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Fig. 3 in Upper Cretaceous Foraminifera Murgeina Apula (Luperto Sinni, 1968): A Methusalem And Cenomanian-Turonian Boundary Survivor Taxon

Fig. 3 Lithological log of the Maymand section with distribution of larger benthic foraminifera (including Murgeina apula Luperto-Sinni) (after Schlagintweit & Yazdi-Moghadam, 2020). a Nezzazata gr. gyra-conica (Smout), b Nezzazata simplex Omara, c Murgeina apula (Luperto-Sinni), d Orbitolina gr. concava Orbigny, e Rajkanella hottingerinaformis Schlagintweit & Rigaud, f Biconcava bentori Hamaoui & Saint-Marc, g Praealveolina simplex Reichel, h Chrysalidina gradata Orbigny, i Cisalveolina fraasi (Gümbel), j Persiconus sarvaki Yazdi-Moghadam & Schlagintweit.

Fig. 2 a in Upper Cretaceous Foraminifera Murgeina Apula (Luperto Sinni, 1968): A Methusalem And Cenomanian-Turonian Boundary Survivor Taxon

Fig. 2 a Simplified geological map of Iran (modified after Schlagintweit & Yazdi-Moghadam, 2021) showing the main tectonic subdivisions. b-c Position of the studied sections. d Tectono-stratigraphic units of the Zagros belt (modified after Yazdi-Moghadam & Schlagintweit, 2021) with position of the Anneh section. Abbreviations: BF Balarud Fault, CEIM Central East Iran Microplate, HZF High Zagros Fault, KZF Kazerun Fault, MFF Mountain Front Fault, MZRF Main Zagros Revers Fault, MZT Main Zagros Thrust, SSZ Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone, UDMA Uromia Dokhtar Magmatic Arc, ZFTB Zagros Fold Thrust Belt.

Fig. 1 in Upper Cretaceous Foraminifera Murgeina Apula (Luperto Sinni, 1968): A Methusalem And Cenomanian-Turonian Boundary Survivor Taxon

Fig. 1 Nummofallotia cretacea (Schlumberger, 1900) from the Upper Cretaceous of Austria. a Equatorial section; Wegscheidgraben, Santonian Hochmoos Formation, Gosau Group (see Wagreich, 1988). b Slightly oblique axial section, same sample as a. Note the well-preserved light brownish porcelaneous wall. c Axial section showing test dissolution affecting the porcelaneous wall dissolution, while the radial fibrous umbo remains unaffected; Uppermost Maastrichtian Kambühel Limestone, Kambühel type-locality (see Tragelehn, 1996). Scale bars = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 7 in Upper Cretaceous Foraminifera Murgeina Apula (Luperto Sinni, 1968): A Methusalem And Cenomanian-Turonian Boundary Survivor Taxon

Fig. 7 Murgeina apula (Luperto Sinni) from the early-middle Campanian Pučišća Formation of the Island of Brač. a-b, f, h, j Axial sections. c-e, g Oblique sections. Note the presence of some kind of tooth plate in d (t. p.). i) Subaxial section.

Fig. 4 in Upper Cretaceous Foraminifera Murgeina Apula (Luperto Sinni, 1968): A Methusalem And Cenomanian-Turonian Boundary Survivor Taxon

Fig. 4 Lithostratigraphic column of the Upper Cretaceous strata of the Island of Brač, Croatia showing distribution of selected benthic foraminifera including Murgeina apula (Luperto Sinni).

Fig. 6 in Upper Cretaceous Foraminifera Murgeina Apula (Luperto Sinni, 1968): A Methusalem And Cenomanian-Turonian Boundary Survivor Taxon

Fig. 6 Murgeina apula (Luperto Sinni) from the Cenomanian Sarvak Formation of SW Iran. a-b, d, f-i, l, n, s, t Axial sections, partly slightly oblique. Note the double-layered septa in s. c, j, k, m, r, v. Oblique sections. e Slightly oblique subaxial section. q, s, u Equatorial sections. Note the double-layered septa in q. Abbreviations: fo = foramen, pr = proloculus, se = septum, t.pl. = tooth plate, um = umbo. Thin sections: DB 14550 (a), BF 86 (b-c), BF 37 (d, v), BF 56 (e, g), BF 70 (f), BF 48 (h), BF 33 (i-l, p, s), BF 82 (m), BF 40 (n), BF 37 (o, q, u), BF 46 (r), BF 56 (t).

