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57 results for “Tropical rainfall”
Processed ERA5, IMERG and TRMM PR/GPM DPR precipitation data for Nicolas & Boos - "Understanding the spatiotemporal variability of tropical orographic rainfall using convective plume buoyancy."
<p>The dataset contains processed data from large datasets that are freely available online. <br>All data cover the period 01/2001 - 12/2020. The file names describe the months & region that each file contains. Variable codes for ERA5 data (all files starting in e5.) are:</p><p> - 228_246_100u : 100m u-wind<br> - 228_247_100v : 100m v-wind<br> - qL : 900-600hPa averaged specific humidity<br> - thetaeb : surface - 900hPa averaged equivalent potential temperature<br> - thetaeL : 900-600hPa averaged equivalent potential temperature<br> - thetaeLstar : 900-600hPa averaged saturation equivalent potential temperature<br> - tL : 900-600hPa averaged temperature<br> - uBL : surface - 900hPa averaged u wind<br> - vBL : surface - 900hPa averaged v wind<br> - 128_034_sstk : sea surface temperature<br> - 162_071_viwve : eastward component of vertically integrated water vapor transport<br> - 162_072_viwvn : northward component of vertically integrated water vapor transport</p><p> </p>
The role of tropical rainfall in driving range dynamics for a long-distance migratory bird
<p>Predicting how the range dynamics of migratory species will respond to climate change requires a mechanistic understanding of the factors that operate across the annual cycle to control the distribution and abundance of a species. Here we use multiple lines of evidence to reveal that environmental conditions during the nonbreeding season influence range dynamics across the lifecycle of a migratory songbird, the American redstart (<em>Setophaga ruticilla</em>). Using long-term data from the nonbreeding grounds and breeding origin estimated from stable hydrogen isotopes in tail feathers, we found that the relationship between nonbreeding season survival and migration distance is mediated by precipitation, but only during dry years. A long-term drying trend throughout the Caribbean is associated with higher mortality for individuals from the northern portion of the species' breeding range, resulting in an approximate 500 km southward shift in breeding origins of this Jamaican population over the past 30 years. This shift in connectivity is mirrored by changes in the redstarts breeding distribution of abundance. These results demonstrate that the climatic effects on demographic processes originating during the tropical nonbreeding season is actively shaping range dynamics in a migratory bird.</p>
North Atlantic synthetic tropical cyclone track, intensity, and rainfall dataset from RAFT
<p>The Risk Analysis Framework for Tropical Cyclones (RAFT)'s comprehensive and unified simulation of 40,000 synthetic North Atlantic tropical cyclone (TC) events are presented in this dataset. RAFT meticulously models these events based on large-scale environmental conditions, providing a valuable tool for in-depth TC impact analysis. The dataset encompasses detailed 6-hourly track information, along-track intensity metrics (including maximum wind speed and minimum pressure), the radius of maximum winds, and cumulative precipitation for each event.</p> <p>The primary dataset is encapsulated in a NetCDF4 file, "<a href="../records/10392725/files/RAFT.NA.v20231016.nc?download=1">RAFT.NA.v20231016.nc</a>", which contains a complete array of variables pertinent to the 40,000 synthetic TCs. These variables, detailed in Table 1 of the accompanying paper and summarized below, offer a comprehensive view of each TC event:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Basin ID</strong>: Identifies the basin (1 for North Atlantic)</li> <li><strong>Storm ID</strong>: Unique identification number for each TC, starting from 0</li> <li><strong>Year</strong>: Year of the environmental conditions used for modeling</li> <li><strong>Jday</strong>: Julian day of the year, ranging from 0 to 365</li> <li><strong>Longitude (lon)</strong>: Geographical longitude in degrees</li> <li><strong>Latitude (lat)</strong>: Geographical latitude in degrees</li> <li><strong>Maximum Wind Speed (vmax)</strong>: Measured in knots</li> <li><strong>Minimum Pressure (mslp)</strong>: Measured in hectopascals (hPa)</li> <li><strong>Radius of Maximum Wind (rmax)</strong>: Measured in nautical miles (nmi)</li> </ul> <p>Additionally, the dataset offers individualized accumulated rainfall data for each TC event, stored in NetCDF4 files named according to the convention "modeled_rainfall_ERA5_syn_{i}.h5", where "{i}" is the synthetic storm's ID. "ERA5" signifies the reanalysis input source, and "syn" indicates a synthetic