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Figure 3 in Early life history of the sheepnose (Plethobasus cyphyus) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionoida)

Figure 3. Scanning electron micrographs of glochidia from Chippewa River mussel species similar in size to Plethobasus cyphyus glochidia. (A) Obliquaria reflexa; (B) Amblema plicata; (C) Elliptio dilatata; (D) Plethobasus cyphyus; (E) juvenile Plethobasus cyphyus (valve height = 217 µm) from a naturally infested Notropis volucellus; (F) Toxolasma parvus; (G) Fusconaia flava; (H) Pleurobema sintoxia. The scale bar is 100 µm.

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Figure 1 in Early life history of the sheepnose (Plethobasus cyphyus) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionoida)

Figure 1. Plethobasus cyphyus brooding periods in 2009 and 2011. Numbers in parentheses indicate number of mussels examined. Sample dates prior to and after the brooding period are not shown.

Figure 10 in A taxonomic revision of fossil freshwater pearl mussels (Bivalvia: Unionoida: Margaritiferidae) from Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits of Southeastern Europe

Figure 10. Fossil-calibrated multi-locus ultrametric chronogram of the Margaritiferidae (after Lopes-Lima et al. (2018) with our additions). Bars indicate 95% confidence intervals of the estimated divergence times between lineages (Ma). Black numbers near nodes are mean ages (Ma). Stratigraphic chart according to the International Commission on Stratigraphy, 2015. Fossil species under discussion are in red. We illustrated a putative phylogenetic placement of fossil species, i.e. Pseudunio flabellatus (Goldfuss, 1837) comb. rev. as a stem lineage (MRCA of P. auricularius - P. homsensis clade) and P. flabellatiformis (Grigorowitch-Beresowski, 1915) comb. rev. as an extinct lineage (red branch with X-shaped terminal mark indicating an extinction event in the Late Pleistocene) related to P. auricularius and P. homsensis.

Figure 8 in A taxonomic revision of fossil freshwater pearl mussels (Bivalvia: Unionoida: Margaritiferidae) from Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits of Southeastern Europe

Figure 8. Teeth morphology of recent and fossil Pseudunio taxa: A) P. auricularius from the Indre River near Huismes commune, Loire Basin, France (SMF, voucher no. 307623); B) P. homsensis from the Nahr al-Kabir al-Janoubi River near Harida, Syria (SMF, voucher no. 83160); C) P. flabellatiformis comb. rev. from the Sucleia outcrop, paleoDniester River valley, Middle Pleistocene, Moldova (RMBH, voucher no. Sc1). Scale bars = 10 mm. Photos: Artem A. Lyubas and Ilya V. Vikhrev.

Figure 7 in A taxonomic revision of fossil freshwater pearl mussels (Bivalvia: Unionoida: Margaritiferidae) from Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits of Southeastern Europe

Figure 7. Shells of the recent Pseudunio homsensis (Lea, 1865): A) Orontes River near Homs, Syria (SMF, voucher no. 4450); B) Orontes River near Homs, Syria (SMF, voucher no. 345464); C) Orontes River near Homs, Syria (SMF, voucher no. 15263); D) Nahr al-Kabir al-Janoubi River near Harida, Syria (SMF, voucher no. 83160) E) Nahr al-Kabir al-Janoubi River near Tell Kalat, Syria (SMF, voucher no. 5156); F) Orontes River near Homs, Syria (SMF, voucher no. 4548). Scale bar = 20 mm. Photos: Ilya V. Vikhrev.

Figure 4 in A taxonomic revision of fossil freshwater pearl mussels (Bivalvia: Unionoida: Margaritiferidae) from Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits of Southeastern Europe

Figure 4. Subfossil shells of Pseudunio flabellatiformis (Grigorowitch-Beresowski, 1915) comb. rev. from the outcrop of the Middle Pleistocene riverine deposits near Sucleia village, paleo-Dniester River valley, Transnistria, Moldova: A) specimen no. 1 (RMBH); B) specimen no. Sc1 (RMBH); C) specimen no. Sc5 (RMBH); D) specimen no. Sc8 (RMBH); E) specimen no. Sc12 (RMBH); F) specimen no. Sc13 (RMBH). Scale bar = 20 mm. Photos: Artem A. Lyubas.