Fig. 5 in Upper Cretaceous Foraminifera Murgeina Apula (Luperto Sinni, 1968): A Methusalem And Cenomanian-Turonian Boundary Survivor Taxon

Fig. 5 Possible post-Triassic fusulinanids Protopeneroplis striata Weynschenk (a-c), Upper Jurassic of Romania and Murgeina apula (Luperto Sinni), Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) of Croatia (d). a Axial section. Note the irregular coiling, the alternating dark and bright layers in the umbo, and the presence of an outer hyaline-calcitic layer (arrow). b-c Equatorial sections. Note the double-layered septum (s) and wall (arrow). d Slightly oblique axial section. Note the alternating dark and bright layers in the umbo (compare to P. striata in a).

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FIG. 3. — A, Gyrostrea A in Systematics, palaeoecology and taphonomy of Turonian oysters from the northern Gabon Coastal Basin

FIG. 3. — A, Gyrostrea A MDG/LBV/Lm-13; B, C, Rhynchostreon cf. suborbiculatum (Lamarck, 1801) MDG/LBV/Lm-9; D-F, Gryphaeostrea sp.; D-E, MDG/LBV/Lm- 7.1, F. MDG/LBV/Lm-7.2; G, H, Curvostrea tevesthensis (Coquand, 1862) MDG/LBV/Lm-11; I-M, Ilymatogyra (Afrogyra) africana (Lamarck, 1801); I, J, MDG/LBV/ Lm-8.3, K. MDG/LBV/Lm-8.2, L-M. MDG/LBV/Lm-8.1; N, Q, Ostreidea gen. et sp.; indet MDG/LBV/Lm-34; O, P. Pycnodonte sp. MDG/LBV/Lm-10. Scale bar: 1 cm.

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FIG. 4. — A-D in Systematics, palaeoecology and taphonomy of Turonian oysters from the northern Gabon Coastal Basin

FIG. 4. — A-D, Ostrea sp. D: A, B, MDG/LBV/Lm-33.1; C, D, MDG/LBV/Lm-33.2; E, Ostrea sp. C MDG/LBV/Lm-32.1; F, Gyrostrea sp. B MDG/LBV/Lm-14; G-N, Gyrostrea delettrei (Coquand, 1862); G, H, MDG/LBV/Lm-12.1; I, J, MDG/LBV/Lm-12.2; K, L, MDG/LBV/Lm-12.3, M-N. MDG/LBV/Lm-12.4; O-R, Ostrea sp. B; O, P, MDG/LBV/Lm-31.1; Q, R, MDG/LBV/Lm-31.2; S-U, Ostrea sp. A, S-T. MDG/LBV/Lm-15.1; U, MDG/LBV/Lm-15.2. Scale bar: 1 cm.

Fig. 9 in Dimorphism in Late Cretaceous ammonites- evidence from early Turonian ammonite faunas of the Briessnitz Formation in Saxony, Germany

Fig. 9. Acanthoceratid ammonoid Spathites (Jeanrogericeras) reveliereanus (Courtiller, 1860) MMG: SaK 16896 from the lower Turonian of the Briessnitz Formation, Leubnitz, Germany. A. Outer whorl in ventral (A1), lateral (A2), and apertural (A3) views; the fracture at which the outer whorl separates from the inner whorl (arrow) and an umbilical tubercle (UT) are marked. B. Inner whorl in lateral (B1, B3) and apertural (B2) views; the umbilical tubercle (UT) and the position of the fracture shown in A2 are marked by arrow.

Fig. 6 in Dimorphism in Late Cretaceous ammonites- evidence from early Turonian ammonite faunas of the Briessnitz Formation in Saxony, Germany

Fig. 6. Statistical test of potential dimorphism in Mammites nodosoides (Schlüter, 1871) based on 119 specimens. The repository number of each specimen is given on top of the diagram. A. Classical clustering; the red color characterises particularly small individuals with D = 33–65 mm in between the large group of potential microconchs. B. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA); the color code follows the assignment of the classical clustering above. The dark blue lines are biplots of all variables, an overlaying of a score plot and a loadings plot in a single graph, which enables to visualise high-dimensional data by using a two-dimensional graph.

Fig. 2 in Dimorphism in Late Cretaceous ammonites- evidence from early Turonian ammonite faunas of the Briessnitz Formation in Saxony, Germany

Fig. 2. Ammonite morphological terms and key parameters. Modified after Wilmsen and Nagm (2014). Abbreviations: D, maximum diameter; d, larger radius of the shell; e, smaller radius of the shell; UD, diameter of the umbilicus; Wb, whorl breadth of the final whorl; Wh, height of the final whorl; for the suture line: A, adventive lobe; E, external lobe; U, umbilical lobe.