track. This component of the dataset includes the following variables, all measured in total millimeters of precipitation:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Total Accumulated Rainfall (p_accum)</strong></li> <li><strong>Frictional Precipitation Component (p_accum_f)</strong></li> <li><strong>Topographic Precipitation Component (p_accum_h)</strong></li> <li><strong>Shear-related Precipitation Component (p_accum_s)</strong></li> <li><strong>Vortex Stretching Precipitation Component (p_accum_t)</strong></li> </ul> <p>The rainfall dataset is curated to focus on TC events within 600 km of the U.S. coast, reducing the number of rainfall events to 17,010 from the original 40,000, thereby enhancing its relevance and manageability. For user convenience, these events are compressed into grouped archives named "RAFT_accum_rainfall_{index}.tar.gz", where each "{index}" represents the index of the zipfile, containing up to 2,000 files for efficient data retrieval.</p> <p>The accumulated rainfall data is provided on a regular spatial grid, detailed in "<a href="../records/10392725/files/RAFT_rainfall_latlon_grid.h5?download=1">RAFT_rainfall_latlon_grid.h5</a>", which outlines the grid coordinates ('lat' and 'lon').</p> <p>For comprehensive usage guidelines and further insights into this dataset, users are encouraged to refer to the associated paper. This dataset is not only a significant resource for researchers and analysts in the field of meteorology but also serves as a pivotal tool for understanding and predicting the impacts of tropical cyclones.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>How to cite:</strong></p> <p>Xu, W., Balaguru, K., Judi, D.R. <em>et al.</em> A North Atlantic synthetic tropical cyclone track, intensity, and rainfall dataset. <em>Sci Data</em> <strong>11</strong>, 130 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-02952-7</p>
Data from: Limited intraspecific variation in drought resistance along a pronounced tropical rainfall gradient
<p>Assessing within-species variation in response to drought is crucial for predicting species responses to climate change and informing restoration and conservation efforts, yet experimental data are lacking for the vast majority of tropical tree species. We assessed intraspecific variation in response to water availability across a strong rainfall gradient for 16 tropical tree species using reciprocal transplant and common garden field experiments, along with measurements of gene flow and key functional traits linked to drought resistance.</p>
The role of tropical rainfall in driving range dynamics for a long-distance migratory bird
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The greater role of Southern Ocean warming compared to Arctic Ocean warming in shifting future tropical rainfall patterns
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Data from: Limited intraspecific variation in drought resistance along a pronounced tropical rainfall gradient
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Data from: Seasonal plasticity in sympatric <em>Bicyclus</em> butterflies in a tropical forest where temperature does not predict rainfall
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Data from: How temporal patterns in rainfall determine the geomorphology and carbon fluxes of tropical peatlands
Tropical peatlands now emit hundreds of megatons of carbon dioxide per year because of human disruption of the feedbacks that link peat accumulation and groundwater hydrology. However, no quantitative theory has existed for how patterns of carbon storage and release accompanying growth and subsidence of tropical peatlands are affected by climate and disturbance. Using comprehensive data from a pristine peatland in Brunei Darussalam, we show how rainfall and groundwater flow determine a shape parameter (the Laplacian of the peat surface elevation) that specifies, under a given rainfall regime, the ultimate, stable morphology, and hence carbon storage, of a tropical peatland within a network of rivers or canals. We find that peatlands reach their ultimate shape first at the edges of peat domes where they are bounded by rivers, so that the rate of carbon uptake accompanying their growth is proportional to the area of the still-growing dome interior. We use this model to study how tropical peatland carbon storage and fluxes are controlled by changes in climate, sea level, and drainage networks. We find that fluctuations in net precipitation on timescales from hours to years can reduce long-term peat accumulation. Our mathematical and numerical models can be used to predict long-term effects of changes in temporal rainfall patterns and drainage networks on tropical peatland geomorphology and carbon storage.
