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37 results for “Tree hydraulics”
Hydraulic Pathways in Leaves of Temperate Trees at Harvard Forest 2002
The transport of water, sugar and nutrients in trees is restricted to specific vascular pathways, and thus organs may be relatively isolated from one another (=sectored). Strongly sectored leaf-to-leaf pathways have been shown for the transport of sugar and signal molecules within a shoot, but not previously for water transport. The hydraulic sectoriality of leaf-to-leaf pathways was determined for current year shoots of six temperate deciduous tree species (three ring-porous: Castanea dentata, Fraxinus americana and Quercus rubra, and three diffuse-porous: Acer saccharum, Betula papyrifera and Liriodendron tulipifera). Hydraulic sectoriality was determined using dye staining and a hydraulic method. In the dye method, leaf blades were removed, and dye was forced into the most proximal petiole. For each petiole we counted the vascular traces shared with the proximal petiole. For other shoots, measurements were made of the leaf-area specific hydraulic conductivity for leaf-to-leaf pathways (kLL). In five of six species patterns of sectoriality reflected phyllotaxy; both the sharing of vascular bundles between leaves and kLL were higher for orthostichous than non-orthostichous leaf pairs. Species-differences in leaf-to-leaf sectoriality were determined as the proportional differences between non-orthostichous vs. orthostichous leaf pairs in their staining of shared vascular bundles and in their kLL; for the six species these two indices of sectoriality were strongly correlated (R2 = 0.94; P less than 0.001). Species varied 8-fold in their kLL-based sectoriality, and ring-porous species were more sectored than diffuse-porous species. Differential leaf-to-leaf sectoriality has implications for species-specific coordination of leaf gas exchange and water relations within a branch, especially during fluctuations in irradiance, water and nutrient availability.
Data_Schönauer et al. (2023)_Root and branch hydraulic functioning and trait coordination across organs in drought-deciduous and evergreen tree species of a subtropical highland forest
<p>Data used in</p> <p>Schönauer, M., Hietz, P., Schuldt, B., and Rewald, B. (2023). Root and branch hydraulic functioning and trait coordination across organs in drought-deciduous and evergreen tree species of a subtropical highland forest. Frontiers in plant science 14, 1127292. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1127292</p>
A catastrophic tropical drought kills hydraulically vulnerable tree species
<p>Drought-related tree mortality is now a widespread phenomenon predicted to increase in magnitude with climate change. However, the patterns of which species and trees are most vulnerable to drought, and the underlying mechanisms have remained elusive, in part due to the lack of relevant data and difficulty of predicting the location of catastrophic drought years in advance. We used long‐term demographic records and extensive databases of functional traits and distribution patterns to understand the responses of 20 to 53 species to an extreme drought in a seasonally dry tropical forest in Costa Rica, which occurred during the 2015 El Niño Southern Oscillation event. Overall, species-specific mortality rates during the drought ranged from 0% to 34%, and varied little as a function of tree size. By contrast, hydraulic safety margins correlated well with probability of mortality among species, while morphological or leaf economics spectrum traits did not. This firmly suggests hydraulic traits as targets for future research.</p>
High variation in hydraulic efficiency but not xylem safety between roots and branches in four temperate broad-leaved tree species
<p>Xylem hydraulic safety and efficiency are key traits determining tree fitness in a warmer and drier world. While numerous plant hydraulic studies have focused on branches, our understanding of root hydraulic functioning remains limited, although roots control water uptake, influence stomatal regulation and have commonly been considered as the most vulnerable organ along the hydraulic pathway. We investigated 11 traits related to xylem safety and efficiency along the hydraulic pathway in four temperate broad-leaved tree species. Continuous vessel tapering from coarse roots to stems and branches caused considerable reduction in hydraulic efficiency. Wood density was always lowest in roots, but did not decline linearly along the flow path. In contrast, xylem embolism resistance (P50) did not differ significantly between roots and branches, except for one species. The limited variation in xylem safety between organs did not adequately reflect the corresponding reductions in vessel diameter (by ~70%) and hydraulic efficiency (by ~85%). Although we did not observe any trade-off between xylem safety and specific conductivity, vessel diameter, vessel lumen fraction and wood density were related to embolism resistance, both across and partly within organs. We conclude that coarse roots are not highly vulnerable to xylem embolism as commonly believed, indicating that hydraulic failure during soil drying might be restricted to fine roots.</p>