Fig. 1 in Dimorphism in Late Cretaceous ammonites- evidence from early Turonian ammonite faunas of the Briessnitz Formation in Saxony, Germany

Fig. 1. Geological framework and stratigraphy of the lower Elbtal Group. A. Distribution of the Elbtal Group (green) in the area between Meissen and the German/Czech Republic border. B. Palaeogeographic setting of the Saxonian Cretaceous Basin (SCB). C. Chrono-, bio- and lithostratigraphy of the lower Elbtal Group in the area between Meissen and Dresden; the stratigraphic position of the ammonite faunas from the Briessnitz Formation is indicated. Supplemented and modified after Wilmsen et al. (2019, 2022) and Niebuhr et al. (2020). Abbreviations: A., Acanthoceras; Cunningt., Cunningtoniceras; M., Metoicoceras; mid., middle; Neocard., Neocardioceras.

Fig. 5 in Dimorphism in Late Cretaceous ammonites- evidence from early Turonian ammonite faunas of the Briessnitz Formation in Saxony, Germany

Fig. 5. Photographic illustration of typical large (A) and small (B) specimens of the acanthoceratid ammonoid Mammites nodosoides (Schlüter, 1871) from the lower Turonian of the Briessnitz Formation, Leubnitz, Germany. A. MMG: SaK 5200 in lateral (A1) and apertural (A2) views. B. MMG: SaK 5203 in lateral (B1, B3) and apertural (B2) views.

Fig. 7 in Dimorphism in Late Cretaceous ammonites- evidence from early Turonian ammonite faunas of the Briessnitz Formation in Saxony, Germany

Fig. 7. Photographic illustration of typical large (A) and small (B) specimens of the acanthoceratid ammonoid Spathites (Jeanrogericeras) reveliereanus (Courtiller, 1860) from the lower Turonian of the Briessnitz Formation, Leubnitz, Germany. A. MMG: SaK 5230 in lateral (A1) and apertural (A2) views. B. MMG: SaK 5256 in lateral (B1, B3) and ventral (B2) views.

Fig. 4 in Dimorphism in Late Cretaceous ammonites- evidence from early Turonian ammonite faunas of the Briessnitz Formation in Saxony, Germany

Fig. 4. Statistical test of potential dimorphism in Lewesiceras peramplum (Mantell, 1822) based on 63 specimens. The repository number of each specimen is given on top of the diagram. A. Classical clustering; the red color characterises particularly small individuals with D <77 mm in between the group of potential microconchs. B. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA); the color code follows the assignment of the classical clustering above. The dark blue lines are biplots of all variables, an overlaying of a score plot and a loadings plot in a single graph, which enables to visualise high-dimensional data by using a two-dimensional graph.

Fig. 10 in Dimorphism in Late Cretaceous ammonites- evidence from early Turonian ammonite faunas of the Briessnitz Formation in Saxony, Germany

Fig. 10. Representative antidimorphs: [m] = microconch, [M] = macroconch of the acanthoceratid ammonoid Spathites (Jeanrogericeras) reveliereanus Courtiller, 1860); based on (A) MMG: SaK 5256 in lateral (A1) and apertural (A2) views and (B) MMG: SaK 5230 in lateral (B1) and apertural (B2) views. Key features of both antidimorphs are listed (see text for further explanation).

Fig. 3 in Dimorphism in Late Cretaceous ammonites- evidence from early Turonian ammonite faunas of the Briessnitz Formation in Saxony, Germany

Fig. 3. Photographic illustration of typical large (A) and small (B) specimens of the pachydiscid ammonoid Lewesiceras peramplum (Mantell, 1822) from the lower Turonian of the Briessnitz Formation, Dresden, Germany. A. MMG: SaK 5163 from Leubnitz, in lateral (A1) and ventral (A2) views. B. MMG: SaK 5343 from Leutewitz, in lateral (B1, B4), apertural (B2), and ventral (B3) views.

Fig. 8 in Dimorphism in Late Cretaceous ammonites- evidence from early Turonian ammonite faunas of the Briessnitz Formation in Saxony, Germany

Fig. 8. Statistical test of potential dimorphism in Spathites (Jeanrogericeras) reveliereanus (Courtiller, 1860) based on 38 specimens. The repository number of each specimen is given on top of the diagram. A. Classical clustering; inferred macro- and microconchs are marked by blue and red colors, respectively. B. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA); the color code follows the assignment of the classical clustering above. The dark blue lines are biplots of all variables, an overlaying of a score plot and a loadings plot in a single graph, which enables to visualise high-dimensional data by using a two-dimensional graph.