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Fig. 2 in Croton sertanejus, a new species from Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest in Brazil, and redescription of C. echioides (Euphorbiaceae)
Fig. 2. Croton sertanejus Sodré & M.J.Silva sp. nov. A–B. Habit. C. Flowering branch showing ramifying in alternate branches. D. Inflorescence showing pistillate flowers and staminate buds. E. Pistillate flowers. F. Unisexual staminate inflorescence. G. Fruit. H–I. Fruit columella. J. Apex of columella with irregular and plane tips. K. Seed, dorsal side. L. Seed, ventral surface. A–F = Population from Oliveira dos Brejinhos, Bahia (R.C. Sodré et al. 3350, holotype; BOTU); G–L = K.N.C. Castro & J.B.A. Souza 471 (CEN). Photographs: R.C. Sodré.
Fig. 7 in Croton sertanejus, a new species from Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest in Brazil, and redescription of C. echioides (Euphorbiaceae)
Fig. 7. Cross sections of the petiole of Croton echioides Baill. and C. sertanejus Sodré & M.J.Silva sp. nov. A–E. Croton echioides. A. Median portion of the petiole. B. Detail of accessory vascular bundles. C. Detail of the epidermis, cortex and vascular cylinder. D–E. Detail of vascular cylinder, laticifers, gelatinous fibers and druses. – F–J. C. sertanejus sp. nov. F. Median portion of the petiole. G. Detail of accessory vascular bundles. H. Detail of the epidermis and cortex. I–J. Detail of vascular cylinder, gelatinous fibers and druses. Asterisks indicate laticifers. Abbreviations: av = accessory vascular bundles; cl = collenchyma; co = cortex; d = druses; ep = epidermis; f = gelatinous fibers; p = pericycle; pa = ground parenchyma; ph = phloem; pi = pith; stt = stellate trichome; vc = vascular cylinder; xy = xylem. A–E = R.C. Sodré et al. 3284 (BOTU); F–J = R.C. Sodré et al. 3350, holotype (BOTU). Scale bars: A, F = 300 µm; B–D, G–H, J = 50 µm; C = 200 µm; E, I = 20 µm.
Fig. 3 in Croton sertanejus, a new species from Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest in Brazil, and redescription of C. echioides (Euphorbiaceae)
Fig. 3. Geographical distribution of Croton echioides Baill. and C. sertanejus Sodré & M.J.Silva sp. nov. Ecoregions classified according to Dinerstein et al. (2017) (avaliable athttps://ecoregions2017.appspot.com). Abbreviations for Brazilian States: AL = Alagoas; BA = Bahia; CE = Ceará; ES = Espirito Santo; DF = Federal District; GO = Goiás; MA = Maranhão; MG = Minas Gerais; PB = Paraíba; PE = Pernambuco; PI = Piauí; RJ = Rio de Janeiro; RN = Rio Grande do Norte; SE = Sergipe; SP = São Paulo; TO = Tocantins.
Fig. 5. Croton echioides Baill. A–B. Habit. C. Flowering branch. D in Croton sertanejus, a new species from Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest in Brazil, and redescription of C. echioides (Euphorbiaceae)
Fig. 5. Croton echioides Baill. A–B. Habit. C. Flowering branch. D. Inflorescence showing pistillate flowers and staminate buds, detail of the pistillate flowers in the insert. E. Pistillate flowers. F. Median portion of an inflorescence with bisexual cymules containing one pistillate flower and one staminate bud. G. Detail of the staminate inflorescence. H. Staminate flowers. I. Staminate flowers and buds. J. Fruit. K. Fruit columella. L. Apex of columella with three slightly ascending tips. M. Seed, dorsal side. N. Seed, ventral side. A, F–I. = Population from Igaporã, Bahia (R.C. Sodré et al. 3284; BOTU); B–E. = Population from Abaíra, Bahia (R.C. Sodré et al. 3314; BOTU); J–N. = V.C. Souza et al. 5495 (ESA). Photographs: R.C. Sodré.