Hydraulic traits are not robust predictors of tree species stem growth during a drought in a wet tropical forest
<p>Severe droughts have led to lower plant growth and high mortality in many ecosystems worldwide, including tropical forests. Drought vulnerability differs among species but there is limited consensus on the nature and degree of this variation in tropical forest communities. Understanding species-level vulnerability to drought requires examination of hydraulic traits since these reflect the different strategies species employ for surviving drought. Here we examined hydraulic traits and growth reductions during a severe drought for 12 common woody species in a wet tropical forest community in Puerto Rico to ask:</p> <p>Q1. To what extent can hydraulic traits predict growth declines during drought? We expected that species with more hydraulicly vulnerable xylem and narrower safety margins would grow less during drought.</p> <p>Q2. How do species successional association relate to levels of vulnerability to drought and hydraulic strategies? We predicted that early- and mid-successional species would exhibit more acquisitive strategies, making them more susceptible to drought than shade-tolerant species.</p> <p>Q3. What are the different hydraulic strategies employed by species and are there trade-offs between drought avoidance and drought tolerance?</p> <p>We anticipated that species with greater water storage capacity would have leaves that lose turgor at higher xylem water potential and be less resistant to embolism forming in their xylem (P50). We found a large range of variation in hydraulic traits across species; however, they did not closely capture the magnitude of growth declines during drought. Among larger trees (≥10 cm diameter at breast height—DBH), some tree species with high xylem embolism vulnerability and risk of hydraulic failure experienced substantial declines during drought but this pattern was consistent across species. We found a trade-off among species between drought avoidance (capacitance) and drought tolerating (P50) in this tropical forest community. Hydraulic strategies did not align with successional associations. Instead, some of the more drought-vulnerable species were shade-tolerant dominants in the community, suggesting that a drying climate could lead to shifts in long-term forest composition and function in Puerto Rico and the Caribbean.</p>
Large leaf hydraulic safety margins limit the risk of drought-induced leaf hydraulic dysfunction in Neotropical rainforest canopy tree species
<p>The sequence of key water potential thresholds from the onset of water stress to mortality, and the timing of stomatal closure with regard to leaf xylem embolism formation are essential to characterizing plant adaptive strategies to drought. This constitutes a critical knowledge gap for tropical rainforest species, which may be less vulnerable to drought than previously thought.</p> <p>We recorded key leaf and stem water potential thresholds, leaf hydraulic safety margins (HSMleaf), leaf stomatal safety margins (SSMleaf) and estimated native embolism levels during a normal-intensity dry season across 18 Neotropical rainforest tree species. We also solved a sequence of key water potential thresholds. Additionally, we provide a cross-biome analysis of SSMleaf encompassing 97 species from four major biomes based on a literature survey.</p> <p>In the studied rainforest species, leaf turgor loss point, used as a surrogate for stomatal closure, typically occurred before the onset of leaf xylem embolism. Most species exhibited positive HSMleaf and SSMleaf, with contrasting values across species and nearly absent embolism levels during the dry season irrespective of the experienced midday leaf water potentials. Our results point out that leaf xylem embolism is not routine for Neotropical rainforest tree species.</p> <p>Based on our proposal of the water potential sequence for tropical rainforest trees, we argue that leaf xylem embolism is a rare event for these species. This was supported by the literature survey, indicating that across biomes, most woody species have rather large SSM<sub>leaf</sub> and that leaves of tropical rainforest trees are not necessarily more vulnerable than in other biomes. However, we found evidence that some tropical rainforest species may be more vulnerable than others to ongoing climate change. Our data provide an opportunity to parametrize tree-based or land-surface models for tropical rainforests.</p>
Data from: Axial conduit widening, tree height and height growth rate set the hydraulic transition of sapwood into heartwood
