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Aerial view of part of the Bisti badlands from an elevation of approximately 8500 feet. Exposed here are the Upper Cretaceous Fruitland and Kirtland Formations. Photograph taken the morning of 13 April 1992. Copyright © Paul L. Sealey. 1992. in Stratigraphy, paleontology and age of the Fruitland and Kirtland Formations (upper Cretaceous), San Juan Basin, New Mexico

Aerial view of part of the Bisti badlands from an elevation of approximately 8500 feet. Exposed here are the Upper Cretaceous Fruitland and Kirtland Formations. Photograph taken the morning of 13 April 1992. Copyright © Paul L. Sealey. 1992.

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FIGURE 2 in Stratigraphy, paleontology and age of the Fruitland and Kirtland Formations (upper Cretaceous), San Juan Basin, New Mexico

FIGURE 2. Changing nomenclature of the Fruitland and Kirtland Formations. Note that older authors placed the Naashoibito Member within the Ojo Alamo Sandstone and that the boundary between the Fruitland and Kirtland Formations has been placed at the top of the Bisti Member (Bauer. 1916: Reeside. 1924). at the top of the highest thick coal (Fassett and Hinds, 1971) and herein at the base of the Bisti Member.

FIG. 10 in The oldest erymnochelyine turtle skull, Ragechelus sahelica n. gen., n. sp., from the Iullemmeden basin, Upper Cretaceous of Africa, and the associated fauna in its geographical and geological context

FIG. 10. — Podocnemididae from Ibeceten, south-western Niger, Senonian, Gularo-Intergular pattern, MNHN.F.IBC coll. A-F, Erymnochelyine Erymnochelys group, variability in shape of plates and scutes: alternative epiplastral and entoplastral combinations: A, epiplastron IBC560 and entoplatron IBC1898; B, epiplastron IBC560 and entoplastron IBC1903; C, entoplastron IBCx1; D, IBCx2, fragmentary epiplastron; E, epiplastron IBC1893 and entoplastron IBC1898; F, epiplastron IBC1893 and entoplastton IBC542. Podocnemididae indet., primitive intergular pattern; G, IBC1899, entoplastron. Ventral views. Scale bar: 2 cm.

FIG. 9. — Ragechelus sahelica n. gen., n in The oldest erymnochelyine turtle skull, Ragechelus sahelica n. gen., n. sp., from the Iullemmeden basin, Upper Cretaceous of Africa, and the associated fauna in its geographical and geological context

FIG. 9. — Ragechelus sahelica n. gen., n. sp., Indamane, southwestern Niger, late Maastrichtian; detail of the skull, cavum tympani area, holotype MNHN- RA-2018.0031. Abbreviations: ant, antrum squamosum; cq, commissura quadrati; ica+Et, incisura columellae auris with Eustachian tube. Left lateral view. Scale bar: 2 cm.

FIG. 8. — Ragechelus sahelica n. gen., n in The oldest erymnochelyine turtle skull, Ragechelus sahelica n. gen., n. sp., from the Iullemmeden basin, Upper Cretaceous of Africa, and the associated fauna in its geographical and geological context

FIG. 8. — Ragechelus sahelica n. gen., n. sp., Indamane, southwestern Niger, late Maastrichtian; detail of the skull, holotype MNHN-RA-2018.0031, showing the rounded carotid foramen for entrance in te besicranium, at the back of the deep cavum pterygoideum, below the (broken here) podocnemidid pterygoid wing; Abbreviations:boc, basioccipital; bsph, basisphenoid; car can, enlarged carotid foramen; cav pter, cavum pterygoideum; pw, break of the pterygoid wing at its posterior base; q, quadrate; q art, area articularis quadrati. Ventral view. Scale bar: 2 cm.

FIG. 7. — Ragechelus sahelica n. gen., n in The oldest erymnochelyine turtle skull, Ragechelus sahelica n. gen., n. sp., from the Iullemmeden basin, Upper Cretaceous of Africa, and the associated fauna in its geographical and geological context

FIG. 7. — Ragechelus sahelica n. gen., n. sp., Indamane, southwestern Niger, late Maastrichtian; interpretative drawing of the skull, holotype MNHN-RA-2018.0031. Abbreviations: aaq, area articularis quadrati; boc, basioccipital; bsph, basiphenoid; car c, carotid canal; cav pter, cavum pterygoideum; co, condylus occipitalis; col-Et, columella auris with the Eustachian tube passage; cq, commissura quadrati; fpp, foramen palatinum posterius; fp, fenestra postotica; imc, intermediate maxillo-palatine crest; ju, jugal; mc, medial maxillo-palatine crest; ms, muscle insertion zone; mx, maxilla; pal, palatine; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; ppo, processus paroccipitalis opisthotici; pter w, pterygoid wing; ptp, processus trochlearis pterygoideus; q, quadrate. Ventral view. Scale bar: 4 cm.