Fig. 6 in Croton sertanejus, a new species from Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest in Brazil, and redescription of C. echioides (Euphorbiaceae)
Fig. 6. Cross sections of the leaf blade of C. echioides Baill. (A, E–I, N–Q) and C. sertanejus Sodré & M.J.Silva sp. nov. (B–D, J–M, R–V). A. Median portion of the leaf blade of C. echioides, note the stipitate trichomes of abaxial surface in lateral view. B. Median portion of the leaf blade of C. sertanejus, note the sessile trichomes of abaxial surface in lateral view. C. Leaf margin of C. sertanejus, note simple trichomes of adaxial surface. D. Base of the trichome of adaxial surface of C. sertanejus. E. Vascular bundle of C. echioides. F–H. Median portion of the leaf blade of C. echioides. I. Leaf margin of C. echioides. J. Vascular bundle of C. sertanejus. K–L. Median portion of the leaf blade of C. sertanejus. M. Leaf margin of C. sertanejus. N. Primary vein of C. echioides. O. Detail of vascular cylinder of C. echioides primary vein. P. Collenchyma in adaxial surface of C. echioides primary vein. Q. Detail of the vascular bundle, note xylem, phloem, laticifer and druse. R. Primary vein of C. sertanejus. S. Detail of vascular cylinder of C. sertanejus primary vein. T. Collenchyma in adaxial surface of C. echioides primary vein. U. Detail of the epidermis and cortex of C. echioides primary vein. V. Detail of the vascular bundle, note xylem, phloem and druse. Arrowheads indicate stomata; asterisks indicate laticifers. Abbreviations: cl = collenchyma; co = cortex; d = druses; ep = epidermis; i = idioblasts; pa = ground parenchyma; ph = phloem; pp = palisade parenchyma; sp = spongy parenchyma; st = simple trichome; stt = stellate trichome; vb = vascular bundle; vc = vascular cylinder; xy = xylem. A, E–I, N–Q = R.C. Sodré et al. 3284 (BOTU); B–D, J–M, R–V = R.C. Sodré et al. 3350, holotype (BOTU). Scale bars: A–C, N, R = 200 µm; D–G, I–M, P–Q, T–V = 50 µm; H = 20 µm; O, S = 100 µm.
Fig. 1 in Croton sertanejus, a new species from Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest in Brazil, and redescription of C. echioides (Euphorbiaceae)
Fig. 1. Croton sertanejus Sodré & M.J.Silva sp. nov. A. Flowering branch. B. Detail of older portion of stem with leaf scars. C 1 –C 2. Indumentum of the stems. C 1. Tomentose indumentum. C 2. Hirsute indumentum. D 1 –D 3. Trichomes of the stems. D 1. Stellate trichome. D 2. Multiradiate-porrect trichome. D 3. Stellate-porrect trichome. E. Stipule, ventral surface. F 1 –F 2. Leaves. F 1. Elliptic leaf blade. F 2. Ovate leaf blade. G. Detail of the galls on the leaf blade. H. Extrafloral nectaries of leaf base in adaxial view. I. Colleters of leaf margin in adaxial view. J1–J3. Indumentum of leaf blades. J1. Tomentose indumentum of abaxial surface. J2. Sparse indumentum of simple, stellate-porrect or 2-radiate trichomes of adaxial surface. J 3. Sparse indumentum of stellate trichomes of adaxial surface. K. Inflorescence. L 1. Staminate flower bract, ventral surface. L 2. Staminate flower bracteole, ventral surface. M. Staminate flower. N 1 – N 3. Lobes of staminate flower calyx in dorsal view. N 1. Two lobes showing the union of the calyx. N 2. Dense indumentum of stellate-porrect trichomes. N3. Sparse indumentum of stellate-porrect trichomes. O 1 –O 2. Pistillate flower petals in dorsal view. O 1. Obovate petal. O 2. Oblanceolate petal. P. Stamen. Q 1. Pistillate flower bract, ventral surface. Q 2. Pistillate flower bracteole, ventral surface. R. Pistillate flower. S 1 –S 2. Pistillate flower sepal. S 1. Dorsal view. S 2. Ventral view. T. Gynoecium. U. Nectary disk and reduced petals of the pistillate flowers (cut out sepals and gynoecium removed). V. Fruit. W 1. Fruit columella. W2. Apex of columella with irregular and plane tips. W3. Apex of columella with three slightly ascending tips. X 1. Seed, dorsal side. X2. Seed, ventral side. Drawing by Renato Galhardo: A–U = R.C. Sodré et al. 3350, holotype (BOTU); V–X = K.N.C. Castro & J.B.A. Souza 471 (CEN).