<p><span>The size-related xylem adjustments required to maintain</span><span> a constant leaf-specific sapwood conductance (<em>K<sub>LEAF</sub></em>) with increasing height (<em>H</em>) are still under discussion. Alternative hypotheses are that: (i) the conduit hydraulic diameter (<em>Dh</em>) at any position in the stem and/or (ii) the number of sapwood rings at stem base (<em>NSWr</em>) increase with <em>H.</em> In addition, (iii) lower stem elongation (</span><em>Δ<span>H</span></em><span>) increases the tip-to-base conductance through inner xylem rings, thus possibly the <em>NSWr</em> contributing to <em>K<sub>LEAF</sub></em>.</span></p> <p><span>A detailed stem analysis showed that </span><em><span>Dh</span></em><span><em> </em>increased with the distance from the apex (<em>DCA</em>) in all rings of a <em>P. abies</em> and a <em>F. sylvatica</em> tree. Net of <em>DCA</em> effect, <em>Dh</em> did not increase with <em>H</em>. Using sapwood traits from a global dataset, <em>NSWr</em> increased with <em>H</em> and decreased with </span><em>Δ<span>H</span></em><span>, and the mean sapwood ring width (<em>SWrw</em>) increased with </span><em>Δ<span>H</span></em><span>. A numerical model based on anatomical patterns predicted the effects of <em>H</em> and </span><em>Δ<span>H</span></em><span> on the conductance of inner xylem rings.</span></p> <p><span>Results suggested the sapwood/heartwood transition depends on both <em>H</em> and </span><em>Δ<span>H</span></em><span>, and is set when the C allocation to maintenance respiration of living cells in inner sapwood rings produces a lower gain in total conductance than investing the same C in new vascular conduits.</span></p>
Coordinated drought responses determine the time to hydraulic failure in five temperate tree species differing in their degree of isohydry
<p>This file contains variables of interest at tree level measured, calculated and presented in the study "Coordinated drought responses determine the time to hydraulic failure in five temperate tree species differing in their degree of isohydry". </p>
A catastrophic tropical drought kills hydraulically vulnerable tree species
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Large leaf hydraulic safety margins limit the risk of drought-induced leaf hydraulic dysfunction in Neotropical rainforest canopy tree species
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Mixing oak and pine trees in Mediterranean forests increases aboveground hydraulic dysfunctions
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Lianas and trees exhibit distinct hydraulic and functional traits in a subtropical forest
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Hydraulic traits are not robust predictors of tree species stem growth during a drought in a wet tropical forest
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High variation in hydraulic efficiency but not xylem safety between roots and branches in four temperate broad-leaved tree species
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Data from: Axial conduit widening, tree height and height growth rate set the hydraulic transition of sapwood into heartwood
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Fire effects on tree physiology, growth, and drought vulnerability: Non-structural carbohydrate, hydraulic function, water potential, and tree growth data
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Data from: Plasticity in hydraulic architecture: Riparian trees respond to increased temperatures with genotype-specific adjustments to leaf traits
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Are leaf, stem and hydraulic traits good predictors of individual tree growth? (FUN2FUN project)
<ol> <li>A major foundation of trait-based ecology is that traits have an impact on individual performance. However, trait-growth relationships have not been extensively tested in trees, especially outside tropical ecosystems. In addition, measuring traits directly related to physiological processes ('hard traits') remains difficult and the differences between inter- and intraspecific relationships are seldom explored.</li> <li> <span>Here, we use individual-level data on a set of hydraulic, leaf and stem traits to explore which traits are the best predictors of basal area increment (BAI) and growth efficiency (BAI per unit of tree leaf area, GE) among and within species for six dominant tree species along a water availability gradient under Mediterranean climate (Catalonia, NE Spain). Measured traits include: </span>leaf mass per area (LMA), leaf nitrogen concentration (N), leaf C isotopic composition (d<sup>13</sup>C), stem wood density (WD), branch-level estimates of the Huber value (Hv), the sapwood-specific hydraulic conductivity (K<sub>S</sub>), the leaf-specific hydraulic conductivity (K<sub>L</sub>) and resistance to xylem embolism (P<sub>50</sub>), and the leaf water potential at turgor loss (P<sub>tlp</sub>).