep. To simulate the rearing conditions used in a male-only release program, blowflies were reared on diet alone, or diet plus DOX or ATC, for three generations, then reared for an additional fourth generation off tetracyclines. We used 16S amplicon sequencing and qPCR to examine whole-body microbiome composition and bacterial and mitochondrial DNA abundance in third and fourth generation flies. The microbiomes of third generation flies reared on DOX or ATC were similar in composition and diversity to the microbiomes of flies reared exclusively on the control diet. However, we found that the untreated fourth generation offspring of DOX- or ATC-treated flies displayed major shifts in microbiome composition relative to both their treated parents and untreated control groups. Our study supports a growing body of evidence that tetracyclines exert both direct and transgenerational effects on arthropods, and highlights the need to address these impacts in the context of insect pest management.</p>
Transgenerational plasticity in a zooplankton in response to elevated temperature and parasitism
<p>Organisms are increasingly facing multiple stressors, which can simultaneously interact to cause unpredictable impacts compared to a single stressor alone. Recent evidence suggests that phenotypic plasticity can allow for rapid responses to altered environments, including biotic and abiotic stressors, both within a generation and across generations (transgenerational plasticity). Parents can potentially 'prime' their offspring to better cope with similar stressors, or, alternatively, might produce offspring that are less fit because of energetic constraints. At present, it remains unclear exactly how biotic and abiotic stressors jointly mediate the responses of transgenerational plasticity, and whether this plasticity is adaptive. Here we test the effects of biotic and abiotic environmental changes on within- and trans-generational plasticity using a <em>Daphnia</em>-<em>Metschnikowia</em> zooplankton-fungal parasite system. By exposing parents and their offspring consecutively to the single and combined effects of elevated temperature and parasite infection, we showed that transgenerational plasticity induced by temperature and parasite stress influenced host fecundity and lifespan; offspring of mothers that were exposed to one of the stressors were better able to tolerate elevated temperature, compared to offspring of mothers that were exposed to neither or both stressors. Yet the negative effects caused by parasite infection were much stronger, and this greater reduction in host fitness was not mitigated by transgenerational plasticity. We also showed that elevated temperature led to a lower average immune response and that the relationship between immune response and lifetime fecundity reversed under elevated temperature: the daughters of exposed mothers showed decreased fecundity with increased hemocyte production at ambient temperature, but the opposite relationship at elevated temperature. Together, our results highlight the need to address questions at the interface of multiple stressors and transgenerational plasticity, and the importance of considering multiple fitness-associated traits when evaluating the adaptive value of transgenerational plasticity under changing environments.</p>
Transgenerational effect on sexual reproduction in rotifer populations in relation to the environmental predictability of their habitats
<p>Understanding the processes that enable adaptation of organisms to time-varying environments is critically relevant in evolutionary ecology. A way to cope with environmental fluctuations where predictable conditions affect several generations of individuals is through non-genetic transgenerational effects. The phenotype of ancestors affects the phenotype of their descendants matching it with the expected environment of the latter. Facultatively sexual rotifers inhabiting water bodies that cover a wide gradient of environmental predictability in Eastern Spain are a good study model for this topic. In their life cycle sex is linked to diapausing-egg production that enables survival between growing seasons. In several rotifer species, sexual reproduction is inhibited in several generations after diapausing-egg hatching. We hypothesized that in ponds where the growing season length is more predictable, rotifer clones proliferate asexually longer, hence allowing a fuller exploitation of the growing season and therefore maximize diapausing-egg production by the end of the season. We tested this prediction by estimating the proportion of sexual females produced by eight clones of the rotifer <em>Brachionus plicatilis</em> inhabiting eight ponds (8x8= 64 clones) from our study system. Here, we present the raw data gathered from the experiment. </p>
Transgenerational effects on body size and survival in brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis)
<p>Higher temperatures are now observed in several ecosystems and act as new selective agents that shape traits and fitness of individuals. Transgenerational effects may be important in modulating adaptation of future generations and buffering negative impacts of temperature changes. The potential for these effects may be important in freshwater fish species, as temperature is a key abiotic component of their environment. Yet, still, relatively few studies have assessed the presence and importance of transgenerational effects under natural conditions. The purpose of this study was to test how parental thermal conditions influenced offspring growth and survival following stocking in Brook charr (<em>Salvelinus fontinalis</em>). To do so, part of the breeders were exposed to a "cold" treatment while others were exposed to a "warm" treatment during the final steps of gonad maturation (constant 2°C difference between treatments along the seasonal temperature decrease). The impact on offspring of a selection treatment targeting production traits of interest (absence of sexual maturation at 1+, combined with increased growth) in breeders was also evaluated. After 7 to 8 months of growth in captivity, offspring were stocked in natural lakes. Their growth and survival were assessed about a year later. Offspring from "cold" breeders showed lower survival than those from "warm" breeders and the selection treatment had no effect on survival. However, the selection treatment was linked to lower Fulton's condition index, which, in turn, was positively correlated to survival in lakes. This study highlights the importance of working in ecological/industrial context to fully assess the different impacts of transgenerational effects on traits and survival. Our results also have important implications for stocking practices used to support the sport fishing industry.</p>
Neglected patterns of variation in transgenerational plasticity: The importance of different sources of environmental variation differs across ages and sexes in a cyprinid fish
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Transgenerational plasticity in a zooplankton in response to elevated temperature and parasitism
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Transgenerational exposure to deoxygenation and warming disrupts mate detection in Gammarus locusta
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Data and analyses from: Context matters: A meta-analysis of the variable impacts of transgenerational and developmental plasticity on responses to stress
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Within- and transgenerational stress legacy effects of ocean acidification on red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) growth and survival