Fig. 4. Croton echioides Baill. A. Flowering branch. B in Croton sertanejus, a new species from Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest in Brazil, and redescription of C. echioides (Euphorbiaceae)
Fig. 4. Croton echioides Baill. A. Flowering branch. B. Detail of the indumentum of the stems and stipule. C 1 –C 2. Trichomes of the stems. C 1. Stellate-rotate trichome. C 2. Stellate-porrect trichome. D 1 –D 2. Stipules. D1. Surface. D 2. Ventral surface. E 1–E3. Leaves, note the variation in the shape of the leaf blades and in the length of the petioles. F1–F3. Extrafloral nectaries of leaf base in abaxial view. F1. Stipitatepatelliform. F 2. Obconic. F 3. Cylindric. G. Colleters of leaf margin in adaxial view. H 1. Leaf indumentum of the abaxial surface. H 2. Leaf indumentum of the adaxial surface. I. Inflorescence. J 1. Staminate flower bract, ventral surface. J 2. Staminate flower bracteole, ventral surface. K. Staminate flower. L 1 –L 2. Lobes of staminate flower calyces in dorsal view. L1. Dense indumentum. L2. Sparse indumentum. M1–M2. Staminate flower petals in dorsal view. M1. Obovate petal. M2. Oboval-oblanceolate petal. N. Stamen. O 1. Pistillate flower bract, ventral surface. O 2 –O 3. Pistillate flower bracteoles, ventral surface. P. Pistillate flower. Q. Pistillate flower in upper view showing ventral surface of the sepals, disk and reduced petals (gynoecium removed), note the unequal sepals. R 1 –R 2. Indumentum of ventral surface of the pistillate flower sepals. S. Pistillate flower in lower view showing dorsal surface of sepals. T. Indumentum of dorsal surface of the pistillate flower sepals. U. Gynoecium. V. Nectary disk and reduced petals of the pistillate flowers (cut out sepals and gynoecium removed). W. Fruit. X 1. Fruit columella. X 2. Apex of columella with plane tips. X 3. Apex of columella with three slightly ascending tips. Y 1. Seed, dorsal side. Y 2. Seed, ventral side. Drawing by Renato Galhardo: A, E2, F1 = E. Melo et al. 7571 (HUEFS); E1, F3, O1–V = R.C. Sodré et al. 3284 (BOTU); B–D2, G–N = R.C. Sodré et al. 3314 (BOTU); E3, F2, W–Y2 = V.C. Souza et al. 5495 (ESA).
Linked collectors and determiners for: Croton sertanejus, a new species from Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest in Brazil, and redescription of C. echioides (Euphorbiaceae).
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Croton sertanejus, a new species from Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest in Brazil, and redescription of C. echioides (Euphorbiaceae)". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/95293339-8775-4667-aa17-7639808b7a7d">https://bionomia.net/dataset/95293339-8775-4667-aa17-7639808b7a7d</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/95293339-8775-4667-aa17-7639808b7a7d">https://gbif.org/dataset/95293339-8775-4667-aa17-7639808b7a7d</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
FIG. 3 in New species of lichen for Colombia tropical dry forest
FIG. 3. — Pyrenula gigaspora Soto-Medina, Aptroot & Lücking, sp. nov.: A, habitus; B, ascospores. Scale bars: A, 10 mm; B, 20 μm.
FIG. 2 in New species of lichen for Colombia tropical dry forest
FIG. 2. — Ocellularia vallensis Soto-Medina & Lücking, sp. nov.: A, habitus; B, C, ascospores. Scale bars: A, 10 mm; B, C, 10 μm.
FIG. 1 in New species of lichen for Colombia tropical dry forest
FIG. 1. — Astrothelium caucavallense Soto-Medina & Aptroot, sp. nov.: A, habitus; B, ascospores. Scale bars: A, 10 mm; B, 10 μm.
Data from: Contrasting patterns of leaf trait variation among and within species during tropical dry forest succession in Costa Rica
A coordinated response to environmental drivers amongst individual functional traits is central to the plant strategy concept. However, whether the trait co-ordination observed at the global scale occurs at other ecological scales (especially within species) remains an open question. Here, for sapling communities of two tropical dry forest types in Costa Rica, we show large differences amongst traits in the relative contribution of species turnover and intraspecific variation to their directional changes in response to environmental changes along a successional gradient. We studied the response of functional traits associated with the leaf economics spectrum and drought tolerance using intensive sampling to analyse inter- and intra-specific responses to environmental changes and ontogeny. Although the overall functional composition of the sapling communities changed during succession more through species turnover than through intraspecific trait variation, their relative contributions differed greatly amongst traits. For instance, community mean specific leaf area changed mostly due to intraspecific variation. Traits of the leaf economics spectrum showed decoupled responses to environmental drivers and ontogeny. These findings emphasise how divergent ecological mechanisms combine to cause great differences in changes of individual functional traits over environmental gradients and ecological scales.