</li> <li>Traits were better predictors of GE than BAI and significant relationships were largely driven by differences among species means. Contrary to our initial hypotheses, high values of both growth metrics<span> were associated with 'conservative' leaf and hydraulic traits. In particular, BAI was negatively associated with wood density and hydraulic efficiency per unit leaf area (</span>K<sub>L</sub><span>), while GE increased with LMA, allocation to sapwood relative to leaves (Hv) and resistance to xylem embolism </span>(P<sub>50</sub>)<span>. </span>Climate effects on BAI and GE were indirectly mediated by changes in traits, stand structure and tree size. Overall, these results suggest that maintaining functionality over extended periods of time may be more important that maximum gas exchange or hydraulic capacity to achieve high radial growth under Mediterranean climates.</li> <li>Our study reveals that the relationships between 'functional' traits and tree performance along environmental gradients are complex and do not necessarily conform to simple hypotheses based on our understanding of organ-level processes. Trait integration along common axes of variation together with a revaluation of the variables that better reflect whole-tree performance can greatly improve our understanding of trait-growth relationships.</li> </ol>
Divergent responses of forest dominant trees species to the manipulated canopy and understory nitrogen additions in terms of foliage stoichiometric, economic and hydraulic traits
<p>Nitrogen (N) deposition effects on the stoichiometric balance and photosynthetic and hydraulic couplings in subtropical forests has drawn wide attentions. The previously adopted understory application of N fertilization is criticized because it might ignore foliar N retention for different species. This paper reports a fertilizing application from the canopy (CAN) and under the canopy (UAN) in a phosphorus (P) limited ecosystem. Foliage stoichiometric, photosynthetic and hydraulic traits of six dominant species were measured and analyzed. Both treatments equally enhanced foliage N and N/P, but not foliage P, who was highly species-specific depending on tree height, which implied enhanced P limitation. Decreased isotope abundance of <sup><span>15</span></sup>N (δ<sup><span>15</span></sup>N) that approaching to the level in the urea fertilizer under CAN suggested the existence of canopy retention of N. Besides, N response sensitivity of N, P and δ<sup><span>15</span></sup>N that positively related to tree height (H) under CAN indicated different exposure to the added N, which promoted stoichiometric imbalance among species. The photosynthetic traits represented by net photosynthesis (<i><span>A</span></i><sub><span>n</span></sub>) increased under both treatments. A divergent foliar photosynthetic and hydraulic traits varations was identified by signifcant decreased stomatal conductance (<i>g</i><sub><span>s</span></sub>) and <i><span>A</span></i><sub><span>n </span></sub>/<i><span>g</span></i><sub><span>s</span></sub> for CAN treatments, which induced the elevated isotope abundance of <sup><span>13</span></sup>C (δ<sup><span>13</span></sup>C). Correspondingly, foliage hydraulic traits that shifted to water use efficiency axis were identified only under CAN in principal component analysis. Overall, our results proved that the canopy obsorbtion and species heterogeneity should be considered regarding foliar safety vs efficiency trade-off in response to nitrogen additions in the future.</p>
Data from: Convergence in resource use efficiency across trees with differing hydraulic strategies in response to ecosystem precipitation manipulation
1. Plants are expected to respond to drought by maximizing the efficiency of the most limiting resource, the water use efficiency (WUE), at the expense of nitrogen and carbon use efficiencies (NUE and CUE). Therefore, plants resource use efficiencies are viewed as indicators of species drought tolerance. 2. We tested these predictions by measuring leaf-level intrinsic WUE (WUEi, the ratio of net assimilation to stomatal conductance), photosynthetic NUE (PNUE, the ratio of daily maximum net assimilation to leaf nitrogen content) and leaf-scale CUE (approached by the ratio of nighttime respiration to daytime net assimilation, Rd/An) in piñon pine and juniper, two tree species that differ in drought tolerance and vulnerability to drought-induced mortality. Variations in resource use efficiency in the two species were measured in response to seasonal drought and in response to an ecosystem-scale precipitation manipulation experiment comprising three precipitation treatments: ambient, irrigation (+30%) and partial rainfall exclusion (-45%). 3. Increasing water limitation, either seasonally or across treatments, resulted in increased WUE and decreased PNUE and CUE in both species. WUE, PNUE and CUE varied more strongly in response to water limitation than across species and converged to the same relationships against precipitation for piñon and juniper. 4. Plasticity in WUE, PNUE and CUE in response to water limitation was associated, in both species, with low carbon acquisition during drought. Our results exhibited a convergence in resource use efficiency across piñon and juniper which contradicts the paradigm that resource use efficiencies are indicators of species drought tolerance and ecological strategy.
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