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Data and code for: Transgenerational pathogen effects: Maternal pathogen exposure reduces offspring fitness
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Transgenerational effects on body size and survival in brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis)
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Endocrine disruptors cause multigenerational and transgenerational epigenetic changes in fish exposed during early life
<p>The inland silverside, <i>Menidia beryllina</i>, is a euryhaline fish and a model organism in ecotoxicology. We previously showed that exposure to picomolar (ng/L) levels of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can cause a variety of effects in <i>M. beryllina</i>, from changes in gene expression to phenotypic alterations. Here we explore the potential for early life exposure to EDCs to modify the epigenome in silversides, with a focus on multi- and transgenerational effects. EDCs included contaminants of emerging concern (the pyrethroid insecticide bifenthrin and the synthetic progestin levonorgestrel), as well as a commonly detected synthetic estrogen (ethinylestradiol), and a synthetic androgen (trenbolone) at exposure levels ranging from 3 to 10 ng/L. In a multigenerational experiment, we exposed parental silversides to EDCs from fertilization until 21 days post hatch (dph). Then we assessed DNA methylation patterns for three generations (F0, F1, and F2) in whole body larval fish using reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS). We found significant ( = 0.05) differences in promoter and/or gene body methylation in treatment fish relative to controls for all EDCs and all generations indicating that both multigenerational (F1) and transgenerational (F2) effects that were caused by strict inheritance of DNA methylation alterations and the dysregulation of epigenetic control mechanisms. Using gene ontology and pathway analyses, we found enrichment in biological processes and pathways representative of growth and development, immune function, reproduction, pigmentation, epigenetic regulation, stress response and repair (including pathways important in carcinogenesis). Further, we found that a subset of potentially EDC responsive genes (EDCRGs) were differentially methylated across all treatments and generations and included hormone receptors, genes involved in steroidogenesis, prostaglandin synthesis, sexual development, DNA methylation, protein metabolism and synthesis, cell signaling, and neurodevelopment. The analysis of EDCRGs provided additional evidence that differential methylation is inherited by the offspring of EDC-treated animals, sometimes in the F2 generation that was never exposed. These findings show that low, environmentally relevant levels of EDCs can cause altered methylation in genes that are functionally relevant to impaired phenotypes documented in EDC-exposed animals and EDC exposure has the potential to affect epigenetic regulation in fish that have not been directly exposed.</p>
Data from: Genotypic variation in the induction and persistence of transgenerational responses to seasonal cues
Phenotypes respond to environments experienced directly by an individual, via phenotypic plasticity, or to the environment experienced by ancestors, via transgenerational environmental effects. The adaptive value of environmental effects depends not only on the strength and direction of the induced response, but also on how long the response persists within and across generations, and how stably it is expressed across environments that are encountered subsequently. Little is known about the genetic basis of those distinct components, or even whether they exhibit genetic variation. We tested for genetic differences in the inducibility, temporal persistence, and environmental stability of transgenerational environmental effects in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetic variation existed in the inducibility of transgenerational effects on traits expressed across the life cycle. Surprisingly, the persistence of transgenerational effects into the third generation was uncorrelated with their induction in the second generation. While environmental effects for some traits in some genotypes weakened over successive generations, others were stronger or even in the opposite direction in more distant generations. Therefore, transgenerational effects in more distant generations are not merely caused by the retention or dissipation of those expressed in prior generations, but they may be genetically independent traits with the potential to evolve independently.
Data from: Transgenerational effects in an ecological context: conditioning of adult sea urchins to upwelling conditions alters maternal provisioning and progeny phenotype
Transgenerational plasticity occurs when the conditions experienced by the parental generation influences the phenotype of their progeny. This may in turn affect progeny performance and physiological tolerance, providing a means by which organisms cope with rapid environmental change. We conditioned adult purple sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, to combined pCO2 and temperature conditions reflective of in situ conditions of their natural habitat, the benthos in kelp forests of nearshore California, and then assessed the performance of their progeny raised under different pCO2 levels. Adults were conditioned during gametogenesis to treatments that reflected static non-upwelling (~650 μatm pCO2, ~17°C) and upwelling (~1300 μatm pCO2, ~13°C) conditions. Following approximately 4 months of conditioning, the adults were spawned and embryos were raised under low pCO2 (~450 μatm pCO2) or high pCO2 (~1050 μatm pCO2) treatments to determine if differential maternal conditioning impacted the progeny response to a single abiotic stressor: pCO2. We examined the size, protein content, and lipid content of eggs from both sets of conditioned female urchins. Offspring were sampled at four stages of early development: hatched blastula, gastrula, prism, and echinopluteus. This resulted in four sets of offspring: (1) progeny from non-upwelling-conditioned mothers raised under low pCO2, (2) progeny from non-upwelling-conditioned mothers raised under high pCO2, (3) progeny from upwelling-conditioned mothers raised under low pCO2, and (4) progeny from upwelling-conditioned mothers raised under high pCO2. We then assessed the effects of maternal conditioning along with the effects of developmental pCO2 levels on body size of the progeny. Our results showed that differential maternal conditioning had no impact on average egg size, although non-upwelling females produced eggs that were more variable in size. Maternal conditioning did not affect protein content but did have a modest impact on egg lipid content. Developing embryos whose mothers were conditioned to simulated upwelling conditions (~1300 μatm pCO2, ~13°C) were greater in body size, although this effect was no longer evident at the echinopluteus larval stage. Although maternal conditioning affected offspring body size, the pCO2 levels under which the embryos were raised did not. Overall, this laboratory study provides insight into how transgenerational effects may function in nature. The impacts of parental environmental history on progeny phenotype during early development have important implications regarding recruitment success and population-level effects.
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