Data from: Effects of soil type and light on height growth, biomass partitioning, and nitrogen dynamics on 22 species of tropical dry forest tree seedlings: comparisons between legumes and nonlegumes
PREMISE OF THE STUDY: The seedling stage is particularly vulnerable to resource limitation, with potential consequences for community composition. We investigated how light and soil variation affected early growth, biomass partitioning, morphology, and physiology of 22 tree species common in tropical dry forest, including eight legumes. Our hypothesis was that legume seedlings are better at taking advantage of increased resource availability, which contributes to their successful regeneration in tropical dry forests. METHODS: We grew seedlings in a full-factorial design under two light levels in two soil types that differed in nutrient concentrations and soil moisture. We measured height biweekly and, at final harvest, biomass partitioning, internode segments, leaf carbon, nitrogen, δ 13 C, and δ 15 N. KEY RESULTS: Legumes initially grew taller and maintained that height advantage over time under all experimental conditions. Legumes also had the highest final total biomass and water-use efficiency in the high-light and high-resource soil. For nitrogen-fixing legumes, the amount of nitrogen derived from fixation was highest in the richer soil. Although seed mass tended to be larger in legumes, seed size alone did not account for all the differences between legumes and nonlegumes. Both belowground and aboveground resources were limiting to early seedling growth and function. CONCLUSIONS: Legumes may have a different regeneration niche, in that they germinate rapidly and grow taller than other species immediately after germination, maximizing their performance when light and belowground resources are readily available, and potentially permitting them to take advantage of high light, nutrient, and water availability at the beginning of the wet season.
Data for: "Different dry-wet pulses favor different functional strategies: a test using tropical dry forest tree species" by Vega-Ramos, Flor, Cifuentes Gómez, Lucas, Pineda-García, Fernando, Dawson, Todd, Paz, Horacio
<p>These data represent those published in "Different dry-wet pulses favor different functional strategies: a test using tropical dry forest tree species" by Vega-Ramos, Flor, Cifuentes Gómez, Lucas, Pineda-García, Fernando, Dawson, Todd, Paz, Horacio</p>
Data for: Phosphorus limitation of early growth differs between nitrogen-fixing and non-fixing dry tropical forest tree species
<p>Tropical forests are often characterized by low soil phosphorus (P) availability, suggesting that P limits plant performance. However, how seedlings from different functional types respond to soil P availability is poorly known but important for understanding and modeling forest dynamics under changing environmental conditions.</p> <p>We grew four nitrogen (N)-fixing Fabaceae and seven diverse non-N-fixing tropical dry forest tree species in a shade house under three P fertilization treatments, and evaluated carbon (C) allocation responses, P demand, P-use, investment in P acquisition traits, and correlations among P acquisition traits.</p> <p>N-fixers grew larger with increasing P addition in contrast to non-N-fixers, which showed fewer responses in C allocation and P-use. Foliar P increased with P addition for both functional types, while P acquisition strategies did not vary among treatments but differed between functional types, with N-fixers showing higher root phosphatase activity (RPA) than non-fixers.</p> <p>Growth responses suggest that N-fixers are limited by P, but non-fixers may be limited by other resources. However, regardless of limitation, P acquisition traits such as mycorrhizal colonization and RPA were non-plastic across a steep P gradient. Differential limitation among plant functional types has implications for forest succession and earth system models.</p>
A new, disjunct species of Bahiana (Euphorbiaceae-Acalyphoideae): Phytogeographic connections between the seasonally dry tropical forests of Peru and Brazil, and a review of spinescence in the family
<p><em>Bahiana</em> is expanded from 1 to 2 species with the description of <em>B. occidentalis</em> K. Wurdack, <strong>sp. nov.</strong> as a new endemic of the seasonally dry tropical forests (SDTFs) of Peru. The disjunct distribution of Bahiana with populations of <em>B. occidentalis</em> on opposite sides of the Andes in northwestern Peru (Tumbes, San Martín) and B. pyriformis in eastern Brazil (Bahia) adds to the phytogeographic links among the widely scattered New World SDTFs. Although <em>B. occidentalis</em> remains imperfectly known due to lack of flowering collections, molecular phylogenetic results from four loci (plastid <em>matK</em>, <em>rbcL</em>, and <em>trnL-F</em>; and nuclear ITS) unite the two species as does gross vegetative morphology, notably their spinose stipules, and androecial structure. Spinescence in Euphorbiaceae was surveyed and found on vegetative organs in 25 genera, which mostly have modified sharp branch tips. Among New World taxa, spines that originate from stipule modifications only occur in <em>Bahiana</em> and <em>Acidocroton</em>, while the intrastipular spines of <em>Philyra</em> are of uncertain homologies.</p>
Data from: Contrasting patterns of leaf trait variation among and within species during tropical dry forest succession in Costa Rica
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Edaphic effects on forest structure and tree species composition in three seasonally dry tropical forest types in Cambodia
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Data for: Phosphorus limitation of early growth differs between nitrogen-fixing and non-fixing dry tropical forest tree species
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Data from: Using soil amendments and plant functional traits to select native tropical dry forest species for the restoration of degraded Vertisols
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