Figure 6 in A taxonomic revision of fossil freshwater pearl mussels (Bivalvia: Unionoida: Margaritiferidae) from Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits of Southeastern Europe

Figure 6. Shells of the recent Pseudunio auricularius (Spengler, 1793): A) Indre River near Huismes commune, Loire Basin, France (SMF, voucher no. 307623); B) Ebro River near Cenicero, La Rioja, Spain (MNCN, voucher no. 15.07/197); C) Loire River upstream of Champtoceaux commune, Maine-et-Loire, France (SMF, voucher no. 307850); D) Garonne River, France (MNCN, voucher no. 15.07/178); E) Indre River near Huismes commune, Loire Basin, France (SMF, voucher no. 307623); F) Ebro River near Amposta city, Tarragona, Spain (MNCN, voucher no. 15.07/10366). Scale bar = 20 mm. Photos: Artem A. Lyubas & Ilya V. Vikhrev.

Figure 5 in A taxonomic revision of fossil freshwater pearl mussels (Bivalvia: Unionoida: Margaritiferidae) from Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits of Southeastern Europe

Figure 5. Scatter plot of PCA based on the shell measurements of our Pseudunio sample from the Sucleia locality and the type series of fossil nominal taxa from the Speya and Blizhniy Khutor localities (Chepalyga, 1964, 1965). The component 1 and component 2 accounted for 98.8% and 1.0% of the total variance, respectively.

Figure 3 in A taxonomic revision of fossil freshwater pearl mussels (Bivalvia: Unionoida: Margaritiferidae) from Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits of Southeastern Europe

Figure 3. Distribution ranges of Pseudunio taxa. The range of each species is illustrated based on the corresponding river drainages: 1 – former range of P. auricularius based on fossil and recent records (Araujo and Moreno, 1999; Araujo and Ramos, 2001; Prie et al., 2018); 2 – range of P. homsensis based on recent records (Vikhrev et al., 2017); 3 – range of P. marocanus based on recent records (Lopes-Lima et al., 2018); 4 – former range of P. flabellatiformis with its synonyms (M. moldavica syn. nov., M. robusta robusta syn. nov., M. robusta speensis syn. nov., and M. robusta tirassica syn. nov.) based on fossil records (Bogatchev, 1961; Chepalyga, 1964, 1965, 1967; Bolotov et al., 2016). Stars indicate records of P. flabellatiformis from the Pliocene (blue) and Pleistocene (red) deposits of Southeastern Europe (Bogatchev, 1961; Chepalyga, 1964, 1965, 1967; Bolotov et al., 2016).

Figure 2. Subfossil riverbed substrate with a in A taxonomic revision of fossil freshwater pearl mussels (Bivalvia: Unionoida: Margaritiferidae) from Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits of Southeastern Europe

Figure 2. Subfossil riverbed substrate with a Pseudunio flabellatiformis shell, Sucleia outcrop, paleo-Dniester River valley, Middle Pleistocene, Moldova. Scale bar = 100 mm. Photo: Teodor F. Obada.

Figure 15 in Palaeoheterodont diversity (Mollusca: Trigonioida + Unionoida): what we know and what we wish we knew about freshwater mussel evolution

Figure 15. Representatives of the Iridinidae. A, Mutela rostrata MCZ 172817. B, Pleiodon ovata (Swainson, 1823) MCZ 30613. C, Chambardia rubens (Lamarck, 1819) FMNH 2588. D, Aspatharia rugifera UMMZ 111952.

Figure 11 in Palaeoheterodont diversity (Mollusca: Trigonioida + Unionoida): what we know and what we wish we knew about freshwater mussel evolution

Figure 11. Diagram of patterns of posterior mantle fusion types in the Palaeoheterodonta. In the diagrams, the darker, outer layer represents the outer fold of the mantle, and the inner layer is the inner fold. The middle sensory fold is greatly reduced in the Unionoida. See text for discussion. e, excurrent aperture; i, incurrent aperture; sa, supra-anal aperture.

Figure 10 in Palaeoheterodont diversity (Mollusca: Trigonioida + Unionoida): what we know and what we wish we knew about freshwater mussel evolution

Figure 10. Evolution of larval morphologies in the Unionoida. Potamilus was not included in the present analysis, but is well supported amongst the Lampsilini (Roe & Lydeard, 1998). See text for discussion.