Accompanying data for "The Response of Tropical Rainfall to Idealized Small-Scale Thermal and Mechanical Forcing", by Martin Velez-Pardo and Timothy W. Cronin
<p>Data accompanying the manuscript "The Response of Tropical Rainfall to Idealized Small-Scale Thermal and Mechanical Forcing", by Martin Velez-Pardo and Timothy W. Cronin.</p>
Dataset for "Multi-model evidence of future tropical Atlantic rainfall change modulated by AMOC decline"
<p>This dataset contains EC-Earth3 experiments used for the paper Multi-model evidence of future tropical Atlantic rainfall change modulated by AMOC decline (G. Cerato, K. Bellomo, R. D'Agostino, J. von Hardenberg, 2024) submitted to <em>Journal of Climate. </em>Data uploaded here allows the user to reproduce the figures related to the EC-Earth3 experiments from the journal article.</p>
Aboveground net primary productivity in regenerating seasonally dry tropical forest: contributions of rainfall, forest age, and soil
<p>Identifying factors controlling forest productivity is critical to understanding forest-climate change feedbacks, modeling vegetation dynamics, and carbon finance schemes. However, little research has focused on productivity in regenerating tropical forest which are expanding in their fraction of global area have an order of magnitude larger carbon uptake rates relative to older forest.</p> <p>We examined aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and its components (wood production and litterfall) over ten years in forest plots that vary in successional age, soil characteristics, and species composition using band dendrometers and litterfall traps in regenerating seasonally dry tropical forests in northwestern Costa Rica.</p> <p>We show that the components of ANPP are differentially driven by age and annual rainfall and that local soil variation is important. Total ANPP was explained by a combination of age, annual rainfall, and soil variation. Wood production comprised 35% of ANPP on average across sites and years, and was explained by annual rainfall but not forest age. Conversely, litterfall increased with forest age and soil fertility yet was not affected by annual rainfall. In this region, edaphic variability is highly correlated with plant community composition. Thus, variation in ecosystem processes explained by soil may also be partially explained by species composition.</p> <p>These results suggest that future changes in annual rainfall can alter the secondary forest carbon sink, but that this effect will be buffered by the litterfall flux which varies little among years. In determining the long-term strength of the secondary forest carbon sink, both rainfall and forest age will be critical variables to track. We also conclude that a detailed understanding of local site variation in soils and plant communities may be required to accurately predict the impact of changing rainfall on forest carbon uptake.</p> <p>Synthesis We show that in seasonally dry tropical forests, annual rainfall has a positive relationship with the growth of aboveground woody tissues of trees and that droughts lead to significant reductions in aboveground productivity. These results provide evidence for climate change – carbon cycle feedbacks in the seasonal tropics and highlight the value of longitudinal data on forest regeneration.</p>
Local timing of rainfall predicts the timing of moult within a single locality and the progress of moult among localities that vary in the onset of the wet season in a year-round breeding tropical songbird
<p>Rainfall seasonality is likely an important cue for timing key annual cycle events like moult in birds living in seasonally arid environments, but its precise effect is difficult to establish because seasonal rainfall may affect other covarying annual events such as breeding in the same way. In central Nigeria, however, Common Bulbuls <em>Pycnonotus barbatus</em> moult in the wet season but only show weak breeding seasonality. This suggests that moult is more sensitive to rainfall than breeding, but a similar outcome is possible if moult is simply periodic. We tested the relationship between rainfall and moult in Common Bulbuls at a single location over 18 years: on average moult started 5th May (± 41 days: 25th March–15th June), being on average later than the onset of the rains which is usually mid-April. The likelihood of finding a moulting Common bulbul was best predicted by rainfall 9–15 weeks before moult was scored. We then tested the generality of this across populations: the progress of moult should, therefore, correlate with the average timing of the wet season along a spatial environmental gradient where the rains start at different times each year south-to-north of Nigeria. To test this, we modelled moult progress just before the rains across 15 localities 6°–13° N as a function of the onset of the wet season among localities. As predicted, moult progressed further in localities with earlier wet seasons, confirming that the onset of moult is timed to the onset of the wet season in each locality despite weak breeding seasonality in the Common Bulbul. This strategy may evolve to maintain optimal annual cycle routine in seasonal environments where breeding is prone to unpredictable local perturbations like nest predation. It may, however, be less obvious in temperate systems where all annual cycle stages are seasonally constrained, but it may help with explaining the high frequency of breeding–moult overlaps in tropical birds.</p>
Datasets from: Local- and landscape-scale drivers of terrestrial herbaceous plant diversity along a tropical rainfall gradient in Western Ghats, India
<p>This data set contains information on local- and landscape-level terrestrial herbaceous plant diversity and critical abiotic factors along a 36-km East-West transect in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu India. Understory angiosperms with no above-ground wood (secondary cambial growth) were considered as herbaceous plants.</p>
Data from: Interplay between rainfall and hillslope hydrology determines drought resistance of tropical vegetation
<p><span>Droughts are predicted to increase in both frequency and intensity by the end of the 21st century, but ecosystem response is not expected to be uniform. At the landscape scale, ecosystem response to drought is highly heterogeneous. Here we assess the importance of the hill-to-valley hydrologic gradient in shaping vegetation hydraulic properties related to drought resistance for three locations across a rainfall seasonality gradient in South America. For this, we use hydraulic traits related to xylem resistance to embolism and compare the functional composition and diversity of tree communities. We show that the hydrologic gradient systematically selects for community assemblages that are more vulnerable to embolism in valleys, regardless of rainfall. Under the same rainfall regime, diversity in resistance to embolism is higher on hills than valleys, suggesting that strategies to cope with drought are more important on hills. With increasing seasonality, diversity in embolism resistance increases on hills and decreases in valleys. Our results show that differential groundwater access from hilltops to valleys select for distinctive hydraulic properties, potentially explaining species turnover along topographical gradients. Incorporating this relationship might improve the representation of vegetation in climate models and the prediction of how different communities will respond to extreme droughts.</span></p>
Supporting data 3 for "Does increasing horizontal resolution improve the simulation of intense tropical rainfall?"