FIG. 6. — Ragechelus sahelica n. gen., n in The oldest erymnochelyine turtle skull, Ragechelus sahelica n. gen., n. sp., from the Iullemmeden basin, Upper Cretaceous of Africa, and the associated fauna in its geographical and geological context

FIG. 6. — Ragechelus sahelica n. gen., n. sp., Indamane, southwestern Niger, late Maastrichtian. Lateral view of the skull, holotype MNHN-RA-2018.0031. Abbreviations: an sq, antrum squamosum; co, condylus occipitalis; com q, commissura quadrati; fpp; foramen palatinum posterius; fr, frontal; ica+Et, incisura columellae auris with the Eustachian tube; ju, jugal; l pfr, left prefrontal; mq, meatus quadrati; mx, maxilla; na, external nare; pal, palatine; pfr, prefrontal; pmx, premaxilla; paq, processus articularis quadrati; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; ppo, processus paroccipitalis opisthotici; pro, prootic; pter, pterygoid; ptp, processus trochlearis pterygoideus; q, quadrate; r paq, right processus articularis quadrati; r pter, right pterygoid; soc, supraoccipital; sq, squamosal; V, foramen trigemini; black arrow, position of the foramen stapediotemporale; blue and green dotted lines, hypothetic positions for the skull lateral notch border; red line, border of the palatal medial crest. Scale bar: 4 cm.

FIG. 5. — Ragechelus sahelica n. gen., n in The oldest erymnochelyine turtle skull, Ragechelus sahelica n. gen., n. sp., from the Iullemmeden basin, Upper Cretaceous of Africa, and the associated fauna in its geographical and geological context

FIG. 5. — Ragechelus sahelica n. gen., n. sp., Indamane, southwestern Niger, late Maastrichtian; photographs of the skull, holotype MNHN-RA-2018.0031: A-F, dorsal, ventral, left lateral, anterior, right lateral and posterior views. Scale bar: 4 cm.

FIG. 3 in The oldest erymnochelyine turtle skull, Ragechelus sahelica n. gen., n. sp., from the Iullemmeden basin, Upper Cretaceous of Africa, and the associated fauna in its geographical and geological context

FIG. 3. — Geological map of Iullemmeden basin. Extract from Greigert (1961), focused on the northeastern basin part, area of Kao to Ibeceten with Mont Indamane (Mt Igdaman). Legend, from Greigert (1961): Cr 9-8, including (from top to bottom, [Mt Indamane Maastrichtian outcropping]: 1, Upper sandstones; 2, Mosasaurus shales; 3, Lower sandstones. Cr7, lower and middle Senonian, with gypsum [including Ibéceten outcropping]; Cr6, Turonian; Cr6b, Turonian (white limestones); Cr6a, lower Turonian (Nigericeras zone); CR6a-b, lower Turonian and Upper Cenomanian (Neolobites vibrayeani zone, Tegama group sandstones); e III-VI, lower Eocene; ct, terminal continental (simplified); qa2, filled fossil valleys; qd1, fixed oriented recent dunes (barchans); F, fossils at Mont Indamane and Ilatarda.

FIG. 2 in The oldest erymnochelyine turtle skull, Ragechelus sahelica n. gen., n. sp., from the Iullemmeden basin, Upper Cretaceous of Africa, and the associated fauna in its geographical and geological context

FIG. 2. — Geographical location, northern to southern, of: Mont In Tahout area (Nigeremys locality), Indamane (Ragechelus saherica n. gen., n. sp. locality), Ibeceten (Erymnochelyine locality) and Ilatarda, fossil localities with turtles (stars), in southwestern Niger, Tahoua district between Niamey and Agades, Iullemeden basin, Upper Cretaceous. Purple line, raised edge of the Upper Cretaceous outcropping (symbols: "10" in Fig. 1, "Cr 9-8" in Fig. 3), overhanging the reg with dunes including the Ibeceten Senonian outcropping (Cr7 in Fig. 3).

FIG. 4 in The oldest erymnochelyine turtle skull, Ragechelus sahelica n. gen., n. sp., from the Iullemmeden basin, Upper Cretaceous of Africa, and the associated fauna in its geographical and geological context

FIG. 4. — Log, simplified stratigraphic section, from Greigert (1966: pl. 37)'s Mont Indamane, presenting 16 banks, from bottom to top: alternately, 1, 3, 5, gypsiferous sandy marls and 2, 4, fine and silty sandstones; at top of 5, large dinosaur site (of Greigert et al. [1954]); 6, grey and black gypsiferous marls; 7, gypsiferous marls; 8, phosphatic breccia: fish, crocodile, batoids, sawfish (bone bed of the new turtle skull); 9, white sandstones: turtles, selachians; 10, black marls, salt; 11, 13, 15, yellow marls [with Libycoceras and Laffiteines]; 12, lumachella, with Rs (Veniella [Roudaireia] ouressensis); 14, lumachella; 16, ferrugineous sandstones (overlying crust). C LS, bank C in Lingham-Soliar (1991 [after David Ward]); D et al., Dikouma et al. (1993, 1994); F, Formation; G, Greigert (1966); MS, banks 8-10, 11/14, 19 and 25 in Moody & Sutcliffe (1991). Not to scale.