Figure 5 in Palaeoheterodont diversity (Mollusca: Trigonioida + Unionoida): what we know and what we wish we knew about freshwater mussel evolution

Figure 5. Phylogeny of bivalve orders. Drawn from Giribet & Wheeler (2002: Fig. 11). The star indicates the position of the hypothetical archetypical heteroconch (HAH). The traditional taxa 'protobranchia', 'myoida', and 'veneroida' are depicted as nonmonophyletic.

Figure 9. Unionoida parasitic larval types. A in Palaeoheterodont diversity (Mollusca: Trigonioida + Unionoida): what we know and what we wish we knew about freshwater mussel evolution

Figure 9. Unionoida parasitic larval types. A, Hooked-type glochidium of Alasmidonta marginata (Unioninae). B, Hookedtype glochidium of Triplodon corrugatus (Lamarck, 1819) (Hyriidae). C, Unhooked-type glochidium of Villosa iris (Lampsilini). D, Axe-head-type glochidium of Potamilus alatus (Say, 1817) (Lampsilini). E, Lasidium of Monocondylaea paraguayana (d'Orbigny, 1835) (Mycetopodidae). F, Haustorium-type lasidium of Mutela bourguignati (Bourguignat, 1885) (Iridinidae). A, C, D, redrawn from Baker (1928); B, E, redrawn from Bonetto & Ezcurra (1963); F, re-drawn from Fryer (1961).

Figure 4 in Palaeoheterodont diversity (Mollusca: Trigonioida + Unionoida): what we know and what we wish we knew about freshwater mussel evolution

Figure 4. Combined evidence phylogeny of palaeoheterodont families. Internal nodes are labelled with letters (A–F) and are the basis for the organization of the text. Synapomorphies, reconstructed from our analysis (Fig. 3), are marked along the branches. Rectangles indicate unambiguous transformations; ovals indicate transformations that have equally parsimonious alternative optimizations (Appendix 2). Character numbers are listed below each mark; shading denotes character state: white, 0; grey, 1; black,> 1 (Appendix 1).

Figure 12 in Palaeoheterodont diversity (Mollusca: Trigonioida + Unionoida): what we know and what we wish we knew about freshwater mussel evolution

Figure 12. Photographs of palaeoheterodont apertures. A, Type I, Margaritifera margaritifera ANSP A7659 (Margaritiferidae). B, Type II, Actinonaias carinata ANSP A11149 (Unionidae). C, Type III, Anodontites trapesialis (Brug., 1797) INHS 17028 (Mycetopodidae). D, Type IV, Hyridella menziesi ANSP 413054 (Hyriidae). E, Type IV, Chambardia nyassaensis (Lea, 1864) ANSP A17036 (Iridinidae). F, Type V, Pleiodon spekii (Woodward, 1859) ANSP 413055 (Iridinidae). Arrows indicate mantle structures: either 'pallial ridges' (A) or mantle fusion (B–F).

Figure 2 in Palaeoheterodont diversity (Mollusca: Trigonioida + Unionoida): what we know and what we wish we knew about freshwater mussel evolution

Figure 2. Strict consensus cladograms derived from phylogenetic analysis of molecular and combined evidence data. Numbers above the branches are bootstrap percentages; those below are Bremer decay index values (≥ 2). Arrows indicate taxa with problematic cytochrome oxidase subunit I sequences (as discussed in the text), including cases in which these sequences have been excluded.

Figure 17. A in Palaeoheterodont diversity (Mollusca: Trigonioida + Unionoida): what we know and what we wish we knew about freshwater mussel evolution

Figure 17. A representative of the Margaritiferidae. Cumberlandia monodonta (Say, 1829) ANSP 358640.

Figure 3 in Palaeoheterodont diversity (Mollusca: Trigonioida + Unionoida): what we know and what we wish we knew about freshwater mussel evolution

Figure 3. Phylogram of one of the ten equally most parsimonious trees recovered by combined evidence analysis. Numbers associated with the branches are lengths, summed across all character partitions. Branches that were not resolved in the strict consensus (Fig. 2) are shown as broken lines. Problematic cytochrome oxidase subunit I sequences were excluded from the analysis.