<p>Selected variables from a Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory's (GFDL) global atmospheric model version 4.0 (AM4) for a horizontal resolution of ~25 km (c384). Details of the simulations are documented in a manuscript titled "Does increasing horizontal resolution improve the simulation of intense tropical rainfall?" to be submitted to the Geophysical Research letters.</p>
Supporting data 2 for "Does increasing horizontal resolution improve the simulation of intense tropical rainfall?"
<p>Selected variables from a Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory's (GFDL) global atmospheric model version 4.0 (AM4) for a horizontal resolution of ~50 km (c192). Details of the simulations are documented in a manuscript titled "Does increasing horizontal resolution improve the simulation of intense tropical rainfall?" to be submitted to the Geophysical Research letters.</p>
Supporting data 1 for "Does increasing horizontal resolution improve the simulation of intense tropical rainfall?"
<p>Selected variables from a Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory's (GFDL) global atmospheric model version 4.0 (AM4) for a horizontal resolution of ~100 km (c96). Details of the simulations are documented in a manuscript titled "Does increasing horizontal resolution improve the simulation of intense tropical rainfall?" to be submitted to the Geophysical Research letters.</p>
Tillage agriculture and afforestation threaten tropical savanna plant communities across a broad rainfall gradient in India
<p>The consequences of land-use change for savanna biodiversity remain undocumented in most regions of tropical Asia. One such region is western Maharashtra, India, where old-growth savannas occupy a broad rainfall gradient and are increasingly rare due to agricultural conversion and afforestation.</p> <p>To understand the consequences of land-use change, we sampled herbaceous plant communities of old-growth savannas and three alternative land-use types: tree plantations, tillage agriculture, and agricultural fallows (<em>n</em>=15 sites per type). Study sites spanned 457 to 1954 mm of mean annual precipitation—corresponding to the typical rainfall range of mesic savannas globally.</p> <p>Across the rainfall gradient, we found consistent declines in old-growth savanna plant communities due to land-use change. Local-scale native species richness dropped from a mean of 12 species/m<sup>2</sup> in old-growth savannas to 8, 6, and 3 species/m<sup>2</sup> in tree plantations, fallows, and tillage agriculture, respectively. Cover of native plants declined from a mean of 49% in old-growth savannas to 27% in both tree plantations and fallows, and 4% in tillage agriculture. Reductions in native cover coincided with increased cover of invasive species in tree plantations (18%), fallows (18%), and tillage agriculture (3%).</p> <p>In analyses of community composition, tillage agriculture was most dissimilar to old-growth savannas, while tree plantations and fallows showed intermediate dissimilarity. These compositional changes were driven partly by the loss of characteristic savanna species: 65 species recorded in old-growth savannas were absent in other land uses. Indicator analysis revealed 21 old-growth species, comprised mostly of native savanna specialists. Indicators of tree plantations (9 species) and fallows (13 species) were both invasive and native species, while the 2 indicators of tillage agriculture were invasive. As reflective of declines in savanna communities, mean native perennial graminoid cover of 27% in old-growth savannas dropped to 9%, 7%, and 0.1% in tree plantations, fallows, and tillage agriculture, respectively.</p> <p><strong>Synthesis</strong>: Agricultural conversion and afforestation of old-growth savannas in India destroys and degrades herbaceous plant communities that do not spontaneously recover on fallowed land. Efforts to conserve India's native biodiversity should encompass the country's widespread savanna biome and seek to limit conversion of irreplaceable old-growth savannas.</p>
Rainfall associated with tropical and post-tropical cyclones in the high resolution CNRM-CM6-1-HR model
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Allen Brain Atlas
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OpenNeuro
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