FIG. 1 in The oldest erymnochelyine turtle skull, Ragechelus sahelica n. gen., n. sp., from the Iullemmeden basin, Upper Cretaceous of Africa, and the associated fauna in its geographical and geological context

FIG. 1. — Geological map of the Iullemeden basin, extract from the Geological map of Africa, 1:10 millionth (Thiéblemont & Chêne 2016). Numbers: 1, Quaternary, 2.6-0 Ma, sedimentary; 5, Paleogene to Pleistocene, 66-0.012 Ma, sedimentary; 7, Tertiary, 66-2.6 Ma, sedimentary; 10, Upper Cretaceous, 100.5-66 Ma. Sedimentary; 12, Lower Cretaceous, 145-100.5 Ma, sedimentary; 39, Paleozoic; 45, 46, Proterozoic; 70, 86, 87, Archean. Blue square, area represented Fig. 2 (geographical map). Orange square, area represented in Fig. 3 (Greigert's geological map).

Fig. 111. Dorsoventral cross section through a in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America

Fig. 111. Dorsoventral cross section through a small microconch of Hoploscaphites brevis (Meek, 1876), transitional in morphology to macroconch, BHI 4248, Baculites compressus–B. cuneatus zones, Pierre Shale, Meade County, South Dakota. The plane of the cross section approximately coincides with the line of maximum length. A. Camera lucida of cross section of the adult shell. The stippled area demarcates the mature body chamber. B. Camera lucida of cross section of the inner whorls. C. Photo of cross section of the inner whorls. Measurements are listed in appendix 2, table 4.

Fig. 115 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America

Fig. 115. Ontogenetic breakdown of Hoploscaphites brevis (Meek, 1876), macroconch, USNM 536238, locality unknown, but probably Pierre Shale, Meade or Pennington County, South Dakota. A–F. Six sizes through ontogeny in lateral and ventral views showing changes in ornamentation from early ontogeny (F) to maturity (A).

Fig. 107 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America

Fig. 107. Hoploscaphites brevis (Meek, 1876), small microconchs. A–D. BHI 4245, Baculites cuneatus Zone, Pierre Shale, Meade County, South Dakota. A. Right lateral; B. apertural; C. ventral; D. left lateral. E–H. BHI 4253, transitional in morphology to macroconch, Baculites compressus Zone, Pierre Shale, Meade County, South Dakota. E. Right lateral; F. apertural; G. ventral; H. left lateral. I–L. BHI 2155, Baculites compressus Zone, Pierre Shale, Meade County, South Dakota. I. Right lateral; J. apertural; K. ventral; L. left lateral. M–P. BHI 4276, Baculites compressus–B. cuneatus zones, Pierre Shale, Meade County, South Dakota. M. Right lateral; N. apertural; O. ventral; P. left lateral. Specimens are illustrated natural size.

Fig. 97 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America

Fig. 97. Hoploscaphites brevis (Meek, 1876), small macroconchs. A–D. BHI 4796, Baculites compressus–B. cuneatus zones, Pierre Shale, Meade County, South Dakota. A. Right lateral; B. apertural;

Fig. 94 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America

Fig. 94. Hoploscaphites brevis (Meek, 1876), large macroconchs. A, B. BHI 4789, Baculites compressus– B. cuneatus zones, Pierre Shale, Pennington County, South Dakota. A. Right lateral; B. ventral. C, D. USNM 536221, USGS Mesozoic loc. 22182, Baculites compressus–B. reesidei zones, Bearpaw Shale, Fergus County, Montana. C. Right lateral; D. ventral. A piece of shell is missing from the adapical part of the body chamber. Specimens are illustrated natural size.

Fig. 96 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America

Fig. 96. Hoploscaphites brevis (Meek, 1876), small macroconchs. A–C. BHI 4274, Baculites cuneatus Zone, Pierre Shale, Meade County, South Dakota. A. Apertural; B. ventral; C. left lateral. D–F. BHI 4292,

Fig. 90 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America

Fig. 90. Hoploscaphites brevis (Meek, 1876), large macroconch, AMNH 56882, AMNH loc. 3436, Baculites compressus Zone, Pierre Shale, Meade County, South Dakota. A. Right lateral; B. apertural; C. ventral; D. left lateral. Specimen is illustrated natural size.

Fig. 93 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America

Fig. 93. Hoploscaphites brevis (Meek, 1876), large macroconchs. A, B. AMNH 63442, slightly distorted, Pierre Shale, near Kremmling, Grand County, Colorado. The position of the base of the body chamber is estimated. A. Ventral; B. left lateral. C, D. BHI 4910a, very similar to holotype, Baculites compressus–B. cuneatus zones, Pierre Shale, Pennington County, South Dakota. C. Ventral; D. left lateral. Specimens are illustrated natural size.