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opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Recognition of endophytic Trichoderma species by leaf-cutting ants and their potential in a Trojan-horse management strategy

Interactions between leaf-cutting ants, their fungal symbiont (Leucoagaricus) and the endophytic fungi within the vegetation they carry into their colonies are still poorly understood. If endophytes antagonistic to Leucoagaricus were found in plant material being carried by these ants, then this might indicate a potential mechanism for plants to defend themselves from leaf-cutter attack. In addition, it could offer possibilities for the management of these important Neotropical pests. Here, we show that, for Atta sexdens rubropilosa, there was a significantly greater incidence of Trichoderma species in the vegetation removed from the nests—and deposited around the entrances—than in that being transported into the nests. In a no-choice test, Trichoderma-infested rice was taken into the nest, with deleterious effects on both the fungal gardens and ant survival. The endophytic ability of selected strains of Trichoderma was also confirmed, following their inoculation and subsequent reisolation from seedlings of eucalyptus. These results indicate that endophytic fungi which pose a threat to ant fungal gardens through their antagonistic traits, such as Trichoderma, have the potential to act as bodyguards of their plant hosts and thus might be employed in a Trojan-horse strategy to mitigate the negative impact of leaf-cutting ants in both agriculture and silviculture in the Neotropics. We posit that the ants would detect and evict such 'malign' endophytes—artificially inoculated into vulnerable crops—during the quality-control process within the nest, and, moreover, that the foraging ants may then be deterred from further harvesting of 'Trichoderma-enriched' plants.

opencc-zeroMar 2023View details →

Supplemental data for: Endophyte genomes support greater metabolic gene cluster diversity compared with non-endophytes in Trichoderma

Trichoderma is a cosmopolitan genus with diverse lifestyles and nutritional modes, including mycotrophy, saprophytism, and endophytism. Previous research has reported greater metabolic gene repertoires in endophytic fungal species compared to closely-related non-endophytes. However, the extent of this ecological trend and its underlying mechanisms are unclear. Some endophytic fungi may also be mycotrophs and have one or more mycoparasitism mechanisms. Mycotrophic endophytes are prominent in certain genera like Trichoderma, therefore, the mechanisms that enable these fungi to colonize both living plants and fungi may be the result of expanded metabolic gene repertoires. Our objective was to determine what, if any, genomic features are overrepresented in endophytic fungi genomes in order to undercover the genomic underpinning of the fungal endophytic lifestyle. Here we compared metabolic gene cluster and mycoparasitism gene diversity across a dataset of thirty-eight Trichoderma genomes representing the full breadth of environmental Trichoderma's diverse lifestyles and nutritional modes. We generated four new Trichoderma endophyticum genomes to improve the sampling of endophytic isolates from this genus. As predicted, endophytic Trichoderma genomes contained, on average, more total biosynthetic and degradative gene clusters than non-endophytic isolates, suggesting that the ability to create/modify a diversity of metabolites potential is beneficial or necessary to the endophytic fungi. Still, once the phylogenetic signal was taken into consideration, no particular class of metabolic gene cluster was independently associated with the Trichoderma endophytic lifestyle. Several mycoparasitism genes, but no chitinase genes, were associated with endophytic Trichoderma genomes. Most genomic differences between Trichoderma lifestyles and nutritional modes are difficult to disentangle from phylogenetic divergences among species, suggesting that Trichoderma genomes may be particularly well-equipped for lifestyle plasticity. We also consider the role of endophytism in diversifying secondary metabolism after identifying the horizontal transfer of the ergot alkaloid gene cluster to Trichoderma.

publicApr 2017View details →

Data from: Recognition of endophytic Trichoderma species by leaf-cutting ants and their potential in a Trojan-horse management strategy

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publicMar 2023View details →

Data for: Endophyte genomes support greater metabolic gene cluster diversity compared with non-endophytes in Trichoderma

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opennotspecifiedOct 2018View details →

FIGURE 1 in Trichoderma polyalthiae sp. nov., an endophytic fungus from Polyalthia debilis

FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic tree based on maximum likelihood (ML) analysis of the combined dataset (rpb2 + tef1). The numbers above branches represent ML bootstrap values and Bayesian posterior probabilities. The scale bar represents the number of nucleotide substitutions per site.

opennotspecifiedOct 2018View details →

FIGURE 2 in Trichoderma polyalthiae sp. nov., an endophytic fungus from Polyalthia debilis

FIGURE 2. Asexual stage of Trichoderma polyalthiae (UBZSN2-1). a-c Cultures at 25 °C after 3d (a on CMD; b on PDA; c on SNA). d, e Conidiophores on growth plate. f, g Conidiophores (arrows), conidiogenous cells and conidia. h Chlamydospores (arrows). i Scanning electron microscopy of conidium. Scale bars: a–c = 20 mm. d, e = 100 mm. f–h = 10 μm, i = 1 μm.

Fig. 3. X in (+)- and ()-trichodermatrione A: a pair of enantiomers with a cyclobutane-containing skeleton from the endophytic fungus Trichoderma sp. EFT2

Fig. 3. X-ray structures of (+)-1 (A) and ()-1 (B), and experimental and calculated ECD spectra of (+)-1 (C) and ()-1 (D).

Fig. 7 in Molecular insights of fungal endophyte co-inoculation with Trichoderma viride for the augmentation of forskolin biosynthesis in Coleus forskohlii

Fig. 7. Effect of endophyte (s) and TV1 colonization alone or in co-inoculation on photosynthetic pigments. (a) chlorophyll a, (b) chlorophyll b, and (c) carotenoids. Standard deviation of mean (SD) of three biological replicates. Asterisks indicate a significant variance between control and treatment plants (*p <0.05, **p <0.01).

Fig. 5 in Molecular insights of fungal endophyte co-inoculation with Trichoderma viride for the augmentation of forskolin biosynthesis in Coleus forskohlii

Fig. 5. Impact of RF1+TV1 combination on forskolin pathway genes analyzed by Real-time qPCR. Data are mean ±SD (n =3 replicates). The relative quantity (RQ) of each gene was estimated using the formula RQ =2-ΔΔCt. Expression level of gene (a) CfTPS1, (b) CfTPS2, (c) CfTPS3, (d) CfTPS4, (e) CfCYP76AH15 and (f) CfACT1- 8. Asterisks indicate significant variation between control and endophyte inoculations (**p <0.01).

Fig. 4 in Molecular insights of fungal endophyte co-inoculation with Trichoderma viride for the augmentation of forskolin biosynthesis in Coleus forskohlii

Fig. 4. Schematic representation of forskolin biosynthetic pathway. Inoculation of CFRF1+TV1 combination differentially modulated the expression of different genes involved in forskolin biosynthesis. Intensity of grey to dark color with circles indicates expression level of specific gene in control (C) and RF1+TV1 (R + T) treated plants (i. e., grey color less expression and dark color more expression). The higher expression of CfTPS2 and CfACT1-8 followed by CfCY- P76AH15, CfTPS4, and CfTPS3.

Fig. 3 in Molecular insights of fungal endophyte co-inoculation with Trichoderma viride for the augmentation of forskolin biosynthesis in Coleus forskohlii

Fig. 3. Forskolin relative yield in various treatments tested under field conditions were analyzed by TLC method. (a) TLC plate and (b) graphical view of forskolin relative yield in roots. F: forskolin standard, Con: control, T1: RF1, T2: SF1, T3: SF2, T4: TV1, T5: RF1 + TV1, T6: SF1 + TV1 and T7: SF2 + TV1. Standard deviation of mean (SD). Asterisks indicate a significant variation between control and treatment plants (*p <0.05, **p <0.01).

Fig. 2 in Molecular insights of fungal endophyte co-inoculation with Trichoderma viride for the augmentation of forskolin biosynthesis in Coleus forskohlii

Fig. 2. Effect of endophytes and TV1 colonization on C. forskohlii. The beneficial effects of various treatments on plant height, branch number and total biomass. The graphical bar represents the effect of total of seven treatments, RF1, SF1, SF2, TV1, RF1+TV1, SF1+TV1, and SF2+TV2 and one control. (a) Plant height and (b) Number of branches. The fresh weights of shoots and roots (c) and dry weights of shoots and roots (d) were analyzed. The root length and number of tuberous roots per plant also recorded from 4 biological replicates. Error bars represents the standard deviation of mean (SD). Asterisks indicate a significant difference between control and endophyte treatments (*p <0.05, **p <0.01).

Fig. 1 in Molecular insights of fungal endophyte co-inoculation with Trichoderma viride for the augmentation of forskolin biosynthesis in Coleus forskohlii

Fig. 1. Scanning electron microscopic images of fungal endophytes, P. cornearis (SF1), M. pseudophaseolina (SF2), and F. redolens (RF1) grown on PDA. The magnified images of conidia and mycelia were captured. SF1 (A) and SF1 (B) are magnified images of chlamydospore (arrows) and scale = 10 μM (5000 ×) and 5 μM (10000 ×), respectively. SF2 (A) and SF2 (B) are magnified images of mycelia (arrows) and scale = 20 μM (2500 ×) and 5 μM (10000 ×), respectively. RF1 (A) and RF1 (B) are magnified images of chlamydospore (arrow) and scale = 5 μM (10000 ×) and 2 μM (20000 ×), respectively.

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Fig. 2 in (+)- and ()-trichodermatrione A: a pair of enantiomers with a cyclobutane-containing skeleton from the endophytic fungus Trichoderma sp. EFT2

Fig. 2. Key COSY, HMBC and NOESY correlations of 1.

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Fig. 1 in (+)- and ()-trichodermatrione A: a pair of enantiomers with a cyclobutane-containing skeleton from the endophytic fungus Trichoderma sp. EFT2

Fig. 1. (A) Chemical structure and (B) X-ray crystallographic structure of trichodermatrione A (1).

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Fig. 4 in (+)- and ()-trichodermatrione A: a pair of enantiomers with a cyclobutane-containing skeleton from the endophytic fungus Trichoderma sp. EFT2

Fig. 4. Proposed mechanism of formation of 1.

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Fig. 6 in Molecular insights of fungal endophyte co-inoculation with Trichoderma viride for the augmentation of forskolin biosynthesis in Coleus forskohlii

Fig. 6. Effect of different treatments on complex diseases of C. forskohlii. (a) Root knot index or gall index, (b) Percentage of disease index, and (c) percentage of wild incidence were analyzed. Error bars represents the standard deviation of mean (SD) between eight biological replicates. Asterisks indicate a significant reduction of disease severity compared to control plants (*p <0.05, **p